batatas) Biodiversity as a Functional Food in the Tropics I. Manrique and W. Roca CIP, Lima-Peru

Transcription

1 Potential of Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) Biodiversity as a Functional Food in the Tropics I. Manrique and W. Roca CIP, Lima-Peru Workshop Functional Foods and Medicinal ProductS Developments from Amazonian Crops - EULAFF - EMBRAPA WORKSHOP Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Dec. 3-5,

2 Historical routes of sweetpotato (end 1400 s through 1700 s) Probable center of origin Diversity Centers Routes: 1. Batatas ; 2. Kamote ; 3. Kumara

3 GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SWEETPOTATO LANDRACE DIVERSITY Cultivars from Oceania Cultivars from Peru-Ecuador Cultivars from Mexico Cultivars from the Philippines Interrelationship of sweetpotato cultivars from America and Oceania using multi-dimensional scaling of AFLP data. There is clear differentiation between Peru-Ecuador and the other countries. Mexican cultivars are (1`) closely associated with those of Oceania (1) Rossel et al CIP Program Report pp (1) Rossel

4 Sweetpotato production: Total world: 130 million Tons (MT) Cuba 0.4 MT (0.4%) China 100 MT (82%) Peru 0.2 MT (0.2%) Vietnam 1.5 MT (1%) Nigeria 3.2 MT (3%) Brazil 0.5 MT (0.4%) Japan 1.1 MT (1%) Uganda 2.6 MT (2%) Tanzania 1.1 MT (1%) FAO 2005 Indonesia 1.8 MT (2%)

5 Sweetpotato Genetic Resources Conservation (CIP Genebank) Field Screenhouse In vitro

6 Sweetpotato germplasm collection (CIP genebank) (genome B1B1B2B2B2B2 ; tetradisomic inheritance ; 2n=6x=90) Category Number Landraces Species 1 Accessions 4,234 Wild / Weedy Species 70 Accessions 1,212 Under development Advanced cultivars 198 Breeeding lines 1,746 TOTAL Species 71 Accessions 7,477 Coverage (sources) South America 4070 West Africa 877 South E. Asia 569 Caribbean 520 Central America 496 Oceania 490 North America 218 East Asia 160 East Africa 31 S. Central Asia 20 Other (5 regions) 22

7 The nutritional value of sweetpotato (*) Nutrients in sweet potato (small, baked with skin) Fe K Vitamin B6 Dietary fiber Cu Mn Vitamin C Vitamin A (262%) % daily value (*) The world s healthiest foods (

8 Sweetpotato landraces and Root Flesh Color ( ) 04) CIP genebank No. landraces % White 25 4 Cream Yellow Orange* Purple** TOTAL * Carotenoids 1 retinol equivalent (µg) = 12 µg β-carotene β-carotene **Anthocyanin type: Cyanidin: 12.2% Peonidin: 65.7%

9 Micronutrient content (average) by root flesh color of sweetpotato germplasm (51 landraces, CIP genebank) Root flesh color White (n=14) Orange (n=10) Purple (n=26) Jewel (improved ) Iron (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Calcium (%) Potassium (%) Dry matter (%)

10 Carotenoids ( µ g/100g FW) in sweetpotato and other sources (*) Food (raw) α-carotene β-carotene Lutein+zeaxantin Lycopen Total carotenoids Sweetpotato Carrot Spinach Cylantro Red beet Apricot Melon lettuce Broccoli Asparagus Mango Papaya Banana Grape Apple (*) USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for U.S. Foods (1998)

11 Potential of sweetpotato to combat vitamin A mal nutrition Values recommended (dietary intakes of Vitamin A) Description Basal (µg RE.) Safe (µg RE) Infants years years Males Females Pregnancy Lactation Source: Booth et al. (2001) Values of vitamin A in plant storage organs Food Description carotene (µg) (ug RE) Carrot Raw 3,890-21, ,500 Cassava Raw Maize yellow, raw Potato White, raw 2-20 Trace-3 Squash Raw Sweet potato White, raw 35 6 Yellow-orange, raw 300-4, RE (Retinol equivalent) Source: Booth et al. (2001)

12 VITAA Vitamin A and minerals malnutrition: Major public health problem in Africa and South Asia Responsible for tens of thousands of deaths annually, young children specially Severe vitamin A deficiency: fatality rate (60%) Subclinical deficiency: 23% increase in preschoolar mortality Most sweetpotato varieties grown in Africa have white- or yellow-coloured flesh, and supply little or no Vitamin A. Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes: most promising plant sources of pro Vit. A Objective To contribute to solving the problem of vitamin A mal nutrition in Africa > 50 million children with Vit A deficiency by 2020

13 Orange-fleshed sweetpotato increases serum retinol of children after supplementation (*) Serum retinol concentration (µmol/liter) Baseline Fat + deworming OF sweetpotato OF sweetpotato + fat + deworming (*) Jalal et al (1998)

14 Antioxidant compounds and anti-oxidant capacity by root flesh color of 51 sweetpotato landraces (CIP genebank) White (n=14) Orange (n=10) Purple (n=26) Jewel (improved) Phenolic compounds (mg chlorogenic acid equiv./g) Anthocyanins (mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equiv./g) Carotenoids (µ g β carotene equiv./g) Total antioxidant capacity (µ g trolox equiv./g) (*) Dry matter content (%) Controls: (*) Blueberry: 9019 ; Blackberry : 7701; Strawberry 5938

15 Anti-oxidant capacity by root flesh color of 51 sweetpotato landraces ( CIP genebank) Total antioxidant capacity µg trolox/g Sweetpotato clone Yellow-purple Dark yellow Pale yellow Pale orange White Pale cream Int. Orange Dark orange Dark cream Purple

16 Evaluation of orange flesh sweetpotato germplasm for total protein, β-carotene, Fe and Zn content of roots in three localities(*) Locality Protein β -carotene (%) (ppm) Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Lima ( ) (85-295) ( ) ( ) 18.2) San Ramon fertilizer ( ) (15-260) ( ) ( ) San Ramon fertilizer ( ) (59-263) ( ) 17.9) ( ) 11.4) (*) Mean and range (Dry basis) (0.95 confidence) of 212 clones out of 1,300 landraces. (CIP genebank). Use of NIRS (near infra-red red spectroscopy): carotenoids (r=0.88); carotene (r=0.92); Fe (r=0.81); Zn (r=0.77)

17 Effect of genotype and environment on sweetpotato roots β-carotene content Beta-carotene content ( mg/100g FW) Huaral Chiclayo San Ramon Jonathan Jew ell INA-100 Costanero Zapallo Tainung Huaral: Sea level, Central coast (Lat. 11 o -12 o South) Chiclayo: Sea level, North coast (Lat. 8 o -9 o South) San Ramon: 800 masl, Central upper jungle (Lat. 11 o -12 o South) Hidalgo (2007). CIP, MSc thesis

18 Sweetpotato leaves and stems are also good sources of antioxidant compounds (*) Phenolic compounds (µmol catechin eq/g DW) Leaves Stem Root Flavonoid compounds (µmol catechin eq/g DW) Leaves Stem Root Aquous extract Alcoholic extract (*) Huang et al. (2005). Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 4

19 Some processed products from orange and purple-fleshed sweetpotato Japan Juices made from purple-fleshed sweetpotato cultivar Ayamurasaki Japan China

20 Sweetpotato as a starch source (*) Cipnumber Name Origen Dry matter (%) Starch (% dry matter) Caplina CIP TN CIP LM CIP Papota Puerto Rico Wokosaken Papua Nueva Guinea Viola Puerto Rico I01213 Taiwan Range (*) Brabet et al (1998). Starch content and properties of 106 sweetpotatoes clones from CIP genebank. CIP Program Report Properties. Amylose content :18-28 %; Pasting : Cool Paste Viscocity (r =0.83) ; Hot Paste Viscocity (r=0.73)

21 Potential of sweetpotato as a source of bioethanol (*) World sweetpotato production: 130 million Tons Latin America: 2 million Tons High productivity in poor soils Prductivity of ethanol: very high vs- other sources China, Canada and Colombia: sweetpotato for bioethanol Experience of Sweet Peru (peruvian company) Productivity: 60 T/ ha 3 crops per year Water needs: 1/3 of rice or sugar cane Species liters/ha Miscanthus(grass) 14.0 Switchgrass (grass) 10.8 Sweetpotato 10.0 Sorgo 8.4 Betarraga 6.7 Sugar cane 6.2 Cassava 3.8 Corn 3.5 Wheat 2.6 (*) Sweet Peru (2006)

22 Value addition to sweetpotato biodiversity through biotechnology Genetic maps Genetic markers DNA libraries Gene libraries Genes Whole plant Tissues/Cells extraction MORPHO-AGRON. CHARACTERIZ. Profiling (*) SELECTED GERMPLASM Genomics COLLECTIONS Ex-situ DNA extraction GENETIC CHARACTERIZ. Profiling Traditional breeding MAS Genetic engineering (*) GENETICALLY IMPROVED GERMPLASM Metabolomics AGROBIODIVERSITY Cultivated Wild Biochemical extraction BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZ. Profiling Extracts Chemical libraries Fuctional bioactive compounds (*) Molecules SELECTED GERMPLASM TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE (*) Phenotypic, genotypic assays; Contents; Bioavaiability; Toxicity; GxE

23 Conclusions : Potential of sweetpotato as a functional food Orange-fleshed sweetpotato is a good source of β carotene Purple-fleshed sweetpotato is a good source of bioactive compounds such as: flavonoids & phenolics Orange and purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes display high values of total antioxidant capacity. Clear and purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes are good sources of dry matter, i.e. starch and fibre Orange and clear-fleshed sweetpotatoes are good sources of Fe Sweetpotato can compete as a source of bioethanol