Motivation and Emotion

Transcription

1 Motivation and Emotion Chapters 12 and 13 Upcoming assignments and due dates: 1. Jan. 21 Chapter 12 Vocab Quiz 2. Jan. 23 HW due 3. Jan. 28th Chapter 12 and 13 Test I will have these assignments posted on my website on the calendar for important dates to help remind you of their upcoming due date Motivation Motivation a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal motivation is a hypothetical concept that we study by looking at someone's behaviors we will be looking at motivation from the nature perspective that is seen as a physiological push factor and the nurture perspective that is seen as a cognitive and cultural pull factor Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Charles Darwin's work led people to start to classify certain behaviors as instincts instinct a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned the idea of labeling behaviors as instincts did not have much support because it was seen as simply naming behaviors instead of explaining them example: labeling a bright student an underachiever because of their low grades instincts are much more common in other species 1

2 Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology humans do have a few fixed patterns like an infant's rooting and sucking most psychologists see human behavior as being directed by both physiological and psychological wants instinct theory failed to explain human motives, but it did show the importance that genes can play in speciestypical behavior Drives and Incentives the instinct theory was replaced by the drive reduction theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state called a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need as a physiological need increases, so does the psychological drive the physiological goal of drive reduction is homeostasis homeostasis the maintenance of a steady internal state 2

3 Drives and Incentives What would be some examples of drive reduction? body temp is an example of homeostasis if our body temp cools, blood vessels will constrict to stay warm and we may shiver for warmth, and we feel driven to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment Drives and Incentives not only are we pushed by our "need" to reduce drives, we also are pulled by incentives incentives positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us examples: aroma of food, the attractiveness of someone, and the threat of disapproval when there is a need and an incentive, we are strongly driven Optimum Arousal so how do you explain why some well fed animals will leave their shelter to explore in the absence of any drive? Why do people spend hours watching TV or playing video games? sometimes we are driven by things other than physiological needs curiosity will drive monkeys to try and figure out how to unlock a lacth that opens nothing or to open a window that allows them to see outside their room we often do things because we like high states of arousal or enjoyment we sometime ignore needs because of this interest 3

4 Optimum Arousal even when our biological needs are satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation without stimulation we are bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level too much stimulation causes stress, and we look for a way to decrease arousal A Hierarchy of Needs some needs take priority over others if faced with a lack of water and a lack of air, which will you seek to satisfy first? Abraham Maslow describe these priorities as a hierarchy of needs Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active A Hierarchy of Needs 4

5 A Hierarchy of Needs in order to move to the next level, the level below must be met Self actualization is rarely achieved but it is the goal that we all try to achieve the order of the needs is not universally fixed people have starved themselves to make a political statement poorer nations that lack easy access to money and the food and shelter it buys may feel financial satisfaction is more important in wealthy nations, home life may be more important his hierarchy does provide a framework for thinking about motivation Quiz 1. Explain the drive reduction theory of motivation. Make sure to include how incentives affect a person's motivation to act. 2. Explain the optimum arousal theory of motivation. How does this theory deal with things the drive reduction theory does not deal with? 3. Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Make sure to briefly explain the levels and how Maslow believes we move through the levels. Hunger during a study of hunger, scientists noticed some interesting effects of hunger men began conserving energy and appeared listless and apathetic body weights dropped drastically to about 25 percent below their starting weight the men became obsessed with food by talking and daydreaming about it collected recipes, read cookbooks, and feaster their eyes on delectable forbidden foods lost interest in social activities they were preoccupied with their need for food 5

6 Hunger What triggers hunger in order to establish a level of homeostasis? one discovery was that we have stomach contractions or pangs when we feel hungry telling us to eat ghrelin a hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach people that have bypass surgery will produce less of this causing their appetite to go down scientists removed the stomachs' of some rats to see if hunger would continue they did continue to feel hunger people can still feel hungry even after eating this shows that hunger is caused by more than just the pangs Hunger the body's chemistry effects the body's hunger people will regulate their caloric intake to prevent energy deficits glucose also causes people to feel hungry when its level gets low glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues insulin lowers blood glucose by converting it to stored fat 6

7 Motivation and Emotion.notebook January 27, 2014 Hunger signals from the stomach, the intestines, and the liver all signal the brain to motivate eating or not hunger controls were located in the hypothalamus of the brain the hypothalamus is broken up into two parts lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger when electrically stimulated a well fed animal will eat and when destroyed a starving animal will not eat sends out orexin which is another hunger hormone ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger when stimulated an animal will stop eating and when destroyed the animal will constantly want to eat tumors on the hypothalamus can cause people to overeat Hunger Set point the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight when body weight rises hunger decreases and energy expenditure increases 7

8 Hunger basal metabolic rate the body's resting rate of energy expenditure as food intake goes down, a person's basal metabolic rate drops to try and prevent them from losing too much weight critics of the set point theory believe that slow, sustained changes in body weight can alter one's set point What does the set point theory say about severe dieting and weight loss? Taste Preference: Biology or culture? when feeling tense or depressed we seek carbs because they help to boost levels of serotonin, which has a calming effect people are also conditioned to certain taste preferences people expose to high levels of salt early will want more salt as they get older people may develop an aversion for a taste after getting violently ill after eating that food culture effects our preferences some cultures prefer eyes, dog, rat, and horse meat Hindus stay away from beef we tend to stay away from novel foods poisonous items are often bitter tasting encouraging us to not eat them Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa a disorder in which a person drops significantly below normal weight, typically by 15 percent or more, yet feels fat and is obsessed with losing weight usually develops in adolescence 9 out of 10 times it is in females Bulimia nervosa characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise usually women in their early twenties feel depressed the most during and after bingeing people with anorexia can also binge and purge weight fluctuations are within or above normal ranges making easy to hide the disorder Eating disorders Obesity a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health because of the high rate of obesity in the US and around the world, over eating is now considered an eating disorder 8

9 Eating disorders Who suffers from these disorder? Often come from: families with higher than usual incidence of alcoholism, obesity, and depression families that are competitive, high achieving, and protective people concerned with how people perceive them only slightly linked with childhood sex abuse families with mothers that are focused on their own weight and that of their daughter in people that often start out dieting or after a dieter goes through a spell of bingeing then purging Eating disorders culture can impact how a person feels about their weight as well society often says "Fat is bad" women are constantly motivated to diet over the last 50 years the rate of women with poor body images has grown drastically 1/2 of US women have reported feeling negative about their appearance Study done with math tests and sweaters pg. 465 Barbie Doll example pg. 466 women often judge their body weight as overweight and men judge their body weight as their ideal weight some cultures like in Africa say plump is better because thinness is associated with poverty and AIDS 9

10 Sexual Motivation Alfred Kinsey conducted studies to try and answer questions he had about people's sexual practices his results were misleading because of problems with his sampling but it did start the conversation about sexual behaviors and motivations Sexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution created or explained by Masters and Johnson Terms to be able to define: Four stages, refractory period, sexual disorders Hormones and Sexual Behavior hormones have two effects: direct the development of male and female sex characteristics activate sexual behavior in most mammals sexual motivation is linked with fertility Estrogen a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males levels peak during ovulation male hormone levels are more constant Hormones and Sexual Behavior hormone injections do not have much effect on men, but a drastic loss in testosterone will lead to a slow decline in sexual motivation in men in women, the level of testosterone has more of an effect on their sexual motivation than estrogen if the level of testosterone goes down because of a women's ovaries being taken out, her sexual interest may wane large hormonal shifts, like during puberty, do have an effect on sexual motivation for men and women hormones that influence sexual behavior are controlled by the hypothalamus 10

11 Hormones and Sexual Behavior sex hormones are like fuel in a car without fuel, a car will not run if the fuel level is minimally adequate, adding more fuel to the gas tank wont change how the car runs hormones are not the only thing that motivates sexual behaviors psychological or external stimuli also motivate sexual behaviors Adolescent Sexuality contributing factors to teen pregnancy Ignorance teens often are not educated birth control and the risks of unprotected sex Guilt related to sexual activity not wanting to look promiscuous, teens often do not have birth control available Minimal communication about birth control many teens are not comfortable talking to their parents or friends about birth control Alcohol use alcohol depresses the brain centers that control judgement, inhibitions, and self awareness mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity an average hour of prime time TV on three major networks contains 15 sexual acts on average Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex homosexual attraction to one's own sex heterosexual attraction to the opposite sex all cultures vary in their attitudes toward homosexuality but all cultures throughout time have been predominantly heterosexual most homosexual men and women report not becoming aware of same sex attraction until puberty Sexual Orientation Biological correlations with sexual orientation Hypothalamic cell cluster is larger in straight men shared sexual orientation is higher in identical twins altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay 11

12 The need to belong aiding survival social bonds helped in reproduction and in protection from possible predators wanting to belong we spend a great deal of time thinking about our actual and hoped for relationships acting to increase social acceptance when we feel included by others our self esteem rises we conform to group standards in order to be accepted maintaining relationships we resist breaking social bonds can lead to bad relationships fortifying health people who feel supported live with better health and are at a lower risk for mental disorders Motivation at work work is the biggest single waking activity for most of us work helps to satisfy several of Maslow's levels work is often considered a search for daily meaning and daily bread Csiksczentmihalyi developed something called the flow concept Flow a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagment of one's skills Motivation at work Flow Csiks studied this concept after watching artists who would spend hour after hour painting or sculpting with enormous concentration they worked as if nothing else mattered 12

13 Motivation at work Three professions in psychology dealing with the workplace Industrial organizational psychology(i/o) the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Personnel psychology a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development Organizational Psychology subfield of I/O that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change Organizational Psychology Achievement motivation a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard people with high achievement motivation do usually achieve more Task leadership goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals task leaders are good at keeping a group centered on its mission Organizational Psychology Social leadership group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support social leaders often have a democratic style they delegate and welcome group member participation social leadership is good for morale Theory X assumes workers are basically lazy, errorprone, and extrinsically motivated by money and thus should be directed from above workers need simple tasks, close monitoring, and incentives to work harder 13

14 Organizational Psychology Theory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity theory Y managers are more likely to give employees control over work procedures, to welcome employee participation in decision making, and to have creative and satisfied subordinates Emotion Emotions a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and consicous experience when we face challenges, emotions focus our attention and energize our action 14

15 Theories of Emotion James Lange Theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli according to William James, "We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble" he believed your feeling of an emotion will follow your body's response you feel afraid after you realize your heart is racing Theories of Emotion Cannon Bard Theory the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion Cannon thought the body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke the different emotions a racing heart can signal fear, anger, or love changes in heart rate, perspiration, and body temp were too slow to trigger a sudden emotion Cannon Bard says that your heart begins pounding as you experience fear one does not cause the other Theories of Emotion James believed that we can control emotions by going through the outward motions of whatever emotion we want to experience smile to be happy What would happen if we could not sense our physiological changes? Cannon Bard says we would still feel the emotion since they happen at the same time James Lange believed we would have a diminished sense of our emotions because we could not perceive our body's arousal first 15

16 Motivation and Emotion.notebook Theories of Emotion What is the connection between what we think and what we feel? January 27, 2014 Theories of Emotion Two Factor Theory in order to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal When we feel happy, the world looks like a happier place to us. Why is this? also called the Schacter Singer theory many psychologists believe our cognitions are a vital part of our emotions of the arousal these ideas about our cognitions affecting our emotions led to the Two factor theory the physiological arousal and the cognitive label occur at the an emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation combined ideas from both of the other theories same time followed by the emotion 16

17 Theories of Emotion Robert Zajonc believed that our emotional reactions can be quicker than our interpretations of a situation we feel some emotions before we think a subliminally flashed smiling or angry face can prime us to feel better or worse about a follow up stimulus we can feel emotion before we think when we see something and the signal bypasses the cortex and goes straight to the amygdala, which is the emotional control center Theories of Emotion the amygdala sends more messages to the cortex than it receives leading to emotions being able to control thoughts more easily than thoughts controlling feelings often times we react before we can think about what happened we jump when we hear a noise before we know what the noise was Two dimensions of emotion psychologists often will place emotions along two dimensions pleasant versus unpleasant(emotion's valence) low versus high arousal 17

18 Emotion and Physiology our body prepares us to run or to stay when faced with a possible dangerous situation Fight or flight to provide energy: your liver secretes more sugar into the blood respiration increases to supply needed oxygen digestion slows in order to send blood to the muscles pupils dilate allowing in more light you start to sweat to cool the body blood clots more quickly your autonomic nervous system controls these responses sympathetic and parasympathetic Emotion and Physiology Polygraph a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion Nonverbal communication we communicate nonverbally as well as verbally What are some examples of how we communicate nonverbally? most of us are good at detecting nonverbal threats when hearing emotions conveyed in another language, anger is the most readily detectable emotion a single angry face will pop out more from a crowd than a single smiling one we often read anger from the eyes and happiness from the mouth according to Robert Kestenbaum 18

19 Nonverbal communication Judith Hall conducted studies that led to her to conclude that women generally surpass men at reading people's emotional cues because of this women are better at spotting lies women can also determine whether a male female couple are a genuine romantic couple or a posed phony couple a woman's skill at decoding others' emotions may explain their higher emotional literacy women usually describe themselves as being more empathetic Nonverbal communication facial muscles make it hard to hide emotions that you may be trying to conceal slightly raising your eyebrows may show distress raised cheeks may show happiness the lack of expressive emotions is what makes it easy to misread s and other forms of communication Nonverbal communication the meaning of gestures varies with cultures the Chinese often clap their hands to express worry or disappointment or stick out their tongues to express surprise the thumbs up is an insult in some countries some facial expressions are the same world wide a smile is a smile everywhere a frown means the same everywhere Nonverbal communication children's facial expressions are universal this is even for blind children who have never seen a face Charles Darwin believed that facial expressions were a way to communicate before their was a spoken language a study done by James Laird showed that asking people to force themselves to frown has led to them having feelings of anger it worked for other emotions as well 19

20 Experienced Emotion Fear most fears are learned What fear are we born with? Why do we learn to fear things? Anger Catharsis emotional release by releasing aggressive energy aggressive urges are relieved anger does not go away, it must be released Experienced Emotion Happiness Feel good, do good phenomenon people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood Subjective well being self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used to evaluate one's quality of life adaptation level phenomenon our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience Experienced Emotion Happiness relative deprivation the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself 20