Emotion Lecture 26 1

Transcription

1 Emotion Lecture 26 1

2 The Trilogy of Mind Immanuel Kant (1791); Hilgard (1980) There are three absolutely irreducible faculties of mind: knowledge, feeling, and desire. Cognition Knowledge and Beliefs Emotion Affect, Moods, Feelings Motivation Drives, Needs, Desires, Goals, Purposes 2

3 The Domain of Emotion Niedenthal, Krauth-Gruber, & Ric (2006); Oatley, Keltner, & Jenkins (2006) Brief, adaptive responses, involving physiological and cognitive reactions to objects, people, or situations. [?] An internal mental state consisting of subjective feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness. The Affective Lexicon Feeling Mood Emotion 3

4 Dimensions of Feeling Wundt (1899) Excitement Relaxation Unpleasantness Pleasantness Strain Calm 4

5 The Affect Circumplex Russell (1980) 5

6 The Affect Circumplex Watson & Tellegen (1985) 6

7 Dimensions of Feeling Bipolarity vs. Independence Excitement Unpleasantness Pleasantness Calm Russell (1980) Watson & Tellegen (1985) 7

8 The Language of Emotion Shaver et al. (1987) Love Liking, Passion Happiness Joy, Ecstasy Anger Frustration, Rage, Resentment, Disgust, Envy Sadness Agony, Grief, Disappointment, Guilt, Loneliness, Pity Fear Alarm, Fright, Anxiety Surprise (A Pre-Emotion ) 8

9 Multiple-Systems View of Emotion Lang (1968) Verbal- Cognitive Emotional State Overt Motor Covert Physiological 9

10 The James-Lange Theory of Emotion James (1884); Lange (1885) External Event Elicits Bodily Response James: Whole Body Lange: Visceral Perception of Efferent Activity Experienced as Emotion 10

11 Critique of the James-Lange Theory Cannon (1915, 1927, 1929); Bard (1934) Emotion is Preserved when Spinal Cord is Severed No Differential Pattern of Response Nonspecific Perception of Visceral Response Autonomic Responses Too Slow Manipulation of Autonomic Responses Has No Effect on Emotion 11

12 General Arousal Theory Duffy (1934); Lindsley (1951); Woodworth & Schlossberg (1958) Physiological Arousal Single, Undifferentiated State Different Emotions Vary Only in Intensity 12

13 Cognitive-Evaluation Theory of Emotion Schachter & Singer (1962) Events Elicits Emotional Arousal Undifferentiated Unexplained Arousal Interpreted by Actor Shaped by Current Situational Context [P]recisely the same state of physiological arousal could be labeled joy or fury or jealousy or any of a great diversity of emotional labels depending on the cognitive aspects of the situation. 13

14 Emotional State Schachter & Singer (1962) Positive Mood (0-4 Scale) Euphoria Anger Informed Ignorant Condition 14

15 Cognitive Theory of Arousal Mandler (1975, 1984) Arousal as Response to Discrepancy Expectations Intentions Habits Arousal Elicits Attention Emotion Determined by Cognitive Evaluation Source of Discrepancy Context of Arousal 15

16 Cognitive-Appraisal Theory of Emotion Smith & Ellsworth (1985), after Lazarus (1968) Pleasantness Anticipated Effort Certainty Attentional Activity Attributional Activity Situational Control Self-Other 16

17 Distinguishing Happiness from Pride Smith & Ellsworth (1985) Feature Happiness Pride Pleasantness Pleasant Pleasant Anticipated Effort Little Effort Little Effort Certainty High Certainty High Certainty Attentional Activity Much Activity Much Activity Attributional Activity Situational Control Self-Other Human Control and Personal Responsibility Not Necessary Human Control Necessary (Self or Other) 17

18 James-Lange Redux: The Facial-Feedback Hypothesis Tomkins (1962), after Schlossberg (1952) Dimensions of Facial Expression Pleasantness vs. Unpleasantness Rejection vs. Attention Activation vs. Tension Relaxation Primary Emotions Innate Neural Programs Automatic Activation Facial Display Communicates Emotion to Others Feedback Generates Emotional Experience 18

19 Facial Expressions of Emotion Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals (1872) Ekman & Friesen (1975) Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication Expression Follows Emotion 19

20 Basic Emotions Ekman & Friesen (1975) Happiness Sadness Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Noncognitive Motor Signs Prewired, Automatic Universal Across Cultures Across Species Blends of Emotion 20

21 Perceptual-Motor Theory of Emotion Leventhal (1980, 1984, 1990) Expressive-Motor Processing Subjective Feelings Expressive Reactions Schematic/Perceptual Memory Records Emotional Episodes Automatic Activation Rapid Evaluation Conceptual/Abstract Memory Declarative Knowledge About Emotion Nonverbal Codes for Recognition, Enactment 21

22 Hypothalamic Theory of Emotion Cannon (1915, 1927, 1929); Bard (1928) Emotional State Generated by Hypothalamus Emotional Behavior Discharges to Brainstem Emotional Experience Discharges to Cortex 22

23 Papez Circuit Papez (1937) 23

24 The Limbic System and the Visceral Brain MacLean (1952; 1970, 1990) Neocortex New Brain Limbic System Old Mammalian Brain Amygdala Hypothalamus Hippocampus R-Complex Reptilian Brain Brain Stem Cerebellum 24

25 Brain Systems in Fear LeDoux (1995) Emotional Event Thalamus Amygdala Cortex Behavioral Response Physiological Response Subjective Experience 25

26 The Modularity of Emotion Affective Neuroscience Panskepp (1992, 1996, 1998); Davidson & Sutton (1995); Davidson (2000) Fear (and Other Negative Affect?) Amygdala Emotion Regulation Orbitofrontal Cortex Discrepancies Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Positive Affect Nucleus Accumbens Disgust Insula Gazzaniga 3e 26

27 The Embodied Mind Niedenthal (2007); Niedenthal et al. (2005); Proffitt (2006) Mind Not Separate from the Body Descartes Was Wrong Mental Architecture Not Amodal Mental Representations and Processes Are Grounded in their Physical Context Embodied Emotion Emotional States Derived from Bodily States Emotional States Expressed in Bodily States 27

28 Emotion and Cognition Eich et al. (2000); Niedenthal & Kitayama (1994) Cognition Affects Emotion Self-Regulation of Pain, Anxiety in Surgery Depressogenic Schemata in Depression Emotion Affects Cognition Perception ( Rose-Colored Glasses ) Memory: Mood-Congruent, Mood-Dependent Judgment Performance Risk-Taking 28

29 Motivation Lecture 27 1

30 The Trilogy of Mind Immanuel Kant (1791); Hilgard (1980) There are three absolutely irreducible faculties of mind: knowledge, feeling, and desire. Cognitive Psychology Sensation, Perception, Learning, Memory, Reasoning, Problem-Solving, Judgment and Decision-Making, Language Affective Psychology Emotion, Moods, Feelings Conative Psychology Motives, Drives, Needs, Desires, Goals, Purposes 2

31 The Domain of Motivation Mook (1996) An internal mental state that causes an organism to initiate, choose, or persist in approach or avoidance behavior. The Conative Lexicon Drive Need Want Goal 3

32 Homeostatic Regulation Bernard (1878); Cannon (1932) The Wisdom of the Body Maintains Constant Internal Environment Despite Changing External Environment Feedback Negative Stops or Reverses Change Positive Magnifies Change Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Branches 4

33 Hunger Interoception Glucose Levels Liver Glucose Glycogen, Fatty Acids Glycogen, Fatty Acids Glucose Glucoreceptors Liver Stomach, Duodenum, Fatty Tissue Hypothalamus Gleitman 7e 5

34 Theories of Feeding Teitelbaum & Epstein (1962); Powley & Keesey (1970) Dual-Center Theory Lateral Hypothalamus: Go Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Stop Set-Point Theory Calories Body Weight/Body Mass 6

35 Thirst Intracellular Fluid Dehydration Concentration of Salt Overhydration Kidneys Double-Depletion Hypothesis Intracellular Fluids Extracellular Fluids (Blood Plasma) 7

36 Thermoregulation Internal Body Temperature (98.6 o ) Too High Vasodilation Sweating Panting Too Low Vasoconstriction 8

37 Not Just Homeostasis Social Factors Cognitive Factors Emotional Factors 9

38 Motivation Beyond Homeostasis Aggression External Threats Testosterone Levels Mating Regulation by Sex Hormones Estrogen, Testosterone Estrus Cycle Courtship Behavior, Copulation Testosterone, Progesterone The Human Case Gleitman 7e 10

39 Primary and Secondary Reinforcement Thorndike s Laws Effect Readiness Primary Reinforcers Conditioned Reinforcers 11

40 Emotion as a Source of Secondary Motivation Drives Acquired Through Experience Fear Conditioning Conditioned Emotional Response Behavior Motivated by Fear Escape Learning Avoidance Learning 12

41 The Temporal Dynamics of Affect Solomon & Corbit (1973, 1974); Solomon (1980) 1. Arousing Event 2. Increased Emotion 3. Decreased Emotion 4. Stabilization 5. Termination of Event 6. Replacement by Opposite State 7. Gradual Return to Baseline 13

42 The Opponent-Processes Theory of Acquired Motivation Solomon & Corbit (1973, 1974); Solomon (1980) A State Recruits Rapidly Dissipates Rapidly B State as Slave to A Recruits Slowly Dissipates Slowly Strengthens with Repetition 14

43 Applications of Opponent-Process Theory Drug Addiction Withdrawal Tolerance with Repeated Doses Repeated Doses Strengthen B State Vicious Cycle Addiction as Avoidance of B State Salted-Nut Phenomenon Runner s High 15

44 Food, Flavor, and Addiction Olds & Milner (1954) Kessler (2009); Moss (2013) Mesolimbic Reward System ( Pleasure Center ) Ventral Tegmental Area Medial Forebrain Bundle Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine ( Pleasure Chemical ) The Bliss Point thebrain.mcgill.ca 16

45 Infant-Caretaker Bond Derived From Feeding? Rhesus Monkeys Raised Alone Mother Objects Wire with Nipple Terry-Cloth, No Nipple Frightened Infant Contact Comfort Harlow (1958) Clings to Terry-Cloth Mother 17

46 Freud s Instinct Theory Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) Instinct vs. Somatic Excitation Innate Bodily Need Repetition Compulsion Eros Life-Maintenance Sexual (Libido) Love and Sex Thanatos Hate and Aggression 18

47 Interaction Personal Need (n) Murray s Needs Murray et al. (1938) Environmental Press (p) Three Great Social Motives Achievement Power Affiliation (Intimacy) 19

48 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow (1943) Realism Spontaneity External, Problem-Centered Focus Autonomy Ethical Sensitivity Openness to Experience Peak Experiences Self- Actualization Self-Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Needs Physiological Needs 20

49 Two Kinds of Motivation Extrinsic A person s desire to engage in some specific activity in order to achieve some goal or satisfy some need Intrinsic A person s desire to engage in some specific activity without any promise or prospect of reward. 21

50 Curiosity in Rhesus Monkeys Harlow (1953) Thorndike: Laws of Readiness, Effect Tolman: Latent Learning Berlyne: Epistemic Curiosity Kruglanski: Need for Closure 22

51 Undermining Intrinsic Motivation Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett (1973), after Deci (1971) Preschool Children Drawing with Magic Markers High Level of Initial Interest in Activity Reward Condition No Reward Promised Good Player Award Beforehand Received Unexpected Good Player Award Free-Choice Period 23

52 The Hidden Costs of Reward Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett (1973) 20 M Free Choice Time None Expected Unexpected Condition 24

53 Rewarding Pinball Wizardry Harackiewicz, Manderlink, & Sansone (1984) Reward Structure Task-Contingent Performance-Contingent Evaluative Contingency Expected vs. Unexpected Performance Feedback Delivery of Reward Types of Rewards Controlling Informational 25

54 Undermining and Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation Harackiewicz, Manderlink, & Sansone (1984) Experiment 1 Control Feedback Only No Evaluation No Reward Expected Reward Controlling Unexpected Reward Informational Balls Played Con Exp Unexp Condition 26

55 Undermining and Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation Harackiewicz, Manderlink, & Sansone (1984) Experiment 2 Control Feedback Only No Evaluation No Reward Evaluation No Reward Unexpected Reward Informational Balls Played Con Eval Rew Condition 27

56 Undermining and Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation Harackiewicz, Manderlink, & Sansone (1984) Experiment 3 Control Feedback Only No Evaluation No Reward Evaluation No Reward Information and Reward Informational Balls Played Con Eval Rew Condition 28

57 Rewarding Competence Harackiewicz & Sansone (1991, 2000) 29

58 The Bottom Line Extrinsic Rewards Do Not Always Undermine Intrinsic Motives It Depends on What the Reward is For And How the Reward is Perceived And Whether the Person Cares 30