Diagnostic Test Skeletal Words Made Easy Match the terms on the right with the terms on the left.

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 5 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

2 Diagnostic Test Skeletal Words Made Easy Match the terms on the right with the terms on the left. 1. Breastbone 2. Shinbone 3. Skull 4. Kneecap 5. Shoulder blade 6. Lower jawbone 7. Upper jawbone 8. Thigh bone 9. Tail bone 10. Fingers 11. Backbones 12. Upper arm 13. Toes 14. collarbone 1. Clavicle 2. Coccyx 3. Cranium 4. Femur 5. Humerus 6. Mandible 7. Maxilla 8. Patella 9. Scapula 10. Phalanges 11. Vertebrae 12. Sternum 13. Tibia 14. *one word is used twice

3 Diagnostic Test Answers 1. Breastbone 2. Shinbone 3. Skull 4. Kneecap 5. Shoulder blade 6. Lower jawbone 7. Upper jawbone 8. Thigh bone 9. Tail bone 10. Fingers 11. Backbones 12. Upper arm 13. Toes 14. collarbone 1. Sternum 2. Tibia 3. Cranium 4. Patella 5. Scapula 6. Mandible 7. Maxilla 8. Femur 9. Coccyx 10. phalanges 11. Vertebrae 12. Humerus 13. Phalanges 14. clavicle

4 Pg.118 Lesson 5.1 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY ~ ~ ~ TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON (a) The Anatomical Position, Planes, and Axes (b) Describing Movements at Joints 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 4

5 The Anatomical Position The anatomical position is the standard position (standing straight, looking forward, arms at your side, and hands facing forward) used to describe the locations and relationships of anatomical parts on your body. It is used in similar way to how the markings on a compass are used to describe locations in geography.

6 Characteristics of the Anatomical Position The key features of the anatomical position are as follows: The person is in an upright, standing position with his or her head, eyes, and toes pointing forward. The feet are together and the arms are slightly out to the side. The forearms are fully supinated; in other words, the palms of the hands are facing forward Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 6

7 Examples of Anatomical Relationships Anterior / Posterior The sternum is anterior to the heart (so anterior also means in front of ). The heart also has an anterior surface. Superior / Inferior Superior refers to upward surfaces, inferior refers to downward surfaces. Medial / Lateral Medial means towards the midline or towards the median plane, whereas lateral means away from the midline or away from the median plane. Proximal / Distal Proximal means towards the point of attachment of the limb to the body, whereas distal means farther away from the point of attachment Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 7

8 Pg. 120 Anatomical Planes and Anatomical Axes The anatomical position is further standardized by dividing the body into Anatomical planes and Anatomical axes 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 8

9 Anatomical Planes Frontal plane The frontal (coronal) plane is vertical and extends from one side of the body to the other. Transverse plane The transverse (horizontal) plane is horizontal and divides the body into upper and lower segments. Sagittal plane The sagittal (median) plane is vertical and extends from the front of the body to the back Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 9

10 Sagittal Plane A vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves. Sagittal Plane Flexion/extension

11 The Sagittal Plane

12 Sagittal plane The plane dividing the body into right and left portions

13 Frontal plane A vertical plane that bisects the body into front and back It is at right angles to the sagittal plane Frontal Plane

14 Frontal Plane

15 Frontal plane The plane dividing the body into front and back portions Also called the Coronal plane

16 Transverse plane A transverse plane that bisects the body into top and bottom It s at right angles to both the sagittal and frontal planes Transvers e Plane

17 Transverse Plane

18 Transverse plane The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions Also called the Horizontal plane

19 Anatomical Axes Horizontal axis The horizontal axis extends from one side of the body to the other. Longitudinal axis The longitudinal axis (also known as the polar axis) is vertical, running from head to toe. Antero-posterior axis The antero-posterior axis extends from the front of the body to the back Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 19

20 Horizontal Axis Horizontal or (bilateral axis) is in an east-west relationship to the anatomical position.

21 Antero-Posterior Axis Antero-posterior axis is in a front-to-back relationship to the anatomical position.

22 Longitudinal or (polar axis) is in a north-south relationship to the anatomical position. Longitudinal Axis

23 Planes and Corresponding Axes

24 Planes and Corresponding Axes

25 Describing a Body Movement: General Rule A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis around which it rotates. THE GENERAL RULE FOR DESCRIBING A BODY MOVEMENT: The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 10

26 Relationship between Planes and Axes Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example Horizontal (Bilateral) Longitudinal (Polar) Antero-Posterior

27 Relationship between Planes and Axes Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion, extension Longitudinal (Polar) Transverse Rotation of extremities, axial rotation Antero-Posterior Frontal (Coronal) Abduction, adduction

28 Various Movements and Planes of Movement Activity Axis Plane Stride Jump Cartwheel Elbow extension Nodding yes Tuck Somersault Twirling Shaking head no

29 Various Movements and Planes of Movement Activity Axis Plane Stride Jump Horizontal Sagittal Cartwheel Antero-Posterior Frontal Elbow extension Horizontal Sagittal Nodding yes Horizontal Sagittal Tuck Horizontal Sagittal Somersault Horizontal Sagittal Twirling Longitudinal Transverse Shaking head no Longitudinal Transverse

30 #1. Guess the plane and corresponding axis. Sagittal Plane/Horizontal Axis

31 #2. Guess the plane and corresponding axis. Transverse Plane/Longitudinal Axis

32 #3. Guess the plane and corresponding axis. Frontal Plane/Antero-posterior Axis

33 Terms Used to Describe Movement Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that the joint angle decreases (e.g., when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up towards your face). Extension is the opposite of flexion. Abduction ( ab = from ) occurs when you move a body segment to the side and away from your body (e.g., moving your arm out to the side and bringing it level with your shoulder). Adduction ( ad = to ) is the opposite of abduction Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 33

34 Terms Used to Describe Movement Plantar flexion is specific to the ankle joint. It occurs when you point your toes (e.g., when you stand on your tip toes). Dorsiflexion occurs when you bend the ankle to bring the top of your foot closer to your shin. Supination is rotating the wrist such that the palm of your hand is facing forward (e.g., when you catch a softball underhanded with one hand). Pronation occurs in the opposite direction Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 34

35 Terms Used to Describe Movement Inversion is associated with the ankle joint. It is a result of standing on the outer edge of your foot (e.g., when you twist your ankle). Eversion is a result of standing on the inner edge of your foot. External rotation results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the midline (eg., turning your toes outward). Internal rotation results when you twist or turn a body part inward towards the midline Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 35

36 Terms Used to Describe Movement Elevation refers to movement in an upwards direction (e.g., hunching your shoulders). Depression is the opposite motion movement in a downwards direction (e.g., slouching your shoulders). Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. An example of this movement occurs when a softball pitcher throws a ball with a windmill action Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 36

37 Supine Lying on the back when performing a bench press Prone Lying face down when preparing to perform a push-up

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39 Ankle Sprains Inversion Ankle Sprain Eversion Ankle Sprain (Potts Fracture)

40 Guess the movements Abduction

41 Guess the movements Supination

42 Guess the movements Dorsiflexion

43 Pg.124 Lesson 5.2 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ~ ~ ~ TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON (a) The Human Skeleton: An Overview (b) The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 43

44 Pg.124 What Is the Human Skeleton? The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, accounting for about 14 percent of total body weight. Humans start life with more bones than that about 300 bones at birth. Over time, several bones fuse as growth takes place (such as in the skull and lower part of the vertebral column) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 44

45 The Human Skeleton 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 20

46 The Human Skeletal System Bones are made up of living tissue bone cells, fat cells, and blood vessels. Compared to other body systems, the human skeletal system is extremely hard and durable. Bones themselves are composed primarily of the mineral calcium. People whose diet is low in calcium may find their bones becoming increasingly brittle and breakable a major concern for older people (osteoporosis) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 46

47 Main Functions of the Skeletal System The skeletal system provides structural support to the body, protects vital organs, serves as a growth centre for cells, acts as a reserve for minerals, and of course plays a major role in movement Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 47

48 Classification of Bones in the Human Body Pg.125 Bones are normally classified according to their shape long, short, flat, irregular, and a fifth type (sesamoid) that is found within tendons. Long bones are found in the arms and legs (e.g., the femur). Short bones are most common in the wrists (e.g., the carpal bones). Flat bones are flat and thin and are found in the roof of the skull. Irregular bones include odd-looking bones such as the bones in the vertebrae. Sesamoid bones are unusual, small, flat bones wrapped within tendons that move over bony surfaces (e.g., the patella) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 48

49 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 49

50 Sesamoid Bones

51 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

52 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

53 See H.O. Classify each bone

54 Classify each bone. 1.FLAT 2.SHORT 3.LONG 4.SHORT 5.SESAMOID 6.LONG 7.IRREGULAR 8. FLAT

55 Pg.126 The Structure of the Skeleton The human skeletal system is generally divided into two main parts: The axial skeleton (shown in orange), and The appendicular skeleton (shown in green) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 55

56 The Axial Skeleton 80 Bones The axial skeleton is comprised mainly of the vertebral column (the spine), much of the skull, and the rib cage. Most of the body s core muscles originate from the axial skeleton. These core muscles help stabilize and support the axial skeleton, thus providing proper posture and alignment Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 56

57 The Appendicular Skeleton 126 Bones The appendicular skeleton includes the movable limbs and their supporting structures (girdles), which play a key role in allowing us to move. The appendicular skeleton can be divided into six major regions: pectoral girdle; arms and forearms; hands; pelvis; thighs and legs; and feet and ankles Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 57

58 Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: 26 vertebral column 1 hyoid 22 skull 6 auditory 25 ribs The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones: 64 upper extremity 62 lower extremity Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

59 Pg.126 Bone Landmarks All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks. A landmark is a ridge, bump, groove, depression, or prominence on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures. For example, the quadriceps muscles of the front thigh ultimately wrap around the patella (kneecap) and insert on the tibial tuberosity (a landmark at the top of the tibia) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 59

60 See H.O. The Anatomy of a Long Bone 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 60

61 Section through the head of the femur, showing the cortex, the red bone marrow and a spot of yellow bone marrow.

62 Epiphyseal Plates and Lines Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bones Growth possible Epiphyseal lines Occur when epiphyseal plates have fused or come together Growth not possible Epiphyseal line Epiphyseal plate Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

63 Epiphyseal Plate or Line? Line Plate

64 Which is a child s hand, which is the adult s hand? A Child B Adult

65 Osteoporosis Low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue The number of osteoblasts is decreased and the number of osteoclasts stay the same Leads to bone fragility Increased susceptibility to bone fractures Preventative measures include: Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle Weight-bearing exercises Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

66 Bone Injuries and Bone Disease Fractures bone breaks, normally divided into three types: simple, compound, and comminuted. Stress fractures tiny cracks caused by a rapid increase in activity or when an athlete switches training surfaces or wears footwear with improper cushioning. Shin splints a painful condition occurring on the medial or lateral side of the tibia (shin bone) are another common sports injury. Tearing of the interosseous membrane If not treated, it may lead to a stress fracture 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

67 Overuse injury Occurs on the medial or lateral side of tibia (on shaft) Tearing of the interosseous membrane or periosteum Or Inflammation of the interosseous membrane If left untreated-develop into stress fractures SHIN SPLINTS

68 Despite its mineral strength, bone may crack or even break if subjected to extreme loads, sudden impacts, or stresses from unusual directions. The damage produced constitutes a fracture. Fractures Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

69 Types of Fractures Stress fracture most difficult to detect; tiny crack in the bone; muscles too tired to absorb shock; overuse injury Simple (Closed) fracture no separation; bone ends don t penetrate the skin. Compound (Open) fracture bone breaks into separate pieces; bone ends penetrate the skin. Comminuted fracture bone shatters into many pieces. Common in the elderly (brittle bones). Greenstick fracture- bone breaks incompletely. One side bent, one side broken. Common in children. Simple fracture Compound fracture Comminuted fracture Spiral-ragged break caused by excessive twisting forces. Sports injury/injury of abuse Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

70 Avulsion Fracture A closed fracture where a piece of bone is broken off by a sudden, forceful contraction of a muscle.

71 Fractures Greenstick Fracture Spiral Fractures Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

72 Stress Fractures Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

73 What kind of fracture is this? Comminuted Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

74 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

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76 Lesson 5.3 MAJOR BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY ~ ~ ~ TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON (a) Bones of the Axial Skeleton (b) Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 76

77 Bones of the Human Skull (Anterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 77

78 Bones of the Human Skull (Lateral View) Coronal Suture Sagittal Suture Squamous Suture Lambdoidal Suture Occipital Suture 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 78

79 Skull of a Newborn

80 The Vertebral Column (Lateral View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 80

81 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

82 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

83 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

84 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

85 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

86 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

87 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

88 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the

89 Cervical Vertebrae Atlas C1 -nodding motion; yes Axis C2 -rotation; no

90 Axis Atlas

91 The Thoracic Cage (Anterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 91

92 Left Scapula (Anterior & Lateral Views) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 92

93 Left Scapula (Posterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 40

94 Pelvis (Male, Anterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 94

95 Right Femur (Anterior & Posterior Views) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 95

96 Right Fibula (Anterior & Superior Views) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 96

97 Right Foot (Superior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 97

98 Left Humerus (Anterior & Posterior Views) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 98

99 Left Ulna and Radius (Anterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 99

100 Left Hand (Anterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 100

101 Lesson 5.4 THE ARTICULAR SYSTEM ~ ~ ~ TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON (a) The Different Types of Human Joints and Joint- Related Injuries (b) Shoulder Joint / Knee Joint / Ankle Joint 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 101

102 The Knee: Femur, tibia and patella

103 The Shoulder: Scapla, humerus and clavicle

104 The Ankle: Tibia, talus and fibula

105 Types of Joints With one exception (the hyoid bone), every bone in the body is connected (articulated) to or forms a joint with at least one other bone.

106 WHICH IS A TENDON? LIGAMENT? Tendons: Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein) Attach muscle to bone Vascular Ligaments: Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue Attach bone to bone Avascular

107 Ligaments Less rigid than bone Do not stretch as much as tendons Tissue that attaches one or more bones together Made up of tough bands of white, fibrous tissue When they reach their threshold-stretch minimally, usually tear

108 Tendons Large bundles of white, fibrous protein (collagen) that attaches muscle to bone Greater stretching ability Will tear with great force

109 1 0 9

110 Vascularity Amount of supplied blood a tissue has or requires Ligaments & cartilage are avascular -nutritional needs are not met through blood (take a long time to heal) The more vascular a tissue, the less time it takes to recover from an injury Bone and muscle are vascular and will take less time to heal than a ligament

111 Classification of Joints Joints are classified according to their structure (what they are made of) or their function (the type and extent of movement they permit). The structural classification recognizes three main types of joints: Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, and Synovial joints 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 111

112 Structurally joints are classified as: (Their structural classification is based on the nature of the material comprising them.) 1. Fibrous joints joints held together by fibrous connective tissue, allow no movement, lack joint cavity eg. sutures 2. Cartilaginous joints (held together by cartilage, lacking a joint cavity, slight movement is possible) eg. intervertebral discs of the vertebral column 3. Synovial joints allow the most movement the joint contains a synovial cavity eg. Knee, shoulder, and the ankle

113 1.FIBROUS JOINTS In fibrous joints, the bones are united by dense connective tissue consisting of collagen fibres which run between the bones. There is NO JOINT CAVITY.

114 FIBROUS JOINTS (con t) The degree of movement permitted depends on the length of the collagen fibers, and on the shape and extent of the bone surface at the joint. Examples: Sutures-connecting fibres are short Syndesmosis- tib/fib jt.-a fibrous membrane connects the shafts of two long bones (connecting fibres are long) Gomphosis-peg-in-socket fibrous joint, where a tooth joins its bony socket

115 Gomphosis

116 FIBROUS JOINTS Suture Syndesmosis

117 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS The bones are united with each other by cartilage. NO JOINT CAVITY. Ex. -the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate which separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis in long bones during growth. Obliterated by bone in adults

118 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS Ex. -the joint between the first rib and the sternum. (hyaline cartilage) Synchondrosis. Ex.- the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs.(contains both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage) Bone is covered with hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage joins bones together

119 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

120 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

121 The Characteristics of Synovial Joints Synovial joints permit movement between bones and are distinguished by the following: -Articular cartilage is located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another. -The joint capsule consists of the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule. -The joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant for the joint. -The bursae are the small fluid sacs found at the friction points ( bursa is the singular). -Intrinsic ligaments are thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule. -Extrinsic ligaments separate from the joint capsule and help to reinforce the joint Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 121

122 The Synovial Joint 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 122

123 Ball & Socket and Gliding Joints Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints. The ball at one bone fits into the socket of another, allowing movement around three axes (e.g., the humerus rests in the glenoid cavity). Gliding (or plane or arthrodial) joints. This type connects flat or slightly curved bone surfaces that glide against one another (e.g., between the tarsals and among the carpals) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 123

124 Hinge and Pivot Joints Hinge (ginglymus) joints. A convex portion of one bone fits into a concave portion of another (movement in one plane). The joint between the ulna and the humerus is an example. Pivot (or trochoid) joints. A rounded point of one bone fits into a groove of another (e.g., the joint between the first two vertebrae in the neck, which allows the rotation of the head) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 124

125 Saddle and Ellipsoid Joints Saddle joints. Saddle joints allow movement in two planes (but not rotation like a ball-and-socket joint). A key saddle joint is found at the carpo- metacarpal articulation of the thumb. Elipsoid joints. This type of synovial joint also allows movement in two planes. The wrist is an example of an ellipsoid joint Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 125

126 Joint-Related Injuries and Disease Dislocations. A dislocation occurs when a bone is displaced from its joint. Dislocations are often caused by collisions or falls, and are common in finger and shoulder joints. Separations. A separation is more serious than a dislocation. In a shoulder separation, the ligaments attaching the collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula) are disrupted. Osteoarthritis is a condition involving loss of cartilage at joints. Osteoarthritis (a joint disease) is often confused with osteoporosis, which is a disease characterized by low bone mass and bone deterioration Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 126

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130 SEPARATIONS occurs when bones held together by fibrous ligaments tear and separate from each other 130

131 THE SHOULDER JOINT Also called the glenohumeral joint Extremely versatile Ball and socket joint Made up of the scapula, humerus and indirectly with the clavicle 131

132 Rotator Cuff Tears Rotator cuff tears usually involve one or all four muscles that make up the rotator cuff at the shoulder joint: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. These muscles share a common tendinous insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Thus, when a part of the tendon is torn, all three muscles around the joint are affected. The severity of a rotator cuff tear must be diagnosed by a doctor Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 132

133 Left Shoulder Joint (Anterior View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 133

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135 -Modified hinge joint (some rotation) -Consists of articulation b/w: femur, tibia, and patella -Largest joint in body THE KNEE

136 Right Knee (Anterior & Anterior Deep) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 60

137 THE KNEE Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Comprised of 2 (sometimes 3) bands Prevents anterior translation of tibia on femur and resists internal rotation of the tibia 137

138 ACL INJURY Extensive research Mechanism of injury Deceleration of knee rotation (cutting) Hyperextension of knee Direct blow to knee More often in noncontact situations

139 ACL INJURY Signs and symptoms Hear or feel a pop Rapid swelling (within hours) giving way (feeling of instability) Locking (portion of ACL lig sometimes get caught in the joint) Decrease ROM (due to swelling) Pain at time of impact

140 140 Right Knee (Posterior) & Left Knee (Deep)

141 THE ANKLE JOINT modified hinge joint that comprises the distal ends of the tibia and fibula resting on the talus to form the ankle joint the joint is responsible for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion Ankle sprain-most common injuries seen in sports medicine Common in sports involving jumping and changes in direction 141

142 Right Ankle Joint (Medial View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 142

143 Right Ankle Joint (Lateral View) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 143

144 INVERSION ANKLE SPRAINS Approx. 85% 144

145 ANKLE SPRAINS Inversion Sprains 80-85% of all ankle sprains are to the lateral ligaments -- inversion sprains Commonly referred to as rolling over your ankle or twisted ankle Can affect one or all of the lateral ligaments Less bony stability on medial side of ankle 145

146 ANKLE SPRAINS Eversion Sprains (<15% of all ankle sprains) Eversion sprains, while less frequent, are often severe. Mech. Of Injury-comb. of eversion, dorsiflexion, & foot abduction Rare because of the strength of the deltoid ligament The deltoid ligament attaches the medial malleolus to three bones of the foot and is so strong that, instead of tearing, it tears off the tip of the medial malleolus Pott s Fracture-break in the medial malleolus and a break in the fibula (15 % of cases are avulsion fracture) 146