PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 4º E.S.O. 2nd TERM. The skeletal and muscular systems.

Transcription

1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 4º E.S.O. 2nd TERM. The skeletal and muscular systems.

2 PARTS OF THE BODY Head Torso / Trunk Dorsal: Back Ventral: Thorax y Abdomen Extremities Superior: Arm Forearm Hand Joint: Shoulder Joint: Elbow Joint: Wrist Thigh Leg Foot Joint: Hip Joint: Knee Joint: Ankle Inferior:

3 ANATOMICAL POSITION

4 Movements of the HUMAN BODY Flexion: movement where the we approximate two segments of the same joint. Commonly known as bending. Extension: the opposite of the previous movement. Abduction: lateral separation of a limb. Adduction: the opposite of the previous movement. Rotation: when a limb twists towards inside o outside the body. Supination - Pronation Circumduction: when the limb combines all of the previous movements. Describes a circle around the joint.

5 BONES Epiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis

6 Bones

7 Vertebral column 5 zones Cervical (7) neck Dorsal-Thoracic (12) from which the ribs extend Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5) fused in a triangular shape. Coccyx (4) fused

8 TYPES OF MUSCLES There are three kinds of muscles: Smooth Muscles: involuntary contractions. This type of muscle is in the viscera (digestive tract, arteries, etc.) Cardiac Muscle: automatic and involuntary contractions. A type of smooth muscle. Skeletal Muscle: voluntary contraction and always associated with the bones.

9 Muscle layers Epimysium: a layer that surrounds the entire muscle. Perimysium : a layer that surrounds various muscle fibers. Endomysium : a layer that surrounds exclusively each muscle fiber.

10 Muscles and the roles the play in each action Agonist: the movement that the principle muscle makes. Synergist: the muscle that helps the agonist muscle carry out the movement. Antagonist: the muscle that opposes the movement. It is the muscle opposite the agonist. Fixers: Muscles that fix the joints and steady the moves.

11 How to study the muscles of the body? Name. Location. Action Samples. Muscles.

12 ESTERNOCLEIDOMASTOID Location:both sides of the neck. Action: flex and turn the head.

13 TORSO: PECTORALIS MAJOR Location:front part of the thorax Action: adduction

14 TORSO: RECTUS ABDOMINIS Location: abdomen Action: flexion of the torso

15 TORSO: ABDOMINAL OBLIQUES Location: side of the abdomen Action: flexion and rotation of the torso

16 TORSO: TRAPEZIUS Location: upper back Action: raise the shoulders

17 TORSO: LATISSIMUS DORSO Location: upper side of the thorax Action: adduction

18 TORSO: LOW BACK MUSCLES / LUMBAR Location: low back Action: extension of the back, mantain posture

19 UPPER EXTR.: DELTOIDS Location: shoulder Action: abduction, flexion

20 UPPER EXT.: BRACHIAL BICEPS Location: front of the arm Action: flexion of the forearm

21 UPPER EXT.: BRACHIAL TRICEPS Location: posterior part of the arm Action: extension of the arm

22 LOWER EXT.: GLUTEUS MAXIMUS Location: posterior part of the hip Action: extension of the leg, maintain posture

23 LOWER EXT.: ILLIOPSOAS Location: anterior face of the hip Action: flexion of the thigh

24 LOWER EXT.: BICEPS FEMORIS Location: back of the thigh Action: flexion of the lower leg relative to the thigh

25 LOWER EXT.: QUADRICEPS Location: front face of the thigh Action: extensión of the leg

26 LOWER EXT.: ADDUCTORS Location: interior face of the thigh Action: adduction

27 LOWER EXT.: GLUTEUS MEDIUS AND MINIMUS Location: exterior face of the thigh Action: abduction

28 LOWER EXT.: TIBIALIS ANTERIOR Location: anterior face of the leg Action: flexion of the foot (toes up)

29 LOWER EXT.: TRICEPS SURAE Location: back face of the leg Action: extensión of the foot (heel up)

30 JOINTS (I) ELEMENTS The two bones that are joined. The articular cartilage: The ends of every bone are covered in an elastic padding tissue whose function is to allow the two bones to glide over each other and avoid wearing out. The meniscus: found between the two bones that form a joint. They are padding that ensure the two bones fit together as well as possible and so that any movement between the two is not traumatic. The clearest example is in the knee.

31 JOINTS (II) ELEMENTS The synovial membrane: a pouch that together with the joint capsule surrounds the joint. Its function is to contribute a liquid called synovial fluid, that lubricates the entire joint and facilitates movement. The joint capsule: a capsule that surrounds the joint, so that the ends of the bones lie close to each other and limit their movements. It gives stability to the entire joint. The ligaments: a type of cord that are on the outside of the joint capsule and serve to join together the joint and limit its movement.

32 JOINTS