Types of cells. Cell size comparison. The Jobs of Cells 10/5/2015. Cells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work

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1 Types of cells Prokaryote Cells & Cell Organelles bacteria cells Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most bacteria (prokaryotic) 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells microns micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need energy for all activities need to clean up waste produced while making energy make s s do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells ATP The Jobs of Cells Our organelles do all these jobs! 1

2 Organelles Why organelles? Organelles do the work of cells each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They re like mini-organs! Model Animal Cell Specialized structures specialized functions cilia or flagella for locomotion Containers partition cell into compartments create different local environments separate ph, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions lysosome & its digestive enzymes Membranes as sites for chemical reactions unique combinations of lipids & s embedded enzymes & reaction centers chloroplasts & mitochondria mitochondria chloroplast Prokaryotic Cells No organelles! make energy Cell membrane make s Free ribosomes in cytosol make more cells is stored in the nuclear area (nucleoid) Building Proteins

3 Proteins do all the work! Cells functions organism s cells Repeat after me Proteins do all the work Building s read instructions build s process s folding modifying removing amino acids adding other molecules» e.g, making glycos for cell membrane address & transport s Building Proteins Nucleus Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum () s The Protein Assembly Line nucleus ribosome s protects Structure nuclear envelope double membrane membrane fused in spots to create pores allows large macromolecules to pass through nuclear pores What kind of molecules need to pass through? nucleolus histone chromosome nuclear pore nuclear envelope 3

4 1 nuclear membrane production of mrna from in nucleus Nucleus mrna mrna travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore 2 nuclear pore mrna small ribosomal large ribosomal cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes large ribosome production build ribosome s from rrna & s exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes large production Structure rrna & 2 s combine Ribosomes Rough small 0.08mm small rrna & s ribosome nucleolus Smooth 4

5 Types of Ribosomes Free ribosomes suspended in cytosol synthesize s that function in cytosol Bound ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum synthesize s for export or for membranes Endoplasmic Reticulum processes s manufactures membranes synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds Structure membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell membrane s Types of Smooth function rough smooth Membrane production Many metabolic processes synthesis synthesize lipids oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones hydrolysis hydrolyze glycogen into glucose in liver detoxify drugs & poisons in liver ex. alcohol & barbiturates 5

6 Membrane Factory Build new membrane synthesize phospholipids builds membranes membrane expands bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes Rough function Produce s for export out of cell secreting cells packaged into transport s for export Apparatus Apparatus finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products like UPS shipping department ships products in s membrane sacs UPS trucks secretory s transport s 6

7 Vesicle transport nucleus endoplasmic reticulum on its way! RNA ribosomes budding from rough migrating transport fusion of with finished ribosome Making Proteins Putting it together nucleus nuclear pore cell membrane rough Making s secreted ribosome s smooth transport cytoplasm 7