Potato growth in hot climate Physiological disorders affecting tuber marketability
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1 Potato growth in hot climate Physiological disorders affecting tuber marketability Idit Ginzberg Institute of Plant Sciences Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) Volcani Center Israel
2 Israeli climate hot and dry Commercial potatoes are imported from Europe Temperate cold zone Hot dry zone Main growth region (80%)
3 Potato skin & agricultural importance Skin Skin characteristics Corky tissue (suberin) = thermal isolation Lignin-like aromatic components = defense against pathogens Wax & cutin-like aliphatic components = transport barrier for water Prevention of wounding/skinning/black spots Storage quality Marketable appearance
4 Skin morphology Visible light UV Cross section of tuber surface Skin = columns of cells that autofluorescence under UV light
5 Heat induced russeting
6 33 C ~90 F Heat induced russeting Transcriptomic profiling of heatstress response in potato skin Proportion of differentially-expressed genes(%) (526) Amino acids synthesis/degradation Cell division/differentiation/death Cell wall Cytochrome Glycolysis Hormonal metabolism/signalling Lipid metabolism/transport Miscellaneous Nucleotide metabolism Photosynthesis/Photorespiration Protein degradation Protein modification/signalling Protein synthesis Protein targeting Regulation of transcription RNA metabolism/splicing Secondary metabolism Signal transduction Stress Sugar metabolism/transport Transporter Unknown Vesicle trafficking Unspecified Hormonal signaling 20 Cell proliferation & differentiation Stress-related 33 %
7 Heat induced russeting Heat enhance the development and accumulation of skin-cell layers to create a thick protective cover Microtubers system 33 o C 24 o C 2d 7d 14d Incubation time
8 Russeting rate (%) Magen russeting Smooth Russet Appears repeatedly in the same field plots Develops in the field prior to harvest Specific cultivars On all sides of the tuber Russeting index b a A α A A β B Control Calcium Treatment
9 Magen russeting Analysis of minerals composition in non-treated tubers Ca 2+ in skin High Low Lower Ca 2+ in flesh High Low
10 Skin blemishes in red cultivars (Rosana) Rough texture Loss of red color Fragile skin Exposure of tuber flesh Native Reduced quality following vine destruction Delayed skin-set Russet
11 Skining rate index Skin blemishes in red cultivars (Rosana) Stored Field 5 4 Before Days post vine defoliation Field Storage After
12 % Tubers exhibiting skin setting Rate of skin-set development Skinning injuries Pruning Diquat Pruning+diquat Glufosinate Fluroxypr Days post vine destruction Mechanical Chemical Combination
13 Number of skin layers Skin development 12 Skin (phellem) Phellogen Lulai E.C. Immature Weeks post sprouting Mature Lulai E.C.
14 Potato periderm & physiological disorders Skin russeting Skinning injuries Skin (phellem) Phellogen Phelloderm Periderm Tuber flesh Skin color Toxic glycoalkaloids
15 Relative expression of anthocyanin-related transcripts Heat induced fading of red color reduced anthocyanins? Control Heat treatment 33 C, ~90 F Anthocyanidins level L*a*b* system
16 Toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) Toxic secondary metabolites Plant defense response C 27 steroidal skeleton derived from cholesterol α-solanine α-chaconine Solanidine aglycone + glycosyl moiety Impair membrane integrity Inhibit acetylcholine esterase Unaffected by home processing: baking, boiling, frying Allowed concentration in food: 20 mg/100 g tuber FW SGA level is genetically determined Levels may increase following abiotic stress conditions such as high temperatures
17 Isoprenoids/SGA biosynthetic pathways 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG1) Squalene synthase (SQS1) Cycloartenol Cholesterol Sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins Sterol C24-methyltransferase type1 (SMT1) Phytosterols Brassinosteroids Solanidine SGT1 SGT2 SGT3 Solanine Chaconine Glycosyltransferases (SGTs)
18 SGA level (mg/100 g FW) Expression of isoprenoid and SGA-related genes potato genotypes Leaves HMG1 0 HMG1 SQS1 SMT1 SGT1 SGT2 18S rrna Potato genotypes SQS1 Cycloartenol SMT1 Cholesterol Solanidine SGT1 SGT2 SGT3 Solanine Chaconine
19 C C Relative transcript level Total SGA level (µmole / g-1 DW) HMG transgenic plants 6.0 HMG HMG SQS1 Cycloartenol SMT1 Cholesterol SQS1 SMT1 0.0 HMG-transgenic lines Solanidine SGT1 SGT2 SGT3 Solanine Chaconine Overexpression of HMG1 up-regulated the isoprenoids/sga pathways Increased level of chaconine and solanine 10 SGT SGT HMG-transgenic lines
20 S u m m a r y Tuber skin/periderm is a protective tissue Enriched with defense components Thicken upon exposure to high temperatures H C Resulting with: Reduce skin quality (water loss) Alter the color of red-skin cultivars Delay skin-set and increase skinning injuries All affect tuber marketability Thanks to: The Volcani Center: Ginzberg, Shamir, Yermiyahu, Eshel Growers: Hevel Maon Enterprises Virginia Tech, USA : Tokuhisa, Veilleux
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