Bell Work 11/27/17. Do Not Touch the Lab Supplies! What is Energy?

Transcription

1 UNIT 3 - ENERGY

2 Bell Work 11/27/17 Do Not Touch the Lab Supplies! What is Energy?

3 Calorimetry Lab 1. Energy is a property of objects that can be transferred from one object to another or converted from one form to another; represents the ability of an object to do work on another object. Different forms of energy include heat, chemical and solar (or nuclear). 2. What is a Calorie? 3. What is a Calorimeter?

4 Calorimetry Lab Rules: 1. Correction: Row G = Row E Row F 2. Hair must be pulled back 3. Keep the glass dish full of water for used matches. 4. Balances will need to be shared. 5. Break larger food items in half before burning. 6. Test as many food items as you have time for today.

5 Calorimetry Lab Analysis Calculating percent error: 1.Look up the calories for each of the food items IN GRAMS (I have the packages at the front of the class). 2.Use the value in row H for the observed value. 3.Plug these values (row H for observed value and row I for expected value) into the equation shown for Conclusion question #5

6 Bell Work 11/28/17 1. Think about the food you eat: a) What foods contain protein? b) What foods contain carbohydrates? 2. What do you know a) About proteins? b) About carbohydrates? c) About enzymes?

7 Enzymes, Proteins and Protein structure: 1. Enzymes are proteins built from amino acids 1 Structure: 1. Primary: chain of amino acids 1. Secondary: the chain of amino acids folds or twists 2. Tertiary: branches of folded or twisted amino acid chains interact to produce a 3D structure. 3. Quaternary: several tertiary structures are linked together 2 3 4

8 Enzymes, Proteins and Protein structure: Denaturation: the breaking down of the protein structure Normal Body Temperature: 37 C

9 Bell Work 11/29 1. Explain the relationship between the rate that an enzyme works and the amount of enzyme present shown in graph B on the left. 2. Explain the relationship between the rate that an enzyme works and the amount of substrate present shown in graph C on the right.

10 Got Lactase? The Coevolution of Genes and Culture While you watch the film, answer the multiple choice questions.

11 Got Lactase? The Coevolution of Genes and Culture 1. Read the introduction 2. Part A: graph the data on the 1 st table. a) You will graph time on the x-axis (0 minutes to 60 minutes in 15 minute increments). b) You will graph glucose in mg/dl on the y-axis (40 to 160 in 20 mg/dl increments). c) You will have 7 lines, 1 for each individual. 3. Part B: graph the data on the 2 nd table. a) You will graph time on the x-axis (0 minutes to 120 minutes in 30 minutes increments). b) You will graph Hydrogen breath levels in ppm on the y-axis (0 ppm to 35 ppm in 5 ppm increments). c) You will have 4 lines, 1 for each individual. 4. Answer the questions on Google Classroom Due 12/1

12 Bell Work 12/1 What kind(s) of environment might cause a protein, such as an enzyme, to denature?

13 Floating disk Enzyme Lab 1. Make your own filter paper disks using the single hole punchers (share with another group if you do not have a hole puncher). 2. Use your 50mL of H2O2 in the cup (NOT 4cm!!!). 3. DO NOT THROUGH OUT ANY H2O2!!!!!!!!!!!! 4. While you work on Part A, I will distribute the Part B EQs. ***************AFTER YOU COMPLETE THE LAB*************** 1. EACH lab group must prepare a slide presentation summarizing your Part B results include your EQ, the graph and an explanation of your results. 2. Post your slide presentation on the MAIN comment stream on Google classroom for the Floating disk enzyme lab (like you did for the ThingLink assignment). 3. EACH person must complete the Google doc sheet on Google classroom (the Floating disk enzyme lab ).

14 Bell Work 12/4 Review the learning objects for Unit 3 Energy. Complete the Pre traffic light.

15 Agenda You will have 15 to work to complete any data collection for the floating disk enzyme lab or to work on your summary slide. DO NOT THROW OUT ANY CATALASE OR H 2 O 2 After 15 we will have notes: slides 16 to 28. Whatever we do not complete in class will be homework!

16 A. Organic Macromolecules ORGANIC: contain carbon MACROMOLECULES: Made up of MONOMERS single units POLYMERS many single units all connected

17 B. 6 Essential Elements of Life: 1. S Sulfur 2. P Phosphorus 3. O Oxygen 4. N Nitrogen 5. C Carbon 6. H Hydrogen

18 C. 4 Main Groups of Organic Molecules 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins (including enzymes) 4. Nucleic Acids

19 D. Carbohydrates (CH 2 O) 1. Monomers (single molecule): Monosaccharides Glucose, Fructose & Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6

20 2. Polymers: Disaccharides Polysaccharides Examples: Sucrose (sugar), Lactose Glycogen (glucose storage animals) Starch (glucose storage in plants) Cellulose (structure in plants)

21 3. Functions: SHORT term energy storage and structure 4. Tests: Starch: Iodine turns purple/black Glucose: Benedicts solution turns orange

22 E. Enzymes: 1. Proteins 2. Control chemical reactions in all living organisms

23 3. Examples of enzymes: A. Amylase Plant starch to Glucose monomers B. Lactase Lactose (a disaccharide) to glucose + galactose C. Proteases (i.e. pepsin and trypsin) Large proteins to smaller peptide and single amino acids

24 4. The 6 properties of enzymes 1) They are proteins 2) They control biochemical reactions 3) They are reusable 4) They are specific 5) They are affected by temperature and ph 6) Their names end in ase (lactase, amylase & protease) or in (pepsin & trypsin)

25 5. Enzyme Structure Substrate: What the enzyme acts on Active Site: Where the substrate binds to the enzyme

26 Each enzyme binds a specific substrate and catalyzes only 1 type of reaction - like a lock and a key

27 6. HOW DO ENZYMES WORK? Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy needed to get a reaction going the activation energy Enzyme catalyzed Activation energy reaction Activation energy with enzyme

28 Enzymes do not work as well: 1. In extreme temperature and ph 2. When non-substrate molecules are present.

29 Cellular Respiration POGIL 12/5 Working in groups of 2, complete the Cellular Respiration POGIL Turn in 1 complete POGIL per group

30 12/6 Bell Work Quiz on enzymes and carbohydrates tomorrow! Essential Question Notecard: How do enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions? Possible Vocabulary to use: Active Site, Denaturation; Enzyme; Product; Substrate; temperature; ph; Activation energy; Lock and Key

31 1. Why do we need to exhale? 2. What do we blow out when we exhale? 3. What happens when we exercise?

32 Cellular Respiration is 1. The process by which ALL living things use Oxygen (O2) to break down glucose releasing energy in the form of ATP. 2. Takes place in the mitochondria in BOTH plants and animals.

33 The materials needed for Cellular Respiration: Glucose Oxygen

34 The products of Cellular Respiration are: 1. Carbon Dioxide 2. Water Waste Products 3. ATP Energy

35 Step-by-Step 1. Glycolysis: a) Occurs in the cytoplasm b) Turns 1 Glucose into 2 Pyruvic Acids + 2 ATP c) O 2 is NOT needed Glucose transported into cells Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondria 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP + 2NADH

36 2 x Pyruvic Acid Mitochondrial Matrix 2. Kreb s Cycle: a) Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix b) Turns the 2 Pyruvic Acids into 6 CO 2 (carbon dioxide), 8 NADH, and 2 FADH 2 c) Energy yield: 2 ATP molecules 6 x Carbon Dioxide 2 Pyruvic Acid 6 CO ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH 2

37 Oxygen Water Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Energy 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): a) Oxygen is needed b) Occurs on inner mitochondrial membrane. c) Energy yield: 34 ATP d) 6 H 2 O produced 10 NADH + 2 FADH O 2 34 ATP + 6 H 2 O

38 Cellular Respiration looks like this Sugar Carbon (Glucose) + Oxygen makes > Energy + Dioxide + Water C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O makes 2 > 38ATP + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0

39 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate 1. Chemical energy that cells use to do work 2. Must be made continuously

40 Energy Release from ATP: Energy Stored ATP ADP Energy Released P

41 LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION 1. Step 1 GLYCOLYSIS IN THE CYTOPLASM Glucose + 2NAD+ 2 pyruvic acid + 2ATP + 2NADH 2. Step 2 (still in the cytoplasm) Pyruvic Acid + 2NADH Lactic Acid + 2NAD+ 3. Examples: muscle cells red blood cells yogurt making bacteria

42 ALCOHOL FERMENTATION 1. Step 1 GLYCOLYSIS IN THE CYTOPLASM Glucose + 2NAD+ 2 pyruvic acid + 2ATP + 2NADH 2. Step 2 (still in the cytoplasm) Pyruvic Acid + 2NADH CO2 + Alcohol + NAD+ 3. Examples: Yeast for making bread and fermenting grains or fruit Ethanol = Alcohol

43 What do we get when there is no Oxygen Energy in 1 molecule of glucose: Glycolysis: 2 ATP (No O 2 needed) Kreb s cycle: ETC: Does not occur in fermentation 2 ATP (No O 2 needed) ATP (O 2 needed) 1 glucose without oxygen yields: 2 ATP

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45 Bell Work 12/7 The reactions in Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are catalyzed by ENZYMES. Using what you know about enzymes, think about the following: 1. How could temperature or ph affect the rate? 2. How could Substrate for Cellular Respiration affect the rate? 3. How could products of Cellular Respiration affect rate?

46 Leaf Disk Photosynthesis Lab

47 Leaf Disk Photosynthesis Lab 1. Soap Solution: Be sure to dilute the detergent in 50ml water BEFORE adding to your test solutions 2. Do not touch the lamp while on it will be hot!!!! 3. RUN YOUR CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS AT THE SAME TIME!!!!

48 Leaf Disk Photosynthesis Lab: Claim-Evidence-Reasoning Summary A. Summarize the experiment you designed and conducted in Part 2 of the lab using the CER summary template on the handout. CLAIM: answer your question and be supported by your data. EVIDENCE: include information from your table, graph & ET50 analysis. REASONING: explain why/how your evidence supports your claim. EXPLANATION: incorporate your claim, evidence and reasoning. B. Using your completed CER summary, create a slide presentation. Include: 1. Table of the data you collected 5. Claim 2. ET50 analysis 6. Reasoning 3. Graph of your data 7. Evidence 4. Research question 8. Summary explanation

49 Glucose Bell Work 12/12 In your notebook, think about and answer Glucose provides ~4 calories of energy per gram. Fatty Acids provide ~9 calories of energy per gram. Looking at the structures, why do you think they have a different number of calories? Fatty Acid C = carbon H = hydrogen O = oxygen

50 Photosynthesis What s in a leaf POGIL Working in groups of 2, complete the What s in a Leaf POGIL Turn in 1 complete POGIL per group

51 Bell Work 12/13/17 Can ATP energy be produced without the mitochondria and oxygen? If so, how?

52 Photosynthesis is a. The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy Occurs in.. a. Chloroplasts in plants & algae b. Some bacteria

53 The raw materials needed are: Solar Energy Water (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

54 And we get these molecules Glucose Oxygen Water vapor

55 Step-by-Step Water (H 2 O) Solar Energy Chloroplast 1. The Light Dependent Reaction Occurs in thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts What is needed? Solar energy Water Oxygen (O 2 ) Thylakoid

56 Step-by-Step Water (H 2 O) Solar Energy Chloroplast 1. The Light Dependent Reaction What is produced? Oxygen (O 2 ) and Hydrogen (H + ) Produced when water is split ATP and NADPH Oxygen (O 2 ) Thylakoid

57 Water (H 2 O) 2. The Calvin Cycle (the light-independent reaction) Solar Energy Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts Chloroplast What is needed? CO 2 H + From step 1 ATP and NADPH from step 1 Oxygen (O 2 ) Thylakoid Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

58 Water (H 2 O) 2. The Calvin Cycle (the light-independent reaction) Solar Energy Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) What is produced? Glucose Chloroplast Water Vapor Oxygen (O 2 ) Thylakoid Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

59 Photosynthesis looks like this

60 Photosynthesis Reaction looks like this Carbon Water Water + Dioxide + Sunlight makes > Glucose + Oxygen + Vapor 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + Energy makes > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 0

61 Photo-pigment molecules: Absorb visible light from sun Chlorophyll a and b Located in thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

62 Light Absorption Chlorophyll a and b absorb blue & red wavelengths of light Reflect green wavelengths of light

63 Putting it all together PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon Energy + Water + Dioxide makes > Glucose + Oxygen (+ Water vapor) Sunlight + 12H CO makes 2 > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (+ 6H 2 0) ATP + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 < makes C 6 H 12 O 2 + 6O 2 Carbon Energy + Water + Dioxide < makes Sugar Glucose + Oxygen CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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65 Bell Work 12/14/17 Review the learning objects for Unit 3 Energy again and Complete the Mid traffic light. Notebook quiz on photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 12/15! Essential Question Notecard: How is energy stored, released, and transferred within and between organisms? Possible Vocabulary to use: Glucose, ATP, chemical energy, solar energy, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide,

66 Layers of a Leaf Lab Today you will be using the microscopes & prepared slides to look at the different layers of the leaf. The handouts are to be completed individually. At each group of tables there are 2 microscopes. On one microscope stage is lily leaf epidermis slide and on the other microscope stage is the typical monocot and dicot leaf slide. Look at both slides and draw what you see on the handout. Look for guard cells and stomata in the lily leaf epidermis slide. Look for the spongy and palisade mesophyll cells and veins in the monocot/dicot slides.

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68 Bell Work 12/15/17 Get out your notebooks and a pencil in preparation for your notebook quiz.

69 Big Squeeze Lab Today you and your partner will complete the Big Squeeze lab. For the data you collect to be meaningful, you MUST squeeze the clothes pin firmly each time. Partner 1 should do Part 1 AND Part 2 before you switch to Partner 2. After you have collected your data, begin analyzing/graphing the data and answering the questions. The completed lab is due Friday 12/15.

70 Bell Work 12/18/17 Essential Question Notecard: How is the structure and function of carbohydrates related to the survival of living organisms?

71 Bell Work 1/26/17 1. What is immunity 2. What is meant by innate? By adaptive? 3. What is an example of innate immunity and how does it protect against a pathogen? 4. What is an example of adaptive immunity and how does it protect against a pathogen? 5. What is the difference between an ANTIGEN & an ANTIBODY? 6. Do you have any burning questions about immunity?

72 Bell Work: Essential Question notecard How is energy from the sun converted into food? 1/27/17

73 1/31/17 Bell Work: Essential Question Notecard Why must organisms produce energy? The story of photosynthesis and Food

74 Bell Work 1/18/17 1. What is the relationship between glucose and glycogen? 2. How is glucose used in an organism? 3. What role does insulin play in the body? 4. What role does glucagon play in the body?

75 Glucose Balance: Maintenance of normal blood glucose Site of action Pancreas Liver Body Cells blood Glucose Insulin (a protein) is released Takes up glucose to make glycogen Take up glucose for energy blood Glucose Glucagon (a protein) is released Breaks down glycogen to release glucose Take up glucose for energy

76 Increased Blood Glucose - Negative Feedback Loop

77 Decreased Blood Glucose - Negative Feedback Loop

78 Bell Work 1/25/17 This equation represents an important buffer system in your blood: H + + HCO 3 - H 2 CO 3 CO 2 + H 2 O 1. What is the definition of a buffer? 2. If the ph of the blood decreases, what happens to the concentration of H+? 3. What is the bodies response to a decrease in blood ph and how does the response help to increase blood ph? 4. What is the bodies response to an increase in blood ph and how does the response help to decrease blood ph?

79 ph: Maintenance of normal acid (H+) & base (OH-). Effector ph (basic) ph (acidic) Lungs (ventilation) breathing rate breathing rate (remove CO 2 ) Renal/Kidneys (Urine) HCO 3 - in urine H + & HCO 3- in urine