DIRECT CELL-TO-CELL TRANSMISSION OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
|
|
- Magdalene Hudson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Cell Sci. 85, (1986) 125 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1986 DIRECT CELL-TO-CELL TRANSMISSION OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS J.-D. VASSALLI, T. LOMBARDI, A. WOHLWEND, R. MONTESANO AND L. ORCI Institut d'histologie et d'embryologie, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland SUMMARY Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection of kidney-derived, LLC-PK1 epithelial cells resulted in the budding of new viral particles into the basolateral space of the cultures. In lateral regions where cells were in close apposition, the majority of assembling viral particles in the process of budding from the producing cell had their apex already engaged in clathrin-coated pits of the neighbouring cell surface. These observations suggest that the viral envelope-plasma membrane interaction triggers the focal formation of clathrin-coated pits; they also show how VSV infection could spread throughout a tissue with only minimal exposure to a host's extracellular environment. INTRODUCTION Cellular infection by enveloped viruses starts by the binding of viral particles to the plasma membrane, followed, in most cases, by receptor-mediated endocytosis through clathrin-coated pits and vesicles (Marsh, 1984). After intracellular replication of the viral genome, and synthesis and transport of viral proteins, new viral particles are released by budding from the plasma membrane (Rodriguez-Boulan, 1983; Simons & Fuller, 1985); these newly formed viruses can in turn infect additional cells. We report here that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles budding from the basolateral surface of epithelial cells in monolayer culture are engaged into clathrin-coated invaginations of neighbouring cells before their complete release from the producing cells. This association between budding viruses and coated membrane segments, which appears to be the consequence of a non-random process, suggests a possible mechanism for the direct cell-to-cell transmission of enveloped viruses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pig kidney-derived LLC-PK1 cells (Hull et al. 1976) (D+Sc clone; Wohlwend et al. 1986) were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) (Gibco Laboratories, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with HOunitsml" 1 penicillin (Pfizer, Zurich), 110/lgmP 1 streptomycin (Streptothenat, Grunenthal, Bern), l-2mgmr' NaHCO 3 and 5% foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco Laboratories). Stock cultures were seeded at 0-3X 10 4 to 1 XlO 4 cells cm" 2 in 100 mm tissue culture Petri dishes (Falcon Plastics, Division of Bioquest, Oxnard, CA), and incubated at 37 C, 3-5% CO2 in air. For passage, cells were washed once with phosphate-buffered saline Key words: LLC-PK1, coated pits, clathrin.
2 126 jf.-d. Vassalli and others (PBS), and dispersed with 0-5% trypsin (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) containing 3mM- (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid. For infection, cultures were established in 35 mm tissue culture Petri dishes and used 2-3 days later, when reaching confluency. The cultures were washed twice in PBS containing 2mgml~ 1 bovine serum albumin (BSA), and infected for 1 h at 31 C with VSV (MVOD and Summers Indiana Strain, kindly provided by Dr L. Roux) at a dose of 10 8 plaque-forming units per Petri dish, in PBS+2mgmr' BSA. After washing with PBS+Zmgmr 1 BSA, the cultures were incubated at 37 C for 8h in MEM supplemented with 0-1% FBS and lmgml" 1 BSA. At the end of the incubation, the cells were washed in PBS+2mgml~' BSA and fixed for 30min with 2-5 % glutaraldehyde in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer, ph7-4. After washing with cacodylate buffer, the cultures were postfixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide, stained en bloc with 2-5 % uranyl acetate in 50 % ethanol, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and embedded in situ in Epon 812. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined in a Philips EM300 electron microscope. For the immunocytochemical localization of clathrin, infected cultures were fixed with 1 % cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde and processed for Lowicryl K4M low-temperature embedding (Armbruster et al. 1982). Thin sections picked on nickel grids were floated overnight at 4 C on drops of affinity-purified anti-clathrin immunoglobulin G (IgG) (50/igmF 1 ) (lot 3-124, kindly provided by Dr D. Louvard) (Louvard et al. 1983). After washing, sections were incubated with protein* A gold (Roth et al. 1978) for 1 h at room temperature, washed again, and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. RESULTS Monolayer cultures of pig kidney-derived LLC-PK1 epithelial cells were exposed to VSV for 1 h. After extensive washing, the cultures were further incubated for 8 h, fixed, and processed for electron microscopy. As expected from previous reports on VSV infection of polarized epithelial cells (Rodriguez-Boulan & Sabatini, 1978; Lombardi et al. 1985), viral release from infected cells was almost exclusively directed towards the basolateral space. Free viral particles were readily observed between the basal plasma membrane and the tissue culture dish, and in dilated regions of the lateral space. However, in those lateral regions where cells were in close apposition, a large number of viral particles in the process of budding (i.e. whose limiting membrane was in continuity with the plasma membrane of the infected cell) had their apex already engaged in invaginated regions of the surface of the neighbouring cell (Figs 1, 2); the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane limiting these pit-shaped invaginations was decorated by a coat, morphologically indistinguishable from that seen on coated pits and vesicles involved in receptormediated endocytosis (Goldstein et al. 1979) (Figs 1,2). More than 60% of viral particles budding in narrow lateral extracellular spaces were associated with such invaginations (Table 1). Budding particles that did not appear in intimate contact with the neighbouring cell in the plane of the section were often associated with a coated plasma membrane segment in a consecutive serial section. Thus, our quantification represents a lower limit, and we conclude that the phenomenon we describe concerns a large majority, if not all, of viruses budding in closely apposed lateral regions within the cell monolayer. Viral particles were also observed in endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes located close to the lateral plasma
3 Cell-to-cell transmission of virus Fig. 1. VSV budding in the lateral intercellular space of LLC-PK1 cells. Three viruses still attached to the producing cell are engaged in coated pits (arrows) of neighbouring cells. X The insert shows a viral particle inside a multivesicular body (arrow), close to the lateral plasma membrane. X membrane (Fig. 1, insert); thus, the interaction between budding viral particles and coated membrane segments may result in endocytosis of the virus, and it could therefore contribute to the spread of the infection. The length and number of coated regions along the apical and lateral plasma, membrane domains were quantified (Table 2). Coated pits were increased, in particular in the lateral regions of the cells, in VSV-infected as compared to uninfected cultures; this suggested that the presence of viral particles might be
4 118 J.-D. Vassalli and others responsible for local assembly of the coat. Finally, the presence of clathrin in the plasma membrane-associated coat was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry: an anti-clathrin antibody, revealed by the protein A gold method, specifically labelled the cytoplasmic side of the membrane segments surrounding infecting viral particles (Fig. 2). 2A a 'B * C> 4 Fig. 2. VSV budding in lateral regions of LLC-PK1 cells in monolayer culture: a gallery. E, Immunocytochemical localization of clathrin using the protein A-gold method. Gold particles selectively label the cytoplasmic coat of the coated invagination. A, X29 200; B, X39150; C, X58300; D, X79200; E, X64000.
5 Cell-to-cell transmission of virus 129 Table 1. Budding VSVparticles engaged in coated pits Lateral membrane Budding VSV analysed* engaged in dum) Budding VSVf coated pit (64-7%) Only lateral regions with an intercellular space not exceeding the length of a VSV particle were included in the analysis. f Budding viral particles sectioned along their longitudinal axis and showing a clear continuity with the producing-cell surface in the plane of the section were included in the analysis. DISCUSSION We have shown here that budding VSV particles become associated with discrete clathrin-coated membrane domains of neighbouring cells before their release from the producing cell, and that this interaction can lead to endocytosis of the virus. The high degree of coincidence between budding viruses and clathrin-coated pits cannot be the consequence of random, unrelated events; indeed, coated segments represented only some 0-5-5% of total plasma membrane surface area (see also Anderson et al. 1976; Orci et al. 1978; Goldstein et al. 1979), whereas at least two-thirds of viruses budding in closely apposed regions of the lateral domain of LLC-PK1 cells were associated with such coated segments. Thus, viral budding and coated pits must be somehow related. The presence of a coated membrane segment on a neighbouring cell could restrict the prospective site of viral budding to a region facing this coated segment; alternatively, viral proteins expressed on the surface of the infected cell could be recognized by binding sites on the 'recipient' cell plasma membrane, and this recognition could trigger the focal assembly of the coat. In view of the increased number of coated pits along the lateral cell membranes in infected cultures, and of the well-documented involvement of coated membrane segments in cellular infection by free VSV (Marsh, 1984), we believe that the coated pits described here are a consequence, rather than a cause, of viral budding and attachment. Since viral budding must impose a degree of spatial constraint on localization of this ligand, and thereby probably prevents its migration from a site of Table 2. Effect of VSV infection on coated pits ofllc-pkl cells % Membrane length Number of occupied by coated pits/mm coated pits of membrane Apical Lateral Apical Lateral Non-infected cells 0-49 ± ± ±3 39 ± 8 VSV-infected cells 0-98 ± ± ± ±18 The length of the apical and lateral plasma membranes, and the length and number of coated pits were measured on electron micrographs of sections cut perpendicularly to the substratum, using a graphic tablet connected to an IMSAI microprocessor. At least 1500 ^m of membrane was evaluated for each condition. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of three determinations carried out on different regions of the monolayers.
6 130 J.-D.Vassalli and others first attachment into pre-existing coated pits, we conclude that coated pits form in response to ligand receptor interaction, at the site of this interaction. A recent paper has described the engagement of budding retroviruses into coated pits of adjacent AtT20 cells (Tooze, 1985). In this case, however, many viral buds appeared to remain connected to the surface of the 'parental' cell, and endocytosis did not go to completion. No such 'blocked' structures were observed in our studies; differences in the cell and, or, virus types, possibly related to the phenomenon of viral interference (Weiss, 1982), may account for the differing results. Nevertheless, the association of budding viruses with coated pits in this system also supports our contention that the formation of coated pits is triggered by a ligand-receptor type interaction. Whatever the precise mechanism of the phenomenon reported here may be, our observation suggests how a viral infection can spread throughout a cultured epithelium without VSV particles being released free into the extracellular space. This hitherto unrecognized mode of propagation of VSV, and perhaps of similar enveloped viruses also, throughout a tissue may significantly limit exposure of the virus to the host's extracellular environment in vivo. Thus, the successful containment of such viral infections must rely on the immune attack of infected cells and on mechanisms involving direct cellular resistance to infection, for instance those elicited by the interferons. We are grateful to Dr P. Vassalli for a critical reading of the manuscript. We thank Gorana Perrelet for technical assistance, and P.-A. Ruttimann and N. Gerber for photographic work. This work was supported in part by Swiss National Science Foundation grants and REFERENCES ANDERSON, R. G. W., GOLDSTEIN, J. L. & BROWN, M. S. (1976). Localization of low density lipoprotein receptors on plasma membrane of normal human fibroblasts and their absence in cells from a familial hypercholesterolemia homozygote. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.SA. 73, ARMBRUSTER, B. L., CARLEMALM, E., CHIOVETTI, R., GARAVTTO, R. M., HOBOT, J. A., KELLENBERGER, E. & VILLIGER, W. (1982). Specimen preparation for electron microscopy using low temperature embedding resins. J. Microsc. 126, GOLDSTEIN, J. L., ANDERSON, R. G. W. & BROWN, M. S. (1979). Coated pits, coated vesicles, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nature, Lond. 279, HULL, R. N., CHERRY, W. R. & WEAVER, G. W. (1976). The origin and characteristics of a pig kidney cell strain, LLC-PK,. In Vitro 12, LOMBARDI, T., MONTESANO, R., WOHLWEND, A., AMHERDT, M., VASSALLI, J.-D. & ORCI, L. (1985). Evidence for polarization of plasma membrane domains in pancreatic endocrine cells. Nature, Lond. 313, LOUVARD, D., MORRIS, C, WARREN, G., STANLEY, K., WINKLER, F. & REGGIO, H. (1983). A monoclonal antibody to the heavy chain of clathrin. EMBOJ. 2, MARSH, M. (1984). The entry of enveloped viruses into cells by endocytosis. Biochem. J. 218, ORCI, L., CARPENTIER, J.-L., PERRELET, A., ANDERSON, R. G. W., GOLDSTEIN, J. L. & BROWN, M.S. (1978). Occurrence of low density lipoprotein receptors within large pits on the surface of human fibroblasts as demonstrated by freeze-etching. Expl Cell Res. 113, 1-13.
7 Cell-to-cell transmission of virus 131 RODRIGUEZ-BOULAN, E. (1983). Membrane biogenesis, enveloped RNA viruses, and epithelial polarity. lnmodern CellBiology, vol. 1 (ed. B. H. Satir), pp New York: Alan R. Liss. RODRIGUEZ-BOULAN, E. & SABATINI, D. D. (1978). Asymmetric budding of viruses in epithelial monolayers: a model system for study of epithelial polarity. Proc. natn. Acad. Set. U.SA. 75, ROTH, J., BENDAYAN, M. & ORCI, L. (1978). Ultrastructural localization of intracellular antigens by the use of protein A-gold complex. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26, SIMONS, K. & FULLER, S. D. (1985). Cell surface polarity in epithelia. A. Rev. Cell Biol. 1, TOOZE, J. (1985). Blocked coated pits in AtT20 cells result from endocytosis of budding retrovirions.j. Cell Biol. 101, WEISS, R. (1982). Experimental biology and assay of RNA tumor viruses. In RNA Tumor Viruses (ed. R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus & J. Coffin), pp Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. WOHLWEND, A., VASSALLI, J.-D., BELIN, D. & ORCI, L. (1986). LLC-PK) cells: cloning of phenotypically stable subpopulations. Aw. J. Physiol. 250, C682-C687. (Received 21 February Accepted 30 May 1986)
8
Localization of low density lipoprotein receptors on plasma membrane of normal human fibroblasts and their absence in cells
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 73, No. 7, pp. 2434-2438, July 1976 Cell Biology Localization of low density lipoprotein receptors on plasma membrane of normal human fibroblasts and their absence in cells
More informationElectron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis
JOURNAL of BAcTRiowOY, Dc. 1969, p. 1402-1408 Copyright 0 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 100, No. 3 Printed In U.S.A. NOTES Electron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis JACK MANILOFF
More informationIntracellular Vesicular Traffic Chapter 13, Alberts et al.
Intracellular Vesicular Traffic Chapter 13, Alberts et al. The endocytic and biosynthetic-secretory pathways The intracellular compartments of the eucaryotic ell involved in the biosynthetic-secretory
More informationISOLATION OF A SARCOMA VIRUS FROM A SPONTANEOUS CHICKEN TUMOR
ISOLATION OF A SARCOMA VIRUS FROM A SPONTANEOUS CHICKEN TUMOR Shigeyoshi ITOHARA, Kouichi HIRATA, Makoto INOUE, Masanori Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University* HATSUOKA, and
More informationTemperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from Hamster and
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Nov. 1975, p. 1332-1336 Copyright i 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from Hamster and Canine Cell Lines
More informationChapter 6. Antigen Presentation to T lymphocytes
Chapter 6 Antigen Presentation to T lymphocytes Generation of T-cell Receptor Ligands T cells only recognize Ags displayed on cell surfaces These Ags may be derived from pathogens that replicate within
More informationPersistent Infection of MDCK Cells by Influenza C Virus: Initiation and Characterization
J. gen. Virol. (199), 70, 341-345. Printed in Great Britain 341 Key words: influenza C virus/interferon/persistent infection Persistent Infection of MDCK Cells by Influenza C Virus: Initiation and Characterization
More informationElectron Microscopy. dishes in Eagle minimum essential medium with 10% serum to a density that allowed them to grow in a C02
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Mar. 1978, p. 1452-1456 0021-9193/78/0133-1452$02.00/0 Copyright 1978 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 133, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Positive Detection of Mycoplasma Contamination
More informationUltrastructural Study of Human Natural Killer CNK) Cell*)
Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1, March, 1982 HJIM 31-6 31 Ultrastructural Study of Human Natural Killer CNK) Cell*) Yoshinori KAWAGUCHI, Eishi KITTAKA, Yoshito TANAKA, Takeo TANAKA
More informationLOCALIZATION OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN TURTLE AND TOAD URINARY BLADDER MUCOSA
Ti JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEM1STRY Copyright 1972 by The Histochemical Society. Inc. Vol. 20, No. 9. pp. 696-702, 1972 Printed in U.S.A. LOCALIZATION OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN TURTLE
More informationVirus Entry. Steps in virus entry. Penetration through cellular membranes. Intracellular transport John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virus Entry Steps in virus entry Penetration through cellular membranes Intracellular transport Steps in virus entry How do virions get into cells? Viruses of bacteria, archaea, algae and plants use different
More informationUltrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x
J. gen. Virol. (1972), I6, 215-22I Printed in Great Britain 2I 5 Ultrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x By JUDY BRUCE, R. N. GOURLAY, AND D. J. GARWES R. HULL* Agricultural Research Council,
More informationIntercellular Matrix in Colonies of Candida
JouRNAL OF BAcTEROLOGY, Sept. 1975, p. 1139-1143 Vol. 123, No. 3 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. ntercellular Matrix in Colonies of Candida K. R. JOSH, J. B. GAVN,*
More informationProtein Trafficking in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
Protein Trafficking in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells has considerable functional advantages for the cell, but requires elaborate mechanisms to ensure
More informationPERSISTENT INFECTIONS WITH HUMAN PARAINFLUENZAVIRUS TYPE 3 IN TWO CELL LINES
71 PERSISTENT INFECTIONS WITH HUMAN PARAINFLUENZAVIRUS TYPE 3 IN TWO CELL LINES Harold G. Jensen, Alan J. Parkinson, and L. Vernon Scott* Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma
More informationCOMPLEMENTARY PLASMA MEMBRANE FRACTURE FACES IN FREEZE-ETCH REPLICAS
J. Cell Set. 12, 445-452 (1973) 445 Printed in Great Britain COMPLEMENTARY PLASMA MEMBRANE FRACTURE FACES IN FREEZE-ETCH REPLICAS N. E. FLOWER Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Scientific
More informationViral structure م.م رنا مشعل
Viral structure م.م رنا مشعل Viruses must reproduce (replicate) within cells, because they cannot generate energy or synthesize proteins. Because they can reproduce only within cells, viruses are obligate
More informationELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS VIRUS
Onderstepoort]. vet. Res. 40 (2), 53-58 (1973) ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS VIRUS G. LECATSAS, B. J. ERASMUS and H. J. ELS, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort ABSTRACT
More informationDetection of Hepatitis A Antigen in Human Liver
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Apr. 1982, p. 320-324 0019-9567/82/040320-05$02.00/0 Vol. 36, No. 1 Detection of Hepatitis A Antigen in Human Liver YOHKO K. SHIMIZU,'* TOSHIO SHIKATA,' PAUL R. BENINGER,2 MICHIO
More informationRole of Interferon in the Propagation of MM Virus in L Cells
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1969, p. 584-588 Copyright ( 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 4 Printed in U S A. Role of Interferon in the Propagation of MM Virus in L Cells DAVID J. GIRON
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus: Stimulation By 5 '-Iododeoxy uridine or 5 '-Brom odeoxy uridine in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells F ro m a Rhabdom yosarcom a*
A n n a ls o f C l i n i c a l L a b o r a t o r y S c i e n c e, Vol. 3, No. 6 Copyright 1973, Institute for Clinical Science Epstein-Barr Virus: Stimulation By 5 '-Iododeoxy uridine or 5 '-Brom odeoxy
More informationI. Fluid Mosaic Model A. Biological membranes are lipid bilayers with associated proteins
Lecture 6: Membranes and Cell Transport Biological Membranes I. Fluid Mosaic Model A. Biological membranes are lipid bilayers with associated proteins 1. Characteristics a. Phospholipids form bilayers
More informationLecture 2: Virology. I. Background
Lecture 2: Virology I. Background A. Properties 1. Simple biological systems a. Aggregates of nucleic acids and protein 2. Non-living a. Cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of a
More informationSilver-Impregnation of the Golgi Complex in Epididymal Epithelial Cells of Mice
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 8, 339-346 (1984) C by Japan Society for Cell Biology Silver-Impregnation of the Golgi Complex in Epididymal Epithelial Cells of Mice Ikuo Yamaoka, Sumie Katsuta and Yoshimi
More informationSTRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES
STRUCTURE, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES Introduction Viruses are noncellular genetic elements that use a living cell for their replication and have an extracellular state. Viruses
More informationELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS*
Onderstepoort J. vet. Res. (1968), 35 (1), 139-150 Printed in the Repub. of S. Afr. by The Government Printer, Pretoria ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS* G. LECATSAS, Veterinary
More information8/13/2009. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Shapes. Domain Bacteria Characteristics
Disease Diseases I. Bacteria II. Viruses including Biol 105 Lecture 17 Chapter 13a are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic 2. Lack a membrane-bound
More informationAttachment of Two Myxoviruses to Ciliated Epithelial Cells
,1. gen. Virol. (I97O), 9, 77-88 77 Printed in Great Britain Attachment of Two Myxoviruses to Ciliated Epithelial Cells By R. R. DOURMASHKIN AND D. A. J. TYRRELL Clinical Research Centre Laboratories,
More informationLab module 6a Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Goal for the module Lab module 6a Receptor-mediated endocytosis To follow cell surface receptors as they are internalized. Pre-lab homework Read about receptor-mediated endocytosis and other forms of internalization
More informationDetermination of the Distribution of Cilia on the Surface of the Mantle of Cypraea caputserpentis utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy
Determination of the Distribution of Cilia on the Surface of the Mantle of Cypraea caputserpentis utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy DURATION September 10, 1990- May 7, 1991 Tracie A. Yokoi Advisor
More informationLESSON 1.4 WORKBOOK. Viral sizes and structures. Workbook Lesson 1.4
Eukaryotes organisms that contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes organisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Viruses small, non-cellular (lacking a cell), infectious
More information5/6/17. Diseases. Disease. Pathogens. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms
5/6/17 Disease Diseases I. II. Bacteria Viruses (including HIV) Biol 105 Chapter 13a Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing organisms Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic.
More informationCoronaviruses cause acute, mild upper respiratory infection (common cold).
Coronaviruses David A. J. Tyrrell Steven H. Myint GENERAL CONCEPTS Clinical Presentation Coronaviruses cause acute, mild upper respiratory infection (common cold). Structure Spherical or pleomorphic enveloped
More informationVesicle Transport. Vesicle pathway: many compartments, interconnected by trafficking routes 3/17/14
Vesicle Transport Vesicle Formation Curvature (Self Assembly of Coat complex) Sorting (Sorting Complex formation) Regulation (Sar1/Arf1 GTPases) Fission () Membrane Fusion SNARE combinations Tethers Regulation
More informationLESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK. How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Eukaryotic: Non-bacterial cell type (bacteria are prokaryotes).. LESSON 4.4 WORKBOOK How viruses make us sick: Viral Replication This lesson extends the principles we learned in Unit
More informationHost Restriction of Friend Leukemia Virus. Role of the Viral Outer Coat (mice/fv-1 locus/vesicular stomatitis virus)
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 9, pp. 2549-2553, September 1973 Host Restriction of Friend Leukemia Virus. Role of the Viral Outer Coat (mice/fv-1 locus/vesicular stomatitis virus) THEODORE G.
More informationName Section Problem Set 6
Name Section 7.012 Problem Set 6 Question 1 The viral family Orthomyxoviridae contains the influenza A, B and C viruses. These viruses have a (-)ss RNA genome surrounded by a capsid composed of lipids
More informationVIRUSES. 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart.
AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR VIRUSES 1. Describe the structure of a virus by completing the following chart. Viral Part Description of Part 2. Some viruses have an envelope
More informationpsittaci by Silver-Methenamine Staining and
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, July 1972, p. 267-271 Copyright 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 111, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Location of Polysaccharide on Chlamydia psittaci by Silver-Methenamine
More informationULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN THE SKIN OF IMMUNE MICE
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN THE SKIN OF IMMUNE MICE by D. L. Lee ABSTRACT Infective stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis are immobilized within
More informationAdaptive Immunity: Humoral Immune Responses
MICR2209 Adaptive Immunity: Humoral Immune Responses Dr Allison Imrie 1 Synopsis: In this lecture we will review the different mechanisms which constitute the humoral immune response, and examine the antibody
More informationTHE PREPARATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AVIAN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ENCLOSED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
J. Cell Sci. 34, 81-90 (1978) 8l Printed in Great Britain Company of Biologists Limited igj8 THE PREPARATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AVIAN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ENCLOSED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE JAMES
More informationI. Bacteria II. Viruses including HIV. Domain Bacteria Characteristics. 5. Cell wall present in many species. 6. Reproduction by binary fission
Disease Diseases I. Bacteria II. Viruses including are disease-causing organisms Biol 105 Lecture 17 Chapter 13a Domain Bacteria Characteristics 1. Domain Bacteria are prokaryotic 2. Lack a membrane-bound
More informationChapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses*
Chapter 6- An Introduction to Viruses* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. 6.1 Overview of Viruses
More informationVirus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities. Can infect organisms of every domain
Virus Basics Chapter 13 & 14 General Characteristics of Viruses Non-living entities Not considered organisms Can infect organisms of every domain All life-forms Commonly referred to by organism they infect
More informationChapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Chapter13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 11/20/2017 MDufilho 1 Characteristics of Viruses Viruses Minuscule, acellular, infectious agent having either DNA or RNA Cause infections
More information7.012 Problem Set 6 Solutions
Name Section 7.012 Problem Set 6 Solutions Question 1 The viral family Orthomyxoviridae contains the influenza A, B and C viruses. These viruses have a (-)ss RNA genome surrounded by a capsid composed
More informationChapter 13B: Animal Viruses
Chapter 13B: Animal Viruses 1. Overview of Animal Viruses 2. DNA Viruses 3. RNA Viruses 4. Prions 1. Overview of Animal Viruses Life Cycle of Animal Viruses The basic life cycle stages of animal viruses
More informationElectron microscopic study of the virus of rabies. Electron microscopic study of the virus of rabies.zip
Electron microscopic study of the virus of rabies Electron microscopic study of the virus of rabies.zip the way a lifetime of experiences,toyota duet manual pdf,electron microscopic study of the virus
More information(;[rowth Charaeteristies of Influenza Virus Type C in Avian Hosts
Archives of Virology 58, 349--353 (1978) Archives of Virology by Springer-Verlag 1978 (;[rowth Charaeteristies of Influena Virus Type C in Avian Hosts Brief Report By M ~R A~N D. AUSTIn, A. S. MONTO, and
More informationInfluenza A H1N1 HA ELISA Pair Set
Influenza A H1N1 HA ELISA Pair Set for H1N1 ( A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 ) HA Catalog Number : SEK11684 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product and the
More information04_polarity. The formation of synaptic vesicles
Brefeldin prevents assembly of the coats required for budding Nocodazole disrupts microtubules Constitutive: coatomer-coated Selected: clathrin-coated The formation of synaptic vesicles Nerve cells (and
More informationPORE-LIKE STRUCTURES IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
J. Cell Sci. 25, 157-161 (1977) 157 Printed in Great Britain PORE-LIKE STRUCTURES IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES L. ORCI, A. PERRELET, FRANCINE MALAISSE-LAGAE AND P. VASSALLI* Institute of Histology and Embryology,
More informationIdentification of Microbes Lecture: 12
Diagnostic Microbiology Identification of Microbes Lecture: 12 Electron Microscopy 106 virus particles per ml required for visualization, 50,000-60,000 magnification normally used. Viruses may be detected
More informationChapter 13: Vesicular Traffic
Chapter 13: Vesicular Traffic Know the terminology: ER, Golgi, vesicle, clathrin, COP-I, COP-II, BiP, glycosylation, KDEL, microtubule, SNAREs, dynamin, mannose-6-phosphate, M6P receptor, endocytosis,
More informationVirus Basics. General Characteristics of Viruses 5/9/2011. General Characteristics of Viruses. Chapter 13 & 14. Non-living entities
Virus Basics Chapter 13 & 14 General Characteristics of Viruses Non-living entities Not considered organisms Can infect organisms of every domain All life-formsf Commonly referred to by organism they infect
More informationBY Z. BENTWICH,~ S. D. DOUGLAS, E. SKUTELSKV, and H. G. KUNKEL
SHEEP RED CELL BINDING TO HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TREATED WITH NEURAMINIDASE; ENHANCEMENT OF T CELL BINDING AND IDENTIFICATION OF A SUBPOPULATION OF B CELLS* BY Z. BENTWICH,~ S. D. DOUGLAS, E. SKUTELSKV, and
More informationELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF THE MICROVILLI OF HELA CELLS
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF THE MICROVILLI OF HELA CELLS HAROLD W. FISHER and T. W. COOPER From the Biophysics Laboratories, the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 0W2881 ABSTRACT Microvilli
More informationCONTACT-INDUCED SPREADING IN CULTURES OF CORNEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
J. Cell Sd. si, 143-152 (1981) 143 Printed in Great Britain Company of Biologists Limited 1981 CONTACT-INDUCED SPREADING IN CULTURES OF CORNEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS R. M. BROWN AND C. A. MIDDLETON* Department
More informationCOMPARATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPID DROPLETS IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTIVE CELLS
COMPARATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPID DROPLETS IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTIVE CELLS JEAN A. SAGE and RALPH A. JERSILD, JR. Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 From
More informationUltrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich)
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 36 : 285-290 (2002) Ultrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich) Viyada Seehabutr ABSTRACT The connective tissue sheath of cerebral
More informationVirus Entry/Uncoating
Virus Entry/Uncoating Delivery of genome to inside of a cell Genome must be available for first step of replication The Problem--barriers to infection Virion Barriers: Non-enveloped viruses capsid Enveloped
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF GLYCOGEN IN THIN SECTIONS OF AMPHIBIAN EMBRYOS
J. Cell Sci. a, 257-264 (1967) 257 Printed in Great Britain IDENTIFICATION OF GLYCOGEN IN THIN SECTIONS OF AMPHIBIAN EMBRYOS MARGARET M. PERRY Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh SUMMARY Embryonic
More informationON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1
ON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1 R. I. Wordinger, 2 J. B. Ramsey, I. F. Dickey and I. R. Hill, Jr. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
More informationCell Membranes and Signaling
5 Cell Membranes and Signaling Concept 5.1 Biological Membranes Have a Common Structure and Are Fluid A membrane s structure and functions are determined by its constituents: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
More informationElectron Microscope Studies of HeLa Cells Infected with Herpes Virus
244 STOKER, M. G. P., SMITH, K. M. & Ross, R. W. (1958). J. gen. Microbiol. 19,244-249 Electron Microscope Studies of HeLa Cells Infected with Herpes Virus BY M: G. P. STOKER, K. M. SMITH AND R. W. ROSS
More informationULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF CULTURED CELLS
J. Cell Set. 6, 477-484 (1970) 477 Printed in Great Britain ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF CULTURED CELLS R. G. P. PUGH-HUMPHREYS AND W. SINCLAIR Department of Zoology, Electron
More informationCell behaviour in a polygonal cell sheet*
J. Embryol. exp. Morph, 83, Supplement, 313-327 (1984) 313 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1984 Cell behaviour in a polygonal cell sheet* ByH. HONDA 1, R. KODAMA 2, T. TAKEUCHI
More informationUltrastructural Comparison of a Virus from a Rhesus-Monkey Mammary Carcinoma with Four Oncogenic RNA Viruses
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 1603-1607, July 1971 Ultrastructural Comparison of a Virus from a Rhesus-Monkey Mammary Carcinoma with Four Oncogenic RNA Viruses (primate cancer/murine mammary
More informationRelationship of Ehrlichia canis-infected Mononuclear Cells to Blood Vessels of Lungs1
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Sept. 1974, p. 590-596 Copyright 0 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 10, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Relationship of Ehrlichia canis-infected Mononuclear Cells to Blood Vessels
More informationChapter 2: Exocytosis and endocytosis. Biochimica cellulare parte B 2016/17
Chapter 2: Exocytosis and endocytosis Biochimica cellulare parte B 2016/17 Exocytosis and endocytosis Transport from the trans-golgi network to the cell exterior: exocytosis. All eukaryotic cells continuously
More informationQuantitative Assay of Paravaccinia Virus Based
APPrU MICROBIOLOGY, JUly 1972, p. 138-142 Copyright 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 24, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Quantitative Assay of Paravaccinia Virus Based on Enumeration of Inclusion-Containing
More informationTRANSFER OF PREMELANOSOMES INTO THE KERATINIZING CELLS OF ALBINO HAIR FOLLICLE
TRANSFER OF PREMELANOSOMES INTO THE KERATINIZING CELLS OF ALBINO HAIR FOLLICLE PAUL F. PARAKKAL. From the Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 INTRODUCTION
More informationUsing the Ch6diak-Higashi Marker
A Study of the Origin of Pulmonary Macrophages Using the Ch6diak-Higashi Marker Kent J. Johnson, MD, Peter A. Ward, MD, Gary Striker, MD, and Robin Kunkel, MS Using bone marrow reconstitution techniques
More informationMembrane Transport. Biol219 Lecture 9 Fall 2016
Membrane Transport Permeability - the ability of a substance to pass through a membrane Cell membranes are selectively permeable Permeability is determined by A. the phospholipid bilayer and B. transport
More informationThe Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells 9/21/2012
Organisms are either: Single-celled, such as most prokaryotes and protists or Multicelled, such as plants, animals, and most fungi How do we study cells? Light microscopes can be used to explore the structures
More informationEVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A 7% ACCELERATED HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-BASED FORMULATION AGAINST CANINE PARVOVIRUS
Final report submitted to Virox Technologies, Inc. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A 7% ACCELERATED HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-BASED FORMULATION AGAINST CANINE PARVOVIRUS Syed A. Sattar, M.Sc., Dip. Bact., M.S.,
More informationFIXATION BY MEANS OF GLUTARALDEHYDE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTION PRODUCTS
FIXATION BY MEANS OF GLUTARALDEHYDE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTION PRODUCTS CAMILLO PERACCHIA and BRANT S. MITTLER. From the Department of Anatomy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27706,
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum
More informationBulk Transport * OpenStax. 1 Endocytosis
OpenStax-CNX module: m44419 1 Bulk Transport * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will be able
More informationENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION
ENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION TAKASHI IWAYAMA and J. B. FURNESS. From the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Dr.
More informationA. Membrane Composition and Structure. B. Animal Cell Adhesion. C. Passive Processes of Membrane Transport. D. Active Transport
Cellular Membranes A. Membrane Composition and Structure Lecture Series 5 Cellular Membranes B. Animal Cell Adhesion E. Endocytosis and Exocytosis A. Membrane Composition and Structure The Fluid Mosaic
More informationLecture Series 5 Cellular Membranes
Lecture Series 5 Cellular Membranes Cellular Membranes A. Membrane Composition and Structure B. Animal Cell Adhesion C. Passive Processes of Membrane Transport D. Active Transport E. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
More informationAntiviral Drugs Lecture 5
Antiviral Drugs Lecture 5 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (MLAB 366) 1 Dr. Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy 2 Introduction Viruses are microscopic organisms that can infect all living cells. They are parasitic and multiply
More informationAttachment and Entry. Lecture 5 Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring Who hath deceived thee so o-en as thyself? --BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Attachment and Entry Lecture 5 Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring 2016 Who hath deceived thee so o-en as thyself? --BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites Virus particles are too
More informationR. B. MARSHALL Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
THE ROUTE OF ENTRY OF LEPTOSPIRES INTO THE KIDNEY TUBULE R. B. MARSHALL Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand PLATES X and XI IT has been
More informationBIOH111. o Cell Biology Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system
BIOH111 o Cell Biology Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 Textbook
More informationPOLLEN-WALL PROTEINS: ELECTRON- MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE INTINE OF CROCUS VERNUS
J. Cell Sci. 8, 727-733 (197O 727 Printed in Great Britain POLLEN-WALL PROTEINS: ELECTRON- MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE INTINE OF CROCUS VERNUS R.B. KNOX* AND J. HESLOP-HARRISONf
More informationDefective Interfering Particles of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Aug. 1982, p. 439-444 0019-9567/82/080439-06$02.00/0 Vol. 37, No. 2 Defective Interfering Particles of Respiratory Syncytial Virus MARY W. TREUHAFTl* AND MARC 0. BEEM2 Marshfield
More informationYara Saddam. Amr Alkhatib. Ihsan
1 Yara Saddam Amr Alkhatib Ihsan NOTE: Yellow highlighting=correction/addition to the previous version of the sheet. Histology (micro anatomy) :- the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.
More informationMEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION selective permeability permits some substances to cross it more easily than others Figure 7.1 Scientists studying the plasma Reasoned that it must be a phospholipid bilayer
More informationActa Medica Okayama. Electron microscopic demonstration of a new virus isolated from a patient with SMON. Zensuke Ota DECEMBER 1970
Acta Medica Okayama Volume 24, Issue 6 1970 Article 3 DECEMBER 1970 Electron microscopic demonstration of a new virus isolated from a patient with SMON Zensuke Ota Okayama University, Copyright c 1999
More informationChapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Viruses Virology-study of viruses Characteristics: acellular obligate intracellular parasites no ribosomes or means
More informationThe Infectious Cycle. Lecture 2 Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring You know my methods, Watson --SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
The Infectious Cycle Lecture 2 Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring 2016 You know my methods, Watson --SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE The Infectious Cycle Virologists divide the infectious cycle into steps to facilitate
More informationMechanistic Studies of Pentamidine Analogs on Leishmania donovani Promastigotes
Mechanistic Studies of Pentamidine Analogs on Leishmania donovani Promastigotes Undergraduate Honors Thesis The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy
More informationFORMATION OF CELL COAT MATERIAL FOR THE WHOLE SURFACE OF COLUMNAR CELLS IN THE RAT SMALL INTESTINE, AS VISUALIZED BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY WITH L-FUCOSE 3H
Published Online: 1 August, 1970 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.46.2.409 Downloaded from jcb.rupress.org on December 25, 2018 FORMATION OF CELL COAT MATERIAL FOR THE WHOLE SURFACE OF COLUMNAR CELLS
More informationHigh resolution structural evidence suggests the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum forms microdomains with Acidic Stores (lyososomes) in the heart.
High resolution structural evidence suggests the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum forms microdomains with Acidic Stores (lyososomes) in the heart. Daniel Aston, Rebecca A. Capel, Kerrie L. Ford, Helen C. Christian,
More information19 2 Viruses Slide 1 of 34
1 of 34 What Is a Virus? What Is a Virus? Viruses are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids. Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. 2 of 34 What Is a Virus? Viruses
More information2.1 VIRUSES. 2.1 Learning Goals
2.1 VIRUSES 2.1 Learning Goals To understand the structure, function, and how Viruses replicate To understand the difference between Viruses to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; namely that viruses are not classified
More informationTHE BRITISH JOURN OF VOL. LII OCTOBER, 1971 NO. 5 EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY DISAGGREGATED CELLS OF THE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOUR OF THE DOG
Vol. Lll, No. 4 (August, 1971) was issued 2.9.71. THE BRITISH JOURN OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY VOL. LII OCTOBER, 1971 NO. 5 A PHENOMENON RESEMBLING OPSONIC ADHERENCE SHOWN BY DISAGGREGATED CELLS OF THE
More information