Medical English. -Musculoskeletal System- Professor & Director, Department of Orthopaedics Chung Shan Medical University

Transcription

1 Medical English -Musculoskeletal System- Ko-Hsiu Lu, M.D., Ph.D. Professor & Director, Department of Orthopaedics Chung Shan Medical University Chairman, Department of Orthopaedics Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Reference: Davi-Ellen Chabner.. The Language of Medicine. 8 edition, pp

2 Musculoskeketal System Bones osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts Joints Muscles striated (voluntary or skeletal), smooth (involuntary or visceral), cardiac Orthopedists Orthopedics was a branch of medicine dealing with correcting deformities in children (orth/o( means straight, ped/o meadn child). Rheumatologists Rheumat/o means watery flow and relates to joint diseases because various forms of arthritis are marked by the collection of fluid in the joint spaces.

3 epiphysis metaphysis articular cartilage epiphyseal line or plate cancellous bone compact (cortical) bone medullary cavity diaphysis periosteum haversian canals metaphysis epiphyseal line or plate epiphysis

4 bone head greater trochanter lesser trochanter (femur, for attachment of tendons and muscle) bone head tubercle (for attachment of tendons and muscle) condyle (covered by articular cartilage) condyle Fossa shallow shallow cavity in or on a bone Foramen opening opening for blood vessels and nerves Fissure narrow, deep, slit-like like opening Sinus hollow cavity within a bone

5 parietal bone frontal bone temporal bone sphenoid bone (sphen/o means wedge) ethmoid bone (ethm/o means sieve) occipital bone (mast/o means breast) (styl/o means pole or stake) (opening for blood vessels and nerves)

6 (ethm/o means sieve) (sphen/o means wedge) (Turkish saddle) (opening for blood vessels and nerves)

7 lacrimal bones (lacrim/o means tear) zygomatic bones maxillary bones nasal bones (nas/o means nose) vomer mandibular bone (opening for blood vessels and nerves)

8 (hollow cavity within a bone) (ethm/o means sieve) (hollow cavity within a bone) (hollow cavity within a bone)

9

10 lamina transverse process lamina transverse process neural canal vertebral body

11 (acr/o means extremity, om/o means shoulder) pelvic girdle sternum (xiph/o means sword) clavicle scapula ribs humerus ulna radius carpals femur phalanges metacarpals patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges of the toes

12 (acr/o means extremity, om/o means shoulder)

13

14 Spondylolisthesis listhesis (slipping) The forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra.

15

16 Pathologic Conditions Including Fractures Ewing sarcoma malignment bone tumor Exostosis bony growth arising from the surface of bone (ex( ex- means out, -ostosis means condition of bone) Fracture traumatic breaking of a bone Osteogenic sarcoma malignment tumor arising from bone (osteosarcoma) Osteomalacia softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone Osteomyelitis inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection Osteoporosis decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone osteopenia Talipes congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus) Latin talus = ankle, pes = foot The most common form is talipes equinovarus (equin/o means horse), or clubfoot.

17 A pathologic fracture is caused by disease of the bone such as tumor or infection, ma is caused by disease of the bone such as tumor or infection, making it weak. (open fracture)

18 Treatment of Fractures Reduction closed reduction, open reduction Cast ORIF means open reduction/internal fixation

19

20

21

22 joint capsule synovial cavity articular cartilage synovial membrane

23

24 Pathologic Conditions Ankylosing spondylitis chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily ily of the spine Gouty arthritis inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body Osteoarthritis (OA) progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes,, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) chronic disease in which joints become inflamed and painful It is believed to be caused by an immune (autoimmune) reaction against a joint tissues, particularly against the synovial membrane. Bunion abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist (the carpal tunnel) displacement of a bone from its joint a fluid-filled filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk into the neural canal or spinal nerves Lyme disease a recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia,, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms Sprain trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs

25

26

27

28

29 striated muscle (voluntary or skeletal muscle) rhabdomyoma oma, rhabdomyosarcoma osarcoma smooth muscle (involuntary or visceral muscle) leiomyoma oma, leiomyosarcoma osarcoma cardiac muscle

30

31 (beginning)

32

33 Arthrocentesis Clinical Procedures surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space Arthrography process of taking X-ray X images after injection of contrast material into the joint Arthroplasty surgical repair of a joint total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR) Arthroscopy visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope and d television camera Bone density test (bone densitometry) low-energy X-ray X absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis and wrist to measure bone mass Bone scan Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone. Computed tomography (CT) X-ray beam is used with a computer to provide cross-sectional sectional images. Diskography X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk) Electromyography (EMG) process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radio waves and a magnetic field create images of soft tissue. Muscle biopsy removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45