attitude the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting the situation or the person's disposition attribution theory

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1 attitude feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events attribution theory the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting the situation or the person's disposition central route persuasion cognitive dissonance theory conformity occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard Solomon Asch

2 culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next deindividuation the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members door-in-the-face phenomenon Ethnocentrism the tendency for people who have first rejected a large request to comply after with a smaller request judging another culture solely by the values and standard of one's own culture

3 foot-in-the-door phenomenon the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request fundamental attribution error the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition group polarization the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group group think the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Irving Janis informational social influence influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

4 ingroup "Us" people with whom we share a common identity ingroup bias the tendency to favor our own group Jane Elliot just-world phenomenon A teacher who taught a class of young children discrimination through an experiment within which one eye color was seen as the "better" eye color the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what the get norm an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Nomrs prescribe "proper" behavior

5 normative social influence influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval other-race effect the tendency to recall face of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races outgroup "Them" those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup peripheral route persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness Philip Zimbardo the man who ran the Stanford prison experiment

6 prejudice an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action role a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave scapegoat theory the theory that prejudice offers and outlet for anger by providing someone to blame social facilitation improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence if others social loafing the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

7 social psychology thee scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another Stanley Milgram stereotype known for the Milligram experiments wherein "teachers" were to shock a "student" every time the "student" got the answer wrong; the shocks increased in voltage every wrong answer there are some concurs about the validity and standardization of the test and psychological impact on the "teachers" a generalized (sometime accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people