A U. Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 2/8/2016. Neat Stuff! Cognitive Psychology
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1 Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Neat Stuff! Optogenetics Stimulating the brain with light Cognitive Psychology Mental Representation Mental concepts Mind derives concepts quickly Posner letter-matching task A U Response Time (msec.) Physical identity Phonemic (AA) identity (Aa) Same category Same category Different (Vowels: AU) (Consonants: SC) category (AS) 1
2 Cognitive Psychology Mental Transformation / Operation Process of transforming representations Sternberg memory search task AKLM L Response Time (msec) Number of Items in Memory Set Logic: If cognitive function X is disrupted damaged region must be involved with X Angiogrpahy Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) O 2 deprivation causes neural damage Tumors (Lesions) 2
3 Degenerative Disorders Alzheimer's disease Parkinson s disease Huntington s disease Pick s disease Progressive supranuclear palsy Multiple sclerosis Herpes simplex Korsakoff s syndrome Traumatic Brain Injury Closed or open head injury Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Epilepsy Excessive, abnormally patterned brain activity Walter Penfield Single dissociation Two groups (control, damaged) Two tasks (A, B) Impairment of one task Percentage Correct Performing Task Recency Memory Controls Temporal Lobe Damaged Familiarity Memory 3
4 Double dissociation Three groups (control, damage-x, damage-y) Two tasks (A, B) Different impairment across tasks Percentage Correct Performing Task Recency Memory Familiarity Memory Controls Temporal Lobe Damaged Frontal Lobe Damaged Perturb Pharmacological Studies Administer agonist drugs or antagonist drugs Examine influences on behavior Pessiglione et al. (2006, Nature) L-DOPA Placebo Haloperidol Gains Losses Perturb Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Stimulate brain region with magnetic field Create virtual lesions with magnetic field 4
5 Structural Analysis Computed Tomography (CT, or CAT) Focused x-rays Creates 3D scan of the brain Good for identifying lesions from tumor or stroke Also measures regional volume Structural Analysis Gilbertson (2002) PTSD and hippocampal volume Compared combat veterans with twins Structural Analysis Magnetic resonance Imaging(MRI) Strong magnetic field aligns protons in hydrogen atoms Radio waves then used to create detailed images 5
6 Structural Analysis MRI can show abnormalities Single Cell Recording (animal studies) Microelectrode inserted near regions of interest(roi) Each neuron has a limited receptive field Hubel and Weisel 6
7 Electroencephalography (EEG) Continuous recording of post-synaptic electrical activity Pattern frequency associated with different states EEGs have different frequencies Beta waves(>13 Hz) Alpha waves (8-13 Hz) Theta waves(4-8 Hz) Delta waves (0.5-4 Hz) Sleep cycles/stages identified from EEG waves 7
8 Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) Averaged components of EEG waves Triggered by stimulus onset Different ERPs Associated with Different Processes N# vs P#? P1 N1 P2 N2 P3 Etc Neuroimaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Radioactive tracers injected into the blood PE scanner detects isotope decay Voxels 8
9 Neuroimaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fmri) Hemoglobin fmri detects oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood difference Blood Oxygen Level Dependent(BOLD) BOLD signal is reaction to stimulus onset Neuroimaging MRI vs. fmri Neuroimaging BOLD signal is reaction to stimulus onset 9
10 Image References
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