Myers PSYCHOLOGY. (6th Ed) Chapter 5. Sensation
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1 Myers PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 5 Sensation
2 Sensation Sensation a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy Perception a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
3 Sensation Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex processes
4 Sensation- Basic Principles Psychophysics study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness
5 Sensation Bottom-Up Processing analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain s integration of sensory information We use the features on the object itself to build a perception. Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
6 Top-Down Processing We perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense. I _ant ch_co_ate ic_ cr_am. Based on our experiences and schemas. If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).
7
8 Transduction Transforming signals into neural impulses. Information goes from the senses to the thalamus, then to the various areas in the brain.
9 Sensory Adaptation Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation.
10 Cocktail-Party Phenomenon The cocktail party effect describes the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations. Form of selective attention.
11 In-Attentional and Change Blindness In-Attentional Blindness When we are focused on one action so we miss another action. Change Blindness We are so focused on a task so we are unaware when the surroundings change.
12 Sensation- Thresholds Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time Difference Threshold minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time just noticeable difference (JND)
13 Sensation- Thresholds Signal Detection Theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) Things like motivation or physical state can effect what we sense. detection depends partly on person s experience expectations motivation level of fatigue
14 Signal Detection Practice Quiz 1. Signal detection theory argues that (A) there is no such thing as a difference threshold (B) absolute thresholds are the same for all sensory systems (C) deaf people are better at detecting dim light (D) the ability to detect sound depends on a person s motivation (E) static can easily overwhelm a radio signal 2. If a person detects a signal and the signal was actually there, this is known as a (A) miss (B) hit (C) false positive (D) incorrect rejection (E) correct rejection 3. You would predict that a person in a signal detection experiment who earns a dollar for every Hit is likely to (A) not be motivated to detect the signal (B) have a lot of false positives as well as hits (C) have a lot of misses as well as hits (D) not make very much money (E) increase the expectation of a signal with every dollar earned 4. Justin is waiting for his friend Tyler to show up for a movie and is looking for Tyler in the crowd. Justin is anxious because the movie is about to start so he s hoping Tyler shows up very soon. As Justin looks at faces in the crowd looking for Tyler, which of the following scenarios would represent a correct rejection? (A) Justin sees a face, decides it is not Tyler, but it is (B) Justin sees a face, decides it is Tyler, and it is (C) Justin sees a face, decides it is not Tyler, and it isn t (D) Justin sees a face, decides it is not Tyler, but still cannot tell if it is or isn t (E) Justin sees a face, decides it is Tyler, but it isn t
15 Sensation- Thresholds Subliminal When stimuli are below one s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
16 Sensation- Thresholds Weber s Law- to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3%
17 Sensory Interaction the principle that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its taste McGurk effect: when we see one thing and hear another
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