Types of bone tissues:

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1 Before you read this please refer to the slides of the doctor for pictures and visual views as there is no need to repeat them in two places, thank you We will begin this lecture continuing the bone skeleton The bones in our body have different shapes and sizes, thus they are divided depending on their shape into 5 types; long bones; short bones; flat bones; irregular bones and sesamoid bones. Types of bones by shape: 1) Long bones: Humerus and Fumer. 2) Short bones: Carpal bones (wrist bones). 3) Flat bones: Scapula and Skull. 4) Irregular bones: Vertebra (plural vertebrae). 5) Sesamoid bones: they are located inside the muscles (patella). Types of bone tissues: *Bone is made from 2 main components: 1) Calcium and Phosphorus (Ca/P) solid matrix 2) Bone marrow cavities. *Bone is classified into 2 types depending on the amount of (Ca/P) and the bone marrow: 1) Compact bone: *full with (Ca/P) *designed for weight barring. 2) Spongy bone (Cancellous bone): *full with bone marrow cavities. *designed for protection. *the place for red blood cells and platelets synthesis.

2 Joints: the space between 2 articulating bones. Joints are classified according to the type of connective tissue between the bones into 3 types; synovial joints, cartilaginous joints and fibrous joints. 1) Synovial joints: *contain synovial fluid. *this type is mobile (can move freely) ex; shoulder. 2) Cartilaginous joints: *contains cartilage. *this type has a restricted mobility (can move ever so slightly) ex; vertebral disk. 3) Fibrous joints: *contains fibrous connective tissue that will eventually turn into bone. *this type is immobile (can`t move) ex; joints in the skull fibrous sutures. *For bone marking go to the slides of the first lecture. ***Now that we have finished the bone skeleton we shall discuss the muscles. Types of muscles: 1) Voluntary: 2) Involuntary: 1) Skeletal: *amount: about 7oo muscles. *location: superficial or deep. *function: body movement (locomotion). 2) Cardiac: only found in the heart. 3) Smooth: found in the organs. Ex; stomach. *For naming of muscles: refer to the slides of the first lecture.

3 Our finale topic of discussion for this sheet is the Appendicular skeleton: The human body is like a tree; a main part (Axial skeleton) and branches (Appendicular skeleton) which is further divided into Upper and Lower Appendicular skeleton, the Appendicular skeleton is connected to the Axial skeleton by Girdles, we have 2 girdles in our body; Shoulder and Pelvic girdles.***for now let`s start with the Upper Appendicular skeleton. *Components: There are 32 bones in the upper Appendicular skeleton 1) Shoulder Girdle: ( (حزام الكتف 2 bones 1} Clavicle (anterior) ( الترقوة (عظم (collar bone) 2} Scapula (posterior) ( الكتف (لوح (shoulder blade) 2) Bones of the upper limb: 3o bones (العضد ( Brachium 1} Humerus 2} Radius (lateral) 3} Ulna (Medial) 4} Carpal bones wrist bones (8 bones) 5} Metacarpal bones (5 bones) 6} Phalanges (14 bones) Starting with the shoulder girdle sounds like the doctors cup of tea :P 1) Clavicle: 1} S shaped bone.

4 2} Two ends: a) Medial (Sternal) end. b) Lateral (Acromial) end. 3} Two borders: a) Anterior border Concavo-convex. b) Posterior border. 4} Two surfaces: a) Superior surface. b) Inferior surface. 2) Scapula: 1} Triangular shaped 2} Three angles: a) Superior angle. b) Inferior angle. c) Lateral angle (the lateral angle converted into the Glenoid cavity for articulation with the head of humerus). 3} Three borders: a) Superior border. b) Medial border. c) Lateral border. 4} Three processes: a) Spine. b) Coracoid. c) Acromion (articulates with the clavicle). 5} Two surfaces: a) Anterior surface (Subscapular fossa). b) Posterior surface (because of the spine it`s divided into: 1) Supraspinous fossa. 2) Infraspinous fossa. 1) Clinical applications: 1) If the patient has anemia then the biopsy is taken from the spongy bone. 2) If the patient has osteoporoses then the biopsy is taken from the compact bone. 3) In osteoporoses the bone marrow cavities are large and empty. 4) The clavicle is commonly fractured among old ladies. 5) If the synovial fluid decreases in the synovial joint pain in the joint will be felt.

5 2) Notes worth mentioning: 1) Our studying is on adults at the age of 22 years, weight of 70 Kg and the height of 170 Cm. 2) The stability of the joint is affected by the mobility of it (higher mobility leads to lower stability) ex; the shoulder (more mobile, less stable) / the knee (less mobile, more stable). 3) Oh by the way: 1) oid: like 2) osteo: bone 3) cyte: cell التمفصل Articulation: 4) موجود داخلها inous: (5 ارتفاع ضغط الدم Hypertension: (6 A small gift to you all Hope: Such a word to say, or is it just a scene of a play. This is what we tell people to do, but when it comes to us we never do. When you feel you are deep down in the blue, and others are just watching you. Know that only one will be there for you, he has never left you. So count on him and forget the others, sit back and relax we are all your brothers. Life is not a big deal, all it takes is a breath to be real. If you have your faith and health, your family and self. Then you really got yourself a great wealth. Zaid Ali Al-Kayed