PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 12 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PowerPoint Image Slideshow
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1 PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 12 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PowerPoint Image Slideshow
2 Social Psychology? What s that? The scientific study of how one s behavior, thoughts or feelings are influenced by the situation, or the presence of others This would include studying both 1. Interpersonal topics like emotions, attitudes, the self, and social cognition... and 2. Intrapersonal topics like aggression, helping behavior, prejudice, discrimination & attraction Situationism: behavior is determined by one s surroundings and the environment Dispositionism: behavior is determined by internal factors like our traits or temperament
3 Our (U.S.) dispostional approach leads to Fundamental Attribution Error: we overlook situational influences and focus on the person s traits rather than his or her state. Cultural! Actor-Observer Bias shows a double standard Self-Serving Bias: success is due to my skills, failure due to circumstances beyond my control The Just World Hypothesis: people get the outcomes they deserve. Blame the victim. Surely we must attribute some behavior to Situational Factors. Let s talk about...
4 FIGURE 12.4 People from collectivistic cultures, such as some Asian cultures, are more likely to emphasize relationships with others than to focus primarily on the individual. Activities such as (a) preparing a meal, (b) hanging out, and (c) playing a game engage people in a group. (credit a: modification of work by Arian Zwegers; credit b: modification of work by "conbon33"/flickr; credit c: modification of work by Anja Disseldorp)
5 FIGURE 12.6 We tend to believe that our team wins because it s better, but loses for reasons it cannot control (Roesch & Amirkham, 1997). (credit: "TheAHL"/Flickr)
6 FIGURE 12.7 People who hold just-world beliefs tend to blame the people in poverty for their circumstances, ignoring situational and cultural causes of poverty. (credit: Adrian Miles)
7 Social Roles, Norms, and Scripts What behavior is expected within a given setting or group? (roles) The group s determination of what behavior is appropriate or acceptable (norms) My personal understanding or knowledge of appropriate behavior in a specific setting (script) Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment Some students assigned the guard role became sadistic and degrading Some students assigned the prisoner role withdrew & became hopeless and overanxious
8 FIGURE Iraqi prisoners of war were abused by their American captors in Abu Ghraib prison, during the second Iraq war. (credit: United States Department of Defense)
9 Switch Gears. Let s discuss your attitude! My tendency to respond + or to an idea, a person, an object or a situation. 3 components. 1. An affective, feeling or emotional component 2. A behavioral component 3. A cognitive component (thoughts) Inconsistencies among attitudes or beliefs and behaviors leads to Cognitive Dissonance. I can 1. Change the discrepant behavior 2. Change my thoughts (rationalize or deny) 3. Add a new thought or belief to compensate Group Initiation Effects more effort = better
10 FIGURE Cognitive dissonance is aroused by inconsistent beliefs and behaviors. Believing cigarettes are bad for your health, but smoking cigarettes anyway, can cause cognitive dissonance. To reduce cognitive dissonance, individuals can change their behavior, as in quitting smoking, or change their belief, such as discounting the evidence that smoking is harmful. (credit cigarettes : modification of work by CDC/Debora Cartagena; patch : modification of "RegBarc"/Wikimedia Commons; smoking : modification of work by Tim Parkinson)
11 FIGURE A person who has chosen a difficult path must deal with cognitive dissonance in addition to many other discomforts. (credit: Tyler J. Bolken)
12 Can I use persuasion to change your attitude? The source should be attractive, an expert, trustworthy, and somewhat similar to me. The message is clear and well organized I should present both sides of the issue Add a dose of fear, and a good solution The Elaboration Likelihood Model includes the Central Route & the Peripheral Route. Durable? The Foot-in-the-door Technique Enough about changing attitudes. How might we go about manipulating behavior?
13 FIGURE Persuasion can take one of two paths, and the durability of the end result depends on the path.
14 Conformity; Compliance; Obedience? The Asch experiment shows that many folks conform to group pressure (normative social influence) Obedience! Behavior changes based on a direct order Stanley Milgram s subjects (65%) follow orders and believe they ve become murderers. Groupthink! Members adjust to the group s opinion. Mediated by an outside opinion or two. Sometimes groups get together (Polarization) using social comparison and taking cues Having an audience may lead to... Social Facilitation: particularly for an easy task Social Impairment: particularly for a difficult task Left to my own devices, I may try social loafing.
15 FIGURE These line segments illustrate the judgment task in Asch s conformity study. Which line on the right a, b, or c is the same length as line x on the left?
16 FIGURE The Milgram experiment showed the surprising degree to which people obey authority. Two out of three (65%) participants continued to administer shocks to an unresponsive learner.
17 Let s chat about Prejudice & Discrimination Prejudice: holding a negative attitude toward a group or individual. Can be mediated by equal status contact and cooperation on a task. Often a result of stereotypes, self fulfilling prophecies, and confirmation bias. Discrimination: treating a given group different (worse) than others. Racism, sexism, ageism, homophobia. Reconciliation is possible. We need an in group (that I identify with) and an out group, and the more conflict, the better! Scapegoating: blame the out group for all my frustrations and failures
18 Such attitudes & behavior promote aggression Some aggressive acts are Hostile: intended to cause pain and suffering (more common among males) Some aggressive acts are Instrumental. I ll take what I want. (more common among females) Aggression may be a result of evolutionary factors Frustration can often lead to aggression Bullying repeated negative treatment Cyberbullying designed to cause emotional harm Witnesses of hostile violence sometimes do nothing The bystander effect and Kitty Genovese. Diffusion of responsibility. Somebody else with help
19 FIGURE Because cyberbullying is not physical in nature, cyberbullies and their victims are most often female; however, there is much evidence that male homosexuals are frequently victims of cyberbullying as well (Hinduja & Patchin, 2011). (credit: Steven Depolo)
20 How about Prosocial Behavior & Altruism Voluntary behavior intended to help others with no expectation of an external reward Empathy; understanding someone else s perspective or feelings What about likes and loves? Homophily rules. Attraction influenced by proximity, similarity, attractiveness, and reciprocity of liking Love s 3 components: Intimacy (closeness), passion (emotional arousal), and commitment. We have romantic love (1+2), companionate love (1+3) or fatuous love (2+3) plus Consummate Love Social Exchange Theory: Balance up and down sides
21 FIGURE The events of 9/11 unleashed an enormous show of altruism and heroism on the parts of first responders and many ordinary people. (credit: Don Halasy)
22 FIGURE According to Sternberg s triangular theory of love, seven types of love can be described from combinations of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. (credit: modification of work by Lnesa /Wikimedia Commons)
23 People may keep track of the costs and benefits of maintaining a relationship. Typically, only those relationships in which the benefits outweigh the costs will be maintained. This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC- BY 4.0 International license; it has been reproduced & modified, but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University. Any unspecified modifications were carried out by Neil Walker.
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