Unit 08 - Overview. Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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1 Unit 08 - Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Motivation Sexual Motivation Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs Theories and Physiology of Emotion Expressed Emotion Stress and Health Stress and Illness Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
2 Module 37: Motivational Concepts
3
4 Motivation Introduction
5 Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans
6 Drives and Motivations Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive Drive reduction
7 Drives and Motivations Incentive Positive and negative
8 Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law
9 A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy
10 A Hierarchy of Motives
11 Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses
12
13 The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study
14 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus
15 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate
16 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
17 The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences
18 The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
19 The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias Food variety
20 Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors Social influence
21 Obesity and Weight Control
22
23 The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period
24 The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Sexual Dysfunctions Erectile disorder Premature ejaculation Female orgasmic disorder Paraphilias Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia
25 The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone
26 The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams Sexual fantasies
27 The Psychology of Sex
28
29 Introduction Aristotle s social animal Need to belong affiliation need
30 The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment Anxious attachment Insecure avoidant attachment
31 The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior
32 Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media Cell phones Texting and Facebook and twitter
33 Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people s actual personalities? Does social networking promote narcissism?
34 Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion
35 Cognition and Emotion
36 Cognition and Emotion Emotions Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience
37 Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories Common Sense theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Lower spine injuries High spinal cord injury
38 Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect
39 Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Robert Zajonc LeDoux s high and low road
40 Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Lazarus
41 Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Lazarus
42
43 Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Calming Yerkes Dodson Law Fight or flee
44 Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
45 Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions Insula Brain circuits Left frontal lobe
46
47 Detecting Emotion in Others
48 Detecting Emotion in Others Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile
49 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
50 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
51 Culture and Emotional Expression
52 Culture and Emotional Expression
53 The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback effect Health psychology
54
55 Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress Stress appraisal
56 Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors Things that Push Our Buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles
57 Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System Selye s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Tend-and-befriend
58 Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome
59
60 Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage Natural killer cells (NK cells)
61
62 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer Stress and Heart Disease Coronary heart disease Type A Type B
63 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
64 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
65 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
66 The End
67 Types of Files Teacher Information This presentation has been saved as a basic Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this Teacher Information section.
68 Teacher Information Unit Coding Just as Myers Psychology for AP 2e is color coded to the College Board AP Psychology Course Description (Acorn Book) Units, so are these Powerpoints. The primary background color of each slide indicates the specific textbook unit. Psychology s History and Approaches Research Methods Biological Bases of Behavior Sensation and Perception States of Consciousness Learning Cognition Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Developmental Psychology Personality Testing and Individual Differences Abnormal Psychology Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Social Psychology
69 Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the unit s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the arrow in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only copying down what is on the screen and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.
70 Teacher Information Continuity slides Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about what might come next in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI
71 Division title (red print) subdivision title (blue print) xxx xxx xxx
72 Division title (red print in text) subdivision title (blue print in text) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished
73 = add definition here Definition Slide
74 Definition Slides
75 Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
76 Instinct = a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.
77 Drive-Reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
78 Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
79 Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.
80 Yerkes-Dodson Law = the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
81 Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
82 Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
83 Set Point = the point at which an individual s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
84 Basal Metabolic Rate = the body s resting rate of energy expenditure.
85 Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
86 Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
87 Sexual Dysfunction = a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
88 Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
89 Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
90 Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
91 James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
92 Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
93 Two-Factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
94 Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.
95 Facial Feedback Effect = the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.
96 Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
97 Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
98 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye s concept of the body s adaptive response to stress in three phases alarm, resistance, exhausion.
99 Tend-and-Befriend Response = under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
100 Psychophysiological Illness = literally, mind-body illness; any stressrelated physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
101 Psychoneuroimmunology = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
102 Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
103 Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
104 Type A = Friedman and Rosenman s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
105 Type B = Friedman and Rosenman s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
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