VERTEBRAL COLUMN REFERENCES: TEST: CHAPTER 7 / LAB MANUAL 1: SK1-12

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1 VERTEBRAL COLUMN REFERENCES: TEST: CHAPTER 7 / LAB MANUAL 1: SK A vertebra consists of two main masses of bone: an anterior vertebral _?_ and a posterior vertebral or neural _?_. 2. In the articulated vertebral column, the gaps between adjacent vertebral bodies are occupied by _?_. 3. The vertebral arch and body surround a hole called the _?_. 4. In the articulated vertebral column, the vertebral foramina align to form the vertebral _?_. 5. In the intact body, the vertebral canal is occupied by the _?_. 6. The vertebral arch is connected to the vertebral body by bars of bone called _?_. 7. In the articulated vertebral column, the opening between the pedicles of two adjacent vertebrae is called an _?_ foramen. 8. Intervertebral foramina are exits for _?_. 9. The plate-like parts of a vertebrae between the pedicles and the spinous process are called the _?_. 10. The most posterior part of a vertebra is its _?_ process. 11. Three pairs of processes project from the vertebral arch. The _?_ processes project laterally; the _?_ processes project superiorly; and the _?_ processes project inferiorly. 12. In the articulated vertebral column, the _?_ articular processes of a vertebra joint with the _?_ processes of the vertebra below it. 13. The vertebral column is divided into five regions: _?_, _?_, _?_, _?_ and _?_. 14. The _?_ vertebrae are located in the neck. There are normally _?_ (number), designated as C1 to _?_. 15. The _?_ vertebrae have ribs attached to them. There are normally _?_ (number), designated as T_?_ to T_?_. 16. The _?_ vertebrae are located in the "small of the back." There are normally _?_ (number), designated as _?_ to _?_. 17. The _?_ vertebrae fuse to form a single bone, the sacrum. There are normally _?_ (number), designated as _?_ to _?_. 18. In anatomy, the "tail-bone" is called the _?_. It is usually formed by four _?_ vertebrae, designated as _?_ to _?_. However, the actual number ranges from _?_ to The articulated vertebral column has two sets of curvatures: _?_ and _?_. 20. The _?_ curvatures of the vertebral column are present at birth. 21. The _?_ curvatures of the vertebral column develop _?_. 22. The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are located in the _?_ and _?_ regions and are called the _?_ and _?_ or pelvic curvatures. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 1 of 23

2 23. The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are anteriorly _?_ (concave / convex). 24. The secondary curvatures of the vertebral column are located in the _?_ and _?_ regions and are called the _?_ and _?_ curvatures. 25. The secondary curvatures of the vertebral column are anteriorly_?_ (concave / convex). 26. Because they compensate for the primary curvatures, the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column are sometimes called _?_ curvatures. 27. The primary vertebral column curvatures are due mainly to the shapes of the vertebral _?_ ; the secondary curvatures, to the shapes of the _?_. 28. Abnormal exaggeration of the thoracic curvature is called _?_. 29. Abnormal exaggeration of the lumbar curvature is called _?_. 30. Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column is called _?_. 31. If vertebra L5 fuses with the sacrum, then _?_ of L5 has occurred. 32. If vertebra S1 does not fuse with the sacrum, then _?_ of S1 has occurred. 33. Extra ribs, which may occur in the _?_ or _?_ regions, are referred to as _?_ ribs. 34. The atypical cervical vertebrae are given names as well as numbers. They are the _?_, C1; the axis, _?_; and the vertebra _?_, C Instead of a body and a spine, the ring-like atlas has anterior and posterior _?_. 36. The tooth-like projection on top of the body of the axis is called the _?_ or _?_ process. 37. Cervical vertebra _?_ (number) has a large knob on its spine that is usually responsible for the prominent bump at the base of the neck. 38. The spinous processes of the typical cervical vertebrae are often _?_ (split in two at their tips). 39. The transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae are pierced by holes called the _?_. 40. The small bumps on the tips of the transverse processes of the typical cervical vertebrae are called the anterior and posterior _?_. 41. The joint facets on the superior articular processes of the typical cervical vertebrae face obliquely _?_ and _?_. The facets on the inferior articular processes face obliquely _?_ and _?_. 42. Vertebrae _?_ to _?_ are referred to as typical thoracic vertebrae. 43. The small facets on the posterior upper and lower edges of the bodies of the typical thoracic vertebrae are called _?_. In the intact skeleton, they articulate with the heads of the _?_. 44. The tips of the transverse processes of the typical thoracic vertebrae bear facets that, in the intact skeleton, joint with _?_. 45. The joint facets on the superior articular processes of the typical thoracic vertebrae face mostly _?_ ; the facets on the inferior articular processes face mostly _?_. 46. Instead of upper and lower demifacets, the bodies of vertebrae T10-T12 usually have a single, complete _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 2 of 23

3 47. The body of T1 has a complete _?_ instead of a superior demifacet. However, like the typical thoracic vertebrae, it does have an _?_. 48. The transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae _?_ and _?_ usually do not have facets on their tips. 49. The joint facets on the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae face _?_ ; on the inferior articular processes, the facets face _?_. 50. The "transverse processes" of the lumbar vertebrae are really the homologs of the _?_. The "real" transverse processes are represented by small bumps, called _?_ on the back edges of the superior articular processes. 51. The first _?_ (number) vertebrae are sometimes called the moveable or _?_ vertebrae. 52. Vertebrae _?_ to _?_ fuse to form the sacrum. Fusion is usually complete by the time the individual is _?_ to _?_ years old. 53. The broader, superior end of the sacrum is called its _?_; the narrower, inferior end is called its _?_. 54. The sacrum has two surfaces: _?_ and _?_. The anterior surface is anteriorly _?_ (concave / convex). 55. The series of four holes flanking the vertebral bodies on the anterior surface of the sacrum are called the _?_. They are exits for branches of _?_. 56. The "wing-like" parts of the sacrum are called the _?_. 57. The sites of the sacral _?_ discs are represented by ridges of bone between the vertebral bodies. 58. The sacral spinous processes fuse to form the _?_ crest; the articular processes form the _?_ ; and the _?_ fuse to form the lateral sacral crest. 59. The series of four holes on the posterior surface of the sacrum are called the _?_. They are exits for branches of _?_. 60. The fused bodies, laminae, and spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae enclose the _?_ canal, a continuation of the _?_ canal. 61. The inferior articular processes of S5 are called the sacral _?_; they joint with the superior articular processes of _?_, called the _?_ cornua. 62. The gap in the inferior end of the roof of the sacral canal is called the sacral _?_. 63. The ear-shaped joint surfaces on the sides of the alae of the sacrum are called the _?_ surfaces. They joint with similar surfaces on the _?_ bones to form the _?_ joints. 64. The roughened areas medial to the auricular surfaces on the posterior surface of the sacrum are called the sacral _?_. They are attachment sites for _?_. 65. The anterior edge of the body of S1 is called the _?_. 66. The sacrum _?_ (does / does not) have intervertebral foramina. 67. The coccyx is commonly called the _?_. 68. The body of Cy 1 joints with the body of _?_; its superior articular processes are called the coccygeal _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 3 of 23

4 69. The sizes of the vertebral bodies increase from _?_ to _?_, after which they _?_ decrease in size, because body _?_ has been transmitted to the hip joints and lower limbs. The following questions apply to the presacral vertebrae. 70. _?_ vertebrae have kidney-shaped bodies; _?_ vertebrae have heart-shaped bodies; and _?_vertebrae have rectangular shaped bodies. 71. Only _?_ vertebral bodies have joint facets or demifacets on their sides. 72. _?_ vertebrae have gutter-shaped transverse processes; _?_ vertebrae have club-shaped transverse processes; and _?_ vertebrae have blade-like transverse processes. 73. Only _?_ vertebrae have transverse foramina piercing their transverse processes. 74. The spinous processes of _?_ vertebrae vertebrae are rectangular plates; those of _?_ vertebrae are slender and spike-like; and those of _?_ are short and often bifid. 75. The _?_ and _?_ vertebral foramina are large and somewhat triangular in shape; the _?_ vertebral foramina are smaller and round. 76. When two thoracic vertebrae are jointed together, the inferior articular processes are _?_ (anterior/posterior) to the superior articular processes. 77. When two lumbar vertebrae are jointed together, the inferior articular processes are _?_ (medial/lateral) to the superior articular processes. 78. When two cervical vertebrae are jointed together, the inferior articular processes are _?_ (superior/inferior) to the superior articular processes. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 4 of 23

5 THORAX REFERENCES: TEST: CHAPTER 7 / LAB MANUAL 1: SK In anatomy, the rib cage or chest is called the _?_. 2. The thorax is completed posteriorly by the twelve _?_ vertebrae; anteriorly, by the _?_; and laterally, by the _?_ pairs of costae or _?_ and their _?_. 3. The first _?_ pairs of ribs are called vertebrosternal or _?_ ribs. Their costal cartilages joint _?_ (directly / indirectly) with the sides of the sternum at the _?_ joints. 4. Ribs _?_ to _?_ are called _?_ ribs. 5. Of the false ribs, ribs _?_ to _?_ are also called vertebrochondral ribs because their cartilages turn up to joint with the _?_of the ribs above them. 6. Of the false ribs, ribs _?_ and _?_ are also called _?_ ribs because they do not joint with the sternum or with the costal cartilages of other ribs. 7. The spaces between the ribs are called _?_ spaces. There are _?_ spaces on each side of the thorax. 8. The superior opening of the thorax is bounded by vertebra _?_; the _?_ pair of ribs; and the _?_ of the sternum. 9. Because the ribs slope down and forward, in the intact thorax, the upper edge of the manubrium is level with the body of vertebra _? in the female; and with the body of vertebra _?_ in the male. 10. The inferior opening of the thorax is bounded by vertebra _?_; ribs _?_ and _?_; and the costal cartilages of ribs _?_ to _?_. 11. The ribs _?_ (increase / decrease) in length from rib 1 to rib _?_, then (increase /decrease ) in length from rib _?_ to rib Rib number _?_ is usually the longest rib. 13. The anatomical name for the "breastbone" is _?_. It has three parts: the _?_ or "handle;" the _?_, gladiolus, or "blade;" and the _?_ process. 14. The concavity on the superior border of the manubrium of the sternum is called the _?_ or _?_ notch. 15. The jugular notch of the sternum is flanked on either side by areas that articulate with the ends of the _?_ at the _?_ joints. 16. The lateral edges of the manubrium of the sternum bear facets that articulate with the _?_ cartilages of the _?_ and _?_ pairs of ribs. 17. The joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum is called the _?_ joint. The two parts meet at an angle, called the _?_ angle, which is usually marked by a palpable ridge of bone. The cartilages of the _?_ pair of ribs joint with the sternum at either end of the angle. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 5 of 23

6 18. The lateral edges of the body of the sternum bear facets for articulation with the cartilages of rib pairs _?_ through _?_. 19. The? joint connects the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum. The cartilages of the _?_ pair of ribs joint with the sternum at either end of this joint. 20. Ribs _?_ to _?_ are called typical ribs. 21. At its posterior end, a typical rib bears a wedge-shaped _?_ with _?_ (number) joint facets separated by a ridge or crest of bone. The facets joint with _?_ on the bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae at a _?_ joint. The ridge or crest is connected by a ligament to the _?_ between the vertebral bodies. 22. A typical rib has the same number as the _?_ (upper / lower) vertebra with which it joints. Therefore, rib 5 must joint with vertebrae T_?_ and T_?_. 23. The _?_ of a typical rib is located lateral to the head. It has two parts. The articular part joints with the _?_ process of a thoracic vertebra at a _?_ joint. The _?_ part is connected by a ligament to the _?_ process of the vertebra. 24. The part of a typical rib between the head and the tubercle is called the _?_. 25. The main part of a typical rib is called the _?_. It has _?_ and inferior borders; and internal and _?_ or _?_ and _?_ surfaces. 26. The _?_ border of a typical rib is sharp; the _?_ border is rounded. 27. On the internal surface of the body of a typical rib, there is a long, shallow groove called the _?_. 28. The anterior end of a typical rib carries a depression that joins with the lateral end of a _?_ to form a _?_ joint. 29. The _?_ of a typical rib marks the junction of its posterior and anterior curvatures. The _?_muscle attaches to the rib in this area and often causes a raised ridge of bone. 30. Ribs _?_, _?_ and _?_ to _?_ are usually atypical ribs. 31. All of the atypical ribs except the second have _?_ (knob-like / wedge-shaped) heads, because they joint with just one vertebral body. 32. Unlike other ribs, the first ribs have _?_ and _?_ surfaces and _?_ and _?_ borders. 33. The roughened area on the superior surface of the first rib is called the _?_ tubercle. It is caused by the attachment of the _?_ muscle. The groove anterior to the tubercle is caused by the _?_ vein; the groove posterior to the tubercle, by the _?_ artery. 34. Ribs _?_ and _?_ do not have _?_, because they do not participate in costotransverse joints. 35. Ribs _?_ and _?_ are the only ribs with pointed ends. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 6 of 23

7 SKULL REFERENCES: TEST: CHAPTER 7 / LAB MANUAL 1: SK19-37, ADDENDA In a superior view of the skull, the most anterior bone is the _?_ and the most posterior bone is the _?_. 2. In a superior view of the skull, the frontal bone is anterior to the two _?_ bones and the _?_ bone is posterior to them. 3. The frontal bone is jointed to the parietal bones by the _?_ suture. 4. The parietal bones are jointed to each other by the _?_ suture. 5. The _?_ bone is jointed to the two _?_ bones by the lambdoidal _?_. 6. The bregma is located at the intersection of the _?_ and _?_ sutures. 7. The temporal lines form the upper boundary of the _?_ fossa. 8. The superior temporal line is caused by the attachment of the _?_ fascia; the inferior temporal line, by the attachment of the _?_ muscle. 9. The _?_ part of the frontal forms the foundation of the forehead. Its posterior edge joints with the _?_ bones at the _?_ suture. 10. The bony sockets for the eyes are called the _?_. 11. In the midline, medial to the orbits, the frontal bone joints with the two _?_ bones and the frontal processes of the _?_. 12. Lateral to each orbit, the _?_ process of the frontal bone joints with the _?_ bone. 13. The superior orbital margin is formed by the _?_ bone. 14. The curved bulges in the frontal bone just above the superior orbital margins are called the _?_ arches. Medially, they meet at a flattened area above the nasal bones, the _?_. 15. The _?_ notch or foramen is located in the medial one-third of the superior orbital margin. 16. The lateral orbital margin is formed by the frontal process of the _?_ bone and the _?_ process of the _?_ bone. 17. The inferior orbital margin is formed by the _?_ and _?_ bones. 18. The medial orbital margin is formed by the frontal process of the _?_, inferiorly; and the maxillary process of the _?_ bone, superiorly. 19. The anatomical name for the "skull cap" is the _?_. 20. There are two _?_ or "upper jaw bones." 21. Laterally, below the orbit, each maxilla joints with a _?_ bone. 22. Medially, below the piriform aperture, the maxillae are jointed to each other by a _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 7 of 23

8 23. Above the piriform aperture, the frontal process of the maxilla joints medially with the lateral edge of a _?_ bone; laterally with the anterior edge of the _?_ bone; and superiorly with the _?_ bone. 24. The _?_ spine is a bony projection of the two maxillae, located in the midline just below the piriform aperture. 25. Just below the orbits, each maxilla is pierced by an _?_ foramen. 26. The lower edges of the maxillae are called the _?_ margins. They contain bony pockets or _?_ for the roots of the upper teeth. 27. The opening into the bony part of the nasal cavity is called the _?_ (pear - shaped) or _?_ aperture. Its edges are formed by the two _?_ bones superiorly; and the two _?_ inferiorly. 28. The _?_ (number) nasal bones are _?_ in shape. Laterally, they joint with the _?_; medially, with each other; and _?_, with the frontal bone. Their inferior edges form the upper part of the _?_ aperture. 29. The _?_ suture is a remnant of a suture that joined the two halves of the developing frontal bone. 30. In anatomy, the "cheek bones" are called the _?_ bones. 31. Each zygomatic bone has a medial process that joints with a _?_ below the orbit; a superior process that joints with the _?_ bone and helps to form the _?_ margin; and a posterior process that joints with the zygomatic process of the _?_ bone to form the _?_ arch. 32. The _?_ or "lower jaw" has two parts: a horizontal _?_ and a vertical _?_. 33. The roots of the lower teeth are anchored in the _?_ margins of the _?_ of the mandible. 34. The technical name for the "chin" is the _?_ or protuberance. 35. Just below PM 2 the body of the mandible is pierced by a hole, the _?_. 36. The roof of the orbit is formed mostly by the orbital plate of the _?_ bone and to a small extent by a part of the _?_ wing of the _?_. 37. In the orbit, the lesser wing of the sphenoid is easy to recognize because it is pierced by a hole, the _?_. 38. The anterior half of the lateral wall of the orbit is formed by part of the _?_ bone; the posterior half, by part of the _?_ wing of the _?. 39. The medial half of the floor of the orbit is formed by part of the _?_; the lateral half, by part of the _?_ bone. 40. There is a V-shaped gap in the orbit. The upper part of the gap is called the _?_ fissure and is located between the _?_ and _?_ wings of the _?_. The lower part of the gap is called the _?_ orbital _?_ and is located between the floor and the _?_ wall of the orbit. 41. The anterior end of the inferior orbital fissure leads to the _?_ canal that runs through the floor of the orbit and exits at the _?_ foramen in the _?_ (bone). A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 8 of 23

9 42. From anterior to posterior, the medial wall of each orbit is formed the _?_ bone; the orbital plate of the _?_; and the _?_ wing of the _?_. 43. The depression in the lacrimal bone is called the _?_ fossa. Inferiorly, the fossa leads to the _?_ canal which runs from the orbit to the _?_ cavity. 44. Because it is so thin and delicate, the orbital plate of the ethmoid is also called the lamina _?_. The dark shadows visible through the lamina are air spaces, the _?_ cells. 45. The bony nasal septum is formed by the _?_ plate of the _?_ superiorly; and the _? inferiorly. 46. The three delicate, curved pieces of bone that project into each half of the nasal cavity are called the superior, middle, and inferior _?_. 47. The superior and middle nasal conchae are parts of the _?_ bone. The inferior nasal conchae are separate bones that joint with the _?_. 48. Humans normally have two sets of teeth in a lifetime: a _?_ or "baby" dentition and an adult or _?_ dentition. 49. The adult dentition consists of (number) teeth. 50. The upper teeth are anchored in the _?_; the lower teeth, in the _?_. 51. Each tooth has three parts: a _?_, a _?_, and a _?_. 52. For descriptive purposes, the dentition is divided into four fourths or quadrants: upper right (right maxilla), upper left (left maxilla), lower right (right half of mandible), and lower left (left half of mandible). Each quadrant contains, from front to back: two _?_, medial and _?_; _?_ (number) canine; _?_ (number) _?_; and _?_ (number) _?_. 53. A tooth described as PM 2, is an _?_ (upper / lower) premolar. One described as M 3, is an _?_ (upper / lower) molar. 54. Because they are the last adult teeth to erupt, the _?_ are sometimes called "wisdom teeth." 55. Because human canines tend to resemble the incisors in shape and function, they are sometimes said to be _?_. 56. Generally, the first premolars are _?_ (larger / smaller) than the second premolars. 57. The _?_, _?_, and _?_, except PM 1, have single roots; PM 1 and the _?_ molars have two roots; and the upper molars all usually have _?_ (number) roots. 58. In a lateral view of the skull, the temporal lines start anteriorly at the zygomatic process of the _?_ bone, arch across the skull, and end at the _?_ process of the _?_ bone. 59. The temporal lines form the upper boundaries of the _?_ fossa. 60. The squamosal suture joints the _?_ part of the _?_ bone to the _?_ bone. 61. Anteriorly, the squama or squamous part of the temporal bone is jointed to the posterior edge of the rectangular _?_ of the sphenoid. 62. The zygomatic arch is formed by parts of the _?_ and _?_ bones. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 9 of 23

10 63. The large opening in the temporal bone at the posterior end of the zygomatic arch is called the external _?_ or auditory _?_. It is located in the _?_ part of the temporal bone. 64. The large, bony "bump" located just behind the external acoustic meatus is called the _?_. It makes up most of the _?_ part of the temporal bone. 65. The depression in the temporal bone that is located anterior to the external acoustic meatus and at the posterior end of the zygomatic arch is called the _?_ fossa. The _?_ of the mandible joints with the fossa to form the _?_ or "jaw" joint. 66. The slender, pointed process on the base of the skull just medial to the external acoustic meatus is called the _?_ process. 67. Posteriorly, the mastoid part of the temporal joints with parts of the _?_ and _?_ bones. 68. Superiorly, the ramus of the mandible terminates in two processes separated by a gap. The anterior process is called the _?_ process and ends in the knuckle-like mandibular _?_; the posterior process is called the _?_ process; and the gap is called the _?_ notch. 69. The point where the lower edge of the mandibular body turns up to become the posterior edge of the ramus is called the _?_ of the mandible. 70. In the lateral view of the skull, the greater wing of the sphenoid joints posteriorly with the squama of the _?_; anteriorly, with the _?_; and superiorly, with the _?_. 71. In a lateral view of the skull, the inferior edge of the greater wing of the sphenoid bends sharply inwards to become continuous with another part of the sphenoid on the base of the skull, the _?_ ("wing-like") process. The bony crest or ridge formed by the bending of the greater wing marks the lower limit of the _?_ fossa, above; and the upper limit of the _?_ fossa, below. 72. The pterygoid process is located _?_ (anterior / posterior) to the maxilla. The gap between the two bones is called the _?_ fissure. The fissure is the entrance to a space between the pterygoid process and the palatine bone, the _?_ fossa. 73. The hard _?_ forms the roof of the mouth. Its anterior 3/4 is formed by the palatine processes of the two _?_; its posterior 1/4, by the horizontal processes of the two _?_ bones. 74. The hole in the midline of the hard palate, just behind the incisors, is called the _?_ foramen. 75. The holes in the posterolateral edges of the hard palate are called the greater and _?_ foramina. 76. The posterior nasal apertures are also called the _?_. 77. The two choanae are separated in the midline by the _?_. 78. The flared upper part of the vomer joints with the body of the _?_. 79. Laterally, the choanae are flanked by the _?_ processes of the _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 10 of 23

11 80. Each pterygoid process of the sphenoid is composed of a medial and a lateral _?_, separated by a _?_. 81. The foramen _?_ is located at the base of the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process. 82. The foramen _?_ is located beside the spine of the sphenoid, posterolateral to the foramen _?_. 83. The hole between the styloid process and the mastoid process is called the _?_. 84. The _?_ canal starts just medial to the styloid process and runs anteriorly and medially to end at the foramen _?_. 85. The _?_ foramen is located just posterior to the carotid canal, in a gap between the _?_ and _?_ bones. 86. The largest foramen on the base of the skull is the _?_, located in the _?_ bone. 87. The anterior part of the foramen magnum is flanked by two knuckle-shaped articular processes, the _?_. 88. The base of each occipital condyle is pierced by a tunnel, the _?_. 89. Posterior to each occipital condyle, there is usually a depression or a hole, called the _?_ fossa or _?_. 90. The two main parts of the occipital bone are the _?_ and the _?_. 91. The basioccipital or _?_ part of the occipital is located anterior to the foramen magnum. Anteriorly, it joints with the _?_ of the sphenoid. Laterally, the foramen _?_ separates it from the temporal bone. 92. The prominent bump that can be palpated on the back of the occipital bone is called the external _?_. 93. The two sets of lines that arch across the external surface of the squama of the occipital bone are called the superior and inferior _?_. 94. The depressions between the superior and inferior nuchal lines and between the inferior nuchal lines and the foramen magnum are caused by neck _?_. 95. The mandibular fossa is located between the external _?_ and the _?_ arch. 96. The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into three fossae: _?_, _?_, and _?_. 97. The floor of the anterior cranial fossa is formed by the orbital parts of the _?_ bone; the crista _?_ and _?_ plate of the ethmoid; and the _?_ wings of the _?_. 98. Besides forming part of the floor of the anterior cranial cavity, the crista galli and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid also form part of the roof of the _?_. 99. Besides forming part of the floor of the anterior cranial cavity, the orbital parts of the frontal bone also form the roof of each _?_ In the anterior cranial cavity, the lesser wings of the sphenoid are located _?_ (anterior / posterior) to the orbital parts of the frontal bone. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 11 of 23

12 101. The sella turcica (Turkish saddle) is part of the _?_, located in the _?_ cranial fossa The "seat" of the sella turcica is called the _?_ fossa; its back, the _?_ sellae; and its "pommel," the _?_ sellae The sella turcica is flanked on either side by a foramen _?_ The posterior limits of the middle cranial fossa are marked by the _?_ parts of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone encloses the _?_ and _?_ ear cavities In the middle cranial fossa, the foramen _?_ is located medial to the foramen ovale; the foramen _?_ is located anterior to the foramen ovale; and the foramen _?_ is located posterior to the foramen ovale The _?_ orbital fissure can be seen in the orbit and in the middle cranial fossa, but not on the base of the skull. The _?_ orbital fissure can be seen in the orbit and on the base of the skull, but not in the middle cranial fossa The foramen _?_ can be seen in the middle cranial fossa, but not on the base of the skull because it opens into the _?_ fossa In the middle cranial fossa, the _?_ foramina pierce the _?_ wings of the sphenoid on either side of the tuberculum sellae The foramen ovale, lacerum, and spinosum _?_ (can / cannot) all be seen both in the middle cranial fossa and on the base of the skull In the posterior cranial fossa, the rectangular _?_ part of the occipital runs anteriorly and superiorly from the foramen _?_ to joint with the body of the _?_ The anterior limits of the posterior cranial fossa are formed by the _?_ parts of the _?_ bones In the posterior cranial fossa, the opening on the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone is called the _?_ In the posterior cranial fossa, the groove left by a blood channel, the _?_, starts at the jugular foramen and curves up and back to become continuous with the groove left by the _?_ sinus The grooves left by the transverse sinuses meet posteriorly at a bump, the _?_ protuberance, located on the inner surface of the squama of the _?_ The bony crest that runs from the internal occipital protuberance towards the foramen magnum is called the _?_ The branching set of grooves that begin at the foramen spinosum and then spread out over the inner surfaces of the walls of the cranial cavity are caused by the _?_ artery The middle cranial fossa is formed by parts of the _?_, _?_, and _?_ bones The posterior cranial fossa is formed by parts of the _?_, _?_, and _?_ bones. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 12 of 23

13 120. The T-shaped arrangement of sutures on the inner surface of the calvaria is caused by the _?_ and _?_ sutures The midline groove that runs the length of the interior of the calvaria is caused by the _?_ sinus The hyoid is a - shaped bone located inferior to the _?_. It has three main parts: a, and two pairs of "horns" or _?_, the greater and the _? The hyoid is held in place in the neck by _? and _? The hole on the inner surface of the ramus of the mandible is called the _?_ foramen; the small "tongue-shaped" piece of bone that overhangs it is called the _?_ The mylohyoid line is located on the _?_ surface of the _?_ of the mandible Three skull bones have squamous parts: the _?_, _?_, and the _?_ The temporal bone has four named parts: the _?_, _?_, _?_, and _?_ The sphenoid has a _?_, a pair of wing-like _?_ processes; and a pair of _?_, the greater and _?_ The lesser wings of the sphenoid can be seen in the _?_, and in the _? cranial fossa The greater wings of the sphenoid can be seen in the _?_; in a _?_ view of the skull, in the _?_ cranial fossa, and, partially, in a _?_ view of the skull The zygomatic bone joints with four bones: the _?_, the _?_, the _?_, and the _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 13 of 23

14 UPPER LIMB REFERENCES: TEST: CHAPTER 8 / LAB MANUAL 1: SK In osteology, a girdle is a set of bones that connects a _?_ skeleton to the _?_ skeleton. 2. In the upper limb, the _?_ and the _?_ form the _?_ girdle. 3. The anatomical name for the shoulder blade is the _?_. 4. The scapula has three angles, _?_, _?, and _?_; and three borders, _?_, _?_, and _?_. 5. The medial border of the scapula is also called the _?_ border; the lateral border is also called the _?_ border. 6. The _?_ cavity occupies the lateral angle of the scapula. It joints with the head of the _?_ to form the _?_ or glenohumeral joint. 7. The _?_ tubercle is a small bump of bone located above the glenoid cavity; the _?_ tubercle is a similar bump locate below the cavity. 8. The _?_ divides the _?_ surface of the scapula into two fossae: the _?_ fossa, above the spine; and the _?_ fossa, below the spine. 9. The spine of the scapula starts at the _?_ border and runs laterally to end in the _?_ process that arches over the glenoid cavity. 10. The facet on the medial edge of the acromion joints with the _?_ (medial / lateral) end of the _?_ to form the _?_ joint. 11. The _?_ process is a finger-like projection of bone attached to the superior border of the scapula, just medial to the glenoid cavity. It projects _?_ (anteriorly / posteriorly). 12. The _?_ notch is located on the _?_ border of the scapula, just _?_ (medial / lateral) to the coracoid process. 13. The depression on the anterior or surface of the scapula is called the _?_ fossa. In the intact skeleton, it faces the _?_. 14. The anatomical name for the collar bone is the _?_. 15. The medial end of the clavicle is also called the _?_ end, because it joints with the _?_ to form the _?_ joint. 16. The lateral end of the clavicle is also called the _?_ end, because it joints with the _?_ to form the _?_ joint. 17. The two ends of the clavicle are easy to distinguish from each other, because the medial end is _?_ and the lateral end is _?_. 18. The clavicle has two curves. The medial curve is anteriorly _?_ (concave / convex); the lateral is anteriorly _?_ (concave / convex). 19. Except at its ends, the _?_ surface of the clavicle is smooth; _?_ ( covered only with skin ); and easily seen and _?_ ( felt with the fingers ). A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 14 of 23

15 20. The inferior surface of the medial end of the clavicle is roughened by the attachment of the _?_ ligament that connects it to the first rib. 21. The inferior surface of the lateral end of the clavicle is roughened by the attachment of the _?_ ligament that connects it to the _?_ process of the scapula. 22. In the intact body, the _?_ groove on the inferior surface of the body of the clavicle is occupied by the _?_ muscle. 23. The _?_ joint is the only joint connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton. 24. The anatomical name for the arm is the _?_. It extends from the _?_ joint to the _?_ joint and contains a single bone, the _?_. 25. The humerus is a long bone. It has a _?_ and two ends, _?_ and _?_. 26. The _?_ of the humerus is a hemispherical process that joints with the glenoid cavity at the _?_ joint. It is located at the _?_ (proximal / distal) end of the bone. 27. The head of the humerus is connected to the rest of the bone by the _?_. 28. Just distal to the head, the proximal end of the humerus bears two prominent, bony bumps. The larger _?_ is located on the lateral side of the bone; the smaller _?_, is located on the medial side. 29. The _?_ or _?_ groove is located between the greater and lesser tubercles on the _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface of the proximal end of the humerus. 30. The intertubercular groove is flanked by two ridges of bone. The medial one is called the _?_ of the _?_ groove or the crest of the lesser tubercle. The lateral one is called the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove or the _?_ of the _?_. 31. The shaft of the humerus just distal to the greater and lesser tubercles is sometimes called the _?_, because it is a common site of fractures. 32. The prominent bump on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus is called the _?_. The smaller bump on the lateral side is called the _?_. 33. The pulley-shaped articular process on the distal end of the humerus is called the _?_. It joints with the _?_ notch of the _?_ at the _?_ joint. 34. The rounded articular process on the distal end of the humerus is called the _?_ ( little head ). It joints with the _?_ of the _?_ at the _?_ joint. 35. The small depression just proximal to the trochlea on the front of the humerus is called the _?_. The depression above the trochlea on the back of the humerus is called the _?_. 36. The small depression just proximal to the capitulum is called the _?_. It is located on the _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface of the humerus. 37. The sharp ridge of bone that runs proximally from the medial epicondyle is called the _?_ ridge. A similar one, called the _?_ runs proximally from the lateral epicondyle. 38. The anatomical name for the forearm is the _?_. It extends from the _?_ joint to the _?_ joint. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 15 of 23

16 39. The forearm contains two bones. In the anatomical position, the _?_ is located on the _?_ (medial / lateral) or little finger side; the _?_, on the _?_ (medial / lateral) or thumb side. 40. On its proximal end, the _?_ of the ulna joints with the _?_ of the humerus at the elbow joint. 41. The lower end of the trochlear notch of the ulna ends in a beak-like projection of bone, the _?_. 42. The upper end of the trochlear notch is bounded by the _?_, the point of the elbow. 43. On the lateral side of the coronoid process there is a shallow _?_ notch that joints with the _?_ of the radius to form the proximal _?_ joint. 44. Just distal to the coronoid process there is a roughened, triangular area known as the _?_ tuberosity. 45. The distal end of the ulna bears two bony projections. The small, bluntly-pointed projection is called the _?_ and is located postero-_?_ (medially / laterally). The larger, rounded projection is called the _?_ of the ulna. It is located _?_ and joints with the _?_ notch of the radius at the _?_ joint. 46. The sharp _?_ border of the ulna starts at the radial notch and ends at the head. In the intact body, it faces a similar border on the _?_ and a sheet of connective tissue, called the _?_, connects the two. 47. The proximal end of the radius is called the _?_. Its proximal surface bears a slight depression called the _?_. 48. The fovea of the head of the radius joints with the _?_ of the humerus at the _?_ joint. 49. The circumference of the head of the radius joints with the _?_ of the ulna at the proximal _?_ joint. 50. The _?_ of the radius connects the head to the shaft. 51. The _?_ of the radius is a bump of bone just distal to the neck. 52. The sharp _?_ border of the radius is connected to a similar border on the ulna by the interosseous membrane, a sheet of _?_. 53. The dorsal or _?_ surface of the expanded distal end of the radius bears a prominent _?_ separating grooves caused by _?_. 54. The anterior or _?_ surface of the expanded distal end of the radius is smooth and slightly anteriorly _?_ (concave/convex). 55. The ulnar notch on the _?_ (medial/lateral) side of the distal end of the radius joints with the _?_ of the ulna to form the _?_ joint. 56. The distal surface of the expanded distal end of the radius bears _?_ (number) articular surfaces that joint with the _?_ and _?_ at the wrist joint. 57. The small, bluntly-pointed projection on the distal end of the radius is called the _?_. It is located on the _?_ of the radius. 58. The technical name for the hand is _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 16 of 23

17 59. The technical name for the wrist is the _?_. It is composed of _?_ (number) carpal bones, arranged in two rows, _?_ and _?_, of four bones each. 60. From medial to lateral, the proximal row of carpals consists of the _?_, the _?_, the _?_, and the _?_. 61. From medial to lateral, the distal row of carpals consists of the _?_, the _?_, the _?_, and the _?_. 62. Together, the joints between the proximal and distal rows of carpals constitute the _?_ joint. 63. Which carpal bone looks like a little boat (_?_); looks like a half-moon (_?_); is shaped like a pea (_?_); has a hook-like process (_?_); has a little head (_?_)? 64. The _?_ and the _?_ joint with the carpal articular surface of the _?_ to form the wrist joint. 65. The _?_ joints with the base of metacarpal 1 at the thumb or first _?_ joint. 66. The _?_ bones are located in the palm of the hand. They are numbered from _?_ to _?_, lateral to medial. 67. The proximal ends of the metacarpals are called _?_. 68. The joints between the distal carpal bones and the bases of the metacarpals are called _?_ joints. 69. The distal ends of the metacarpals are called _?_. 70. The joints between the heads of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges are called _??_ joints. 71. Digits 2 to 5 are supported by three _?_, designated as _?_, middle, and _?_. 72. The thumb or _?_ contains just two _?_, designated as proximal and _?_. 73. The joints between the phalanges are called _?_ joints. 74. The distal phalanges are easy to recognize, because each bears a platform that supports the _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 17 of 23

18 LOWER LIMB REFERENCES: TEST: CHAPTER 8 / LAB MANUAL 1: SK The two hip bones form the _?_ girdle. The girdle connects the lower limb skeleton to the _?_ skeleton. 2. Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones: the _?_ (= flank); the _?_ ( = hip); and the _?_ (= adult). 3. The ilium is divided into two main parts: the body and the large, fan-shaped _?_ (= wing). The body forms the upper 2/5 of the _?_, the socket for the hip joint. 4. The ischium is divided into a body and a _?_ (= branch). The body sits behind the _?_ foramen. Superiorly, it forms the lower 2/5 of the _?_, the socket for the hip joint. Inferiorly, it ends in a large bump, the _?_. 5. The ramus of the ischium projects _?_ (anteriorly / posteriorly) from the ischial tuberosity. It merges with the _?_ ramus of the pubis to form the _? ramus. 6. The pubis has three parts: a _?_, an _?_ ramus, and a superior _?_. 7. The _?_ of the pubis joins the ramus of the ischium to form the _?_. 8. The _?_ eminence is a bony elevation that marks the junction of the of the ilium and the pubis. 9. The two pubic bones are jointed together at the _?_. 10. The only joint connecting the two hip bones to each other is the _?_. 11. Each hip bone has two surfaces: _?_ and _?_. 12. The curved, upper border of the ilium is called the _?_ of the ilium or the _?_. 13. Anteriorly, the iliac crest ends at the anterior _?_ spine; posteriorly, it ends at the _?_ superior _?_. 14. The external surface of the ala is also called the _?_ surface, because it is covered by the gluteal or _?_ muscles. The muscles often leave markings on the ala: the _?_, inferior, and _?_ gluteal lines. 15. The _?_ spine is located just below the anterior superior iliac spine on the anterior border of the hip bone. 16. The _?_ spine is located just below the posterior superior iliac spine on the _?_ border of the hip bone. 17. Posteriorly, the superior ramus of the pubis begins at the _?_ eminence. Anteriorly, it merges with the _?_ of the pubis. 18. The pubic tubercle is located on the upper surface of the _?_ of the pubis. 19. The greater sciatic notch is located on the _?_ border of the hip bone. Its upper end is marked by the _?_; its lower end is marked by the _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 18 of 23

19 20. The _?_ sciatic notch is located just _?_ (above / below) the greater sciatic notch. Its upper end is marked by the _?_ spine; its lower end, by the _?_. 21. The socket for the hip joint is called the _?_. It is located on the _?_ (external / internal) surface of the hip bone. 22. The articular part of the acetabulum joints with the _?_ of the femur. Because it resembles a crescent moon, this part is sometimes called the _?_ surface. Inferiorly, it is interrupted by the _?_ notch. 23. The non-articular part of the acetabulum is called the _?_. 24. The _?_ foramen is surrounded by the _?_ and _?_ (bones). 25. In the intact body, the obturator foramen is mostly closed by a sheet of connective tissue, the _?_. Only the obturator _?_, a passageway for nerves and blood vessels, is left open. 26. The auricular surface is located on _?_ (anterior / posterior) part of the _?_ (internal / external) surface of the hip bone. 27. The auricular surface joints with a similar surface on the side of the _?_ to form the _?_ joint. 28. The _?_ line begins at the auricular surface and runs forward to meet the pecten pubis. Together, these two bony ridges form the _?_ line. 29. The large, rough area above and behind the auricular surface of the ilium is called the iliac _?_. 30. The concave surface of the ilium, above the arcuate line, is called the iliac _?_. 31. The thigh contains a single bone, the _?_. 32. The femur is a typical long bone, which means that it has a _?_ end, a _?_ or body, and a _?_ end. 33. The _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface of the femoral body is smooth and rounded. The _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface is marked by a rough ridge of bone, the linea _?_. 34. The _?_ of the femur joints with the acetabulum of the hip bone at the _?_ joint. 35. The small pit on the head of the femur is called the _?_ capitis femoris. In life, the _?_ ligament of the femur, connects it to the floor of the acetabular fossa. 36. The _?_ of the femur connects the head to the body. 37. The large, bony bump on the lateral side of the proximal end of the femur is called the greater _?_. The smaller bony bump on the medial side, just below the neck, is called _?_. 38. Anteriorly, the greater and lesser trochanters are joined by the _?_ line. Posteriorly, they are joined the intertrochanteric _?_. 39. The distal end of the femur bears two knuckle-shaped joint processes, the medial and lateral _?_. 40. The two femoral condyles joint with the two _?_ of the tibia at the _?_ joint. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 19 of 23

20 41. The medial femoral condyle is set more _?_ (proximally / distally) than the lateral femoral condyle. 42. Posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a depression, the _???_. 43. The leg can be flexed more than it can be extended because the joint surfaces on the femoral condyles extend more _?_ (anteriorly / posteriorly) than _?_ (anteriorly / posteriorly). 44. The joint surface for the _?_ or knee cap is located between the femoral _?_ on the _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface of the femur. 45. The bony bump on the medial surface of the medial femoral condyle is called the _?_. The bony bump on the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle is called the _?_. 46. The adductor tubercle is located on the _?_ of the femur. 47. The _?_ aspera is a bony ridge on the _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface of the femur. It has two lips: _?_ and _?_. 48. Distally, the lips of the linea aspera diverge to enclose a flat, triangular area on the back of the femur called the _?_ surface. 49. Distally, the lateral lip of the linea aspera ends at the _?_ and the medial lip, at the _?_. 50. Proximally, the medial lip of the linea aspera ends in the _?_ line; the lateral lip, at the greater _?_. 51. The leg contains two bones: the _?_ and the _?_. The _?_ is the larger of the two bones. 52. The tibia is _?_ (medial / lateral) to the fibula. 53. The proximal end of the tibia is _?_ (larger / smaller) than the distal end. 54. The most prominent features of the proximal end of the tibia are the medial and lateral _?_. 55. The joint surface on the lateral tibial condyle joints with the _?_ of the femur; and the joint surface on the medial tibial condyle joints with the _?_ of the femur. 56. The tibial condyles are separated by a bony ridge, the _?_ eminence. 57. In the intact body a _?_, a narrow crescent-shaped wedge of cartilage, surrounded the joint surface on each tibial condyle. 58. The tibial _?_ is a prominent bump of bone caused by the patellar ligament. It is located on the _?_ (front / back) of the tibia, just _?_ (above / below) the condyles. 59. The small, oval facet on the undersurface of the lateral tibial condyle joints with the _?_ of the fibula at the _?_ (proximal / distal ) _?_ joint. 60. The _?_ (= little hammer) is located on the medial side of the distal end of the tibia. 61. The lateral surface of the medial malleolus joints with the side of the _?_, one of the tarsal bones, at the _?_ joint. Its medial surface is _?_ ( covered only by skin ) and causes the bump on the medial side of the ankle. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 20 of 23

21 62. The _?_ articular surface of the tibia joints with the upper part of the talus. 63. The site of the distal tibiofibular joint is a triangular depression located on the _?_ (medial / lateral) side of the _?_ (proximal / distal) end of the tibia. 64. The anterior border of the tibia starts at the tibial _?_ and ends at the _?_. It separates the _?_ and _?_ surfaces. 65. The lateral border of the tibia is also called the _?_ crest. It begins proximally at the facet for the proximal _?_ joint and ends distally at the triangular site of the _?_ tibiofibular joint. It separates the _?_ and _?_ surfaces. 66. The popliteal line, named for the _?_ muscle that causes it, is located on the upper half of the _?_ (medial, posterior, lateral) surface of the tibia. 67. In the intact body, the interosseous crests of the tibia and the fibula are joined by a sheet of connective tissue, the _?_membrane. 68. The fibula is located _?_ (lateral / medial) to the tibia. 69. Like all long bones, the fibula has a _?_ end, a _?_ end, and a _?_ or shaft. 70. The proximal end of the fibula is called the _?_. 71. The _?_ of the fibula connects the head to the shaft. 72. The articular facet on the head of the fibula joints with a matching facet on the _?_ at the proximal _?_ joint. 73. The _?_ is a pointed projection on the head of the fibula caused by the attachment of tendons and ligaments. 74. The distal end of the fibula is called the _?_ (= little hammer"). 75. The facet on the medial surface of the lateral malleolus joints with the side of the _?_ at the _?_ joint. 76. The lateral surface of the lateral malleolus is _?_ ("covered only with skin) and causes the bump on the _?_ side of the ankle. 77. The _?_ (anterior / posterior) surface of the lateral malleolus can be identified by a pit and a groove next to the articular facet for the talus. 78. The lateral border of the fibula is also called the _?_ crest. In life, the _?_ membrane connects it to the interosseous _?_ of the _?_. 79. The "knee cap" is technically called the _?_. 80. The patella is a _?_ bone, a bone that develops in a muscle tendon. 81. The two patellae are the only sesamoid bones in the human body. _?_ (true / false) 82. The patella has two surfaces: _?_ and _?_. 83. The proximal border of the patella is also called its _?_; its distal, pointed end is called its _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 21 of 23

22 84. The _?_ surface of the patella has _?_ (number) joint facets separated by a rounded ridge. The lateral facet is _?_ (smaller / larger) than the _?_ facet. 85. The articular facets on the posterior surface of the patella joint with the patellar surface and the adjacent parts of the medial and lateral _?_ of the _?_. 86. In life, the anterior surface of the patella is separated from the overlying skin by a _?_, a connective tissue sac of synovial fluid. 87. The Latin name for the foot is _?_. 88. The tarsus of the foot is composed of _?_ (number) _?_ bones. 89. The foot contains five _?_, located distal to the tarsals. 90. The metatarsals are numbered 1 to 5, starting _?_ (medially / laterally). Metatarsal 1 belongs to the _?_ or big toe; metarsal 5 belongs to the _?_ toe. 91. Usually, toes 2 to 5 each contain three bones, the _?_, designated as _?_, middle, and _?_. 92. The hallux does not have a _?_ (proximal, middle, distal) phalanx. 93. The upper surface of the foot is called the _?_ surface. Its inferior surface or sole is called the _?_ surface. 94. The "heel bone" is called the _?_. It is the largest of the seven _?_ bones. 95. Anteriorly, the calcaneus joints with the_?_; superiorly, it joints in three places with the _?_; posteriorly, it ends in the roughened _?_ of the calcaneus, the attachment site for the _?_ (Achille's tendon). 96. The _?_ is the second largest tarsal bone. It has a _?_, a neck, and a _?_. 97. The body of the talus sits on top of and is jointed to the _?. 98. The upper part of the body of the talus is called the _?_, because it is shaped like a pulley or a thread spool. 99. The lateral surface of the trochlea of the talus joints with the _?_ of the fibula; its medial surface joints with the _?_ of the tibia; its upper surface joints with the _? articular surface on the distal end of the _?_. Together, these three joints form the _?_ joint Anteriorly, the head of the talus joints with the _?_ Posteriorly, the navicular joints with the _?_ of the _?_; anteriorly, it joints with the three _?_ Navicular means like a little _?_. (The word has the same Latin root as navy.) 103. The cuneiforms are designated as medial, _?_, and _?_ Posteriorly, the cuneiforms joint with the _?_; anteriorly, they joint with _?_ 1 to The _?_ is the third largest tarsal bone Anteriorly, the cuboid joints with _?_ 4 and ; posteriorly, it joints with the _?_; medially, it joints with the lateral _?_ Like all long bones, the metarsals have _?_ and _?_ ends, separated by a body or _?_. A25.selftest.skelsys.mjg.2009 page 22 of 23