CHAPTER 16 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OBEDIENCE ATTITUDES & ATTITUDE CHANGE GROUP INFLUENCES PREJUDICE AGGRESSION ATTRACTION ALTRUISM
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1 CHAPTER 16 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OBEDIENCE ATTITUDES & ATTITUDE CHANGE GROUP INFLUENCES PREJUDICE AGGRESSION ATTRACTION ALTRUISM ~ Professor Fazakas-deHoog lfazakas@uwo.ca
2 AFFECT (Feelings) BEHAVIOR (Actions you would take) COGNITION (Thoughts, Beliefs)
3 AFFECT (Prejudice) (Feelings) BEHAVIOR (Discrimination) (Actions you would take) COGNITION (Stereotype) (Thoughts, Beliefs)
4 Percentage of Rattler and Eagle Ratings That Were Unfavorable After Competition Ratings of Own Group Ratings of Other Group After Cooperation After competing, the groups viewed each other negatively
5 Percentage of Rattler and Eagle Ratings That Were Unfavorable Ratings of Own Group Ratings of Other Group After Competition The hostility between the groups eventually turned into friendship and acceptance after working together toward a common (superordinate) goal Tajfel & Turner s minimal group study After Cooperation
6 IMPORTANT FACTORS IN CONFORMITY Situational Factors Group size Cohesiveness Social support Gender & Culture Personality Factors Self-awareness Self-presentation Need for individuation Desire for personal control
7 Asch s CONFORMITY STUDIES Subjects trusted other s opinions over their own senses. 37 % conforming
8 Variations
9 Milgram s Obedience Experiments Supposed memory study Teacher (participant) & learner (confederate) Teacher gives learner increasingly intense shocks if he answers incorrectly When will people stop giving shocks?
10
11 Milgram s Obedience Experiments Please continue 60 % continued to the highest level of shock
12 Teacher's Choice Variations in Milgram s Obedience Experiments 65% 40% Victim Visible Phone Orders Touch Victim Increasing Proximity 30% No Complaint Victim Pounds Hear Protests Mean Maximum Shock
13 ATTITUDES & ATTITUDE CHANGE ATTITUDES a positive or negative evaluative reaction towards a stimulus (person, action, object, concept, etc.) ATTITUDES HAVE 3 COMPONENTS
14 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTITUDES & BEHAVIOR SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY (Bem) People infer their attitudes from their behavior. BEHAVIOR I don t t vote for conservatives ATTITUDES I must like Liberal views
15 THEORIES OF ATTITUDE CHANGE Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1959) STUDY: Counterattitudinal behavior
16 THEORIES OF ATTITUDE CHANGE Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1959) DISSONANCE ATTITUDE BEHAVIOR CONGRUANCE ATTITUDE BEHAVIOR
17 GROUP EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE 1. Social facilitation (Zajonc, 1965) - presence of others (& resulting arousal) enhances performance on easy (or well-learned) tasks & hurts performance on difficult tasks * Depends on task complexity 2. Group Polarization group discussion strengthens a group s dominant initial viewpoint to be even more extreme.
18 Sternberg s (1986) 3-Component Theory of Love INTIMACY - feeling of closeness, affection, & connectedness PASSION consists of drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance DECISION/ COMMITMENT - long-term determination to maintain the relationship
19 Many Types of Love
20 THEORIES OF LOVE 2. COMPANIONATE LOVE - A feeling of intense deep attachment union & commitment to a person with whom one has an intimate relationship. OFTEN, over time compassionate love becomes companionate love. (~ 6-30 months).
21 THEORIES OF LOVE WHAT CAUSES THIS PHENOMENON? TWO COMPONENT THEORY (HATFIELD, 1978) intense physiological arousal. Label arousal love. MISATTRIBUTION OF AROUSAL - When in a state of physiological arousal (e.g. excitement, anxiety, or fear), the person attributes these feelings of arousal to feelings of love & the person present.
22 THEORIES OF LOVE GENDER DIFFERENCES? Men were more likely to view love as requirement for marriage. More recently, this has equalized. STUDY: Would you marry someone with all of the qualities you admired, but without love? 1950 s - Men (60 % no) Women (30 % no) Both men and women ~ 80 % no.
23 LOVE & RELATIONSHIPS WHAT DO YOU LOOK FOR IN A RELATIONSHIP? PSYCHOLOGY TODAY SURVEY (APA, 1983) LOVE 53% COMPANIONSHIP 32 % OTHER 6 % ROMANCE 4 % FINACIAL SECURITY 2 % SEX 1 %
24 Who Do We Help? % Helping High Medium Low None Biological Relatedness
25 Kitty Genovese Bystander effect The more people present, the less likely that any one would go for help.
26 RESULTS Bystander effect The more people present, the less likely that any one would go for help. Percent Reporting Smoke An experiment: Smoke-filled room Time from Start of Smoke Infusion, Minutes Alone Three Person Group
27 Bystander Effect
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