Shuang Tang, Koji Yamanegi, and Zhi-Ming Zheng*
|
|
- Giles Stewart
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Mar. 2004, p Vol. 78, No X/04/$ DOI: /JVI Requirement of a 12-Base-Pair TATT-Containing Sequence and Viral Lytic DNA Replication in Activation of the Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K8.1 Late Promoter Shuang Tang, Koji Yamanegi, and Zhi-Ming Zheng* HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Received 28 May 2003/Accepted 25 November 2003 Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K8.1 late promoter consists of a minimal 24-bp sequence, with a TATA-like, 12-bp promoter core, AATATTAAAGGG, and is active on a reporter only in butyrate-induced KSHV-infected cells. The activity of the K8.1 promoter can be enhanced (>15-fold) by the KSHV left-end lytic origin of DNA replication (orilyt-l) sequence while providing inefficient replication of plasmid DNA and is inhibited by viral DNA replication inhibitors, suggesting that activation of the K8.1 promoter on the reporter is involved in KSHV lytic DNA replication largely by trans. Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) closely resembles human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (4). Like other gammaherpesviruses, KSHV infection displays two viral life cycles. Latent KSHV infection in KS tissues and B-cell lines features the highly restricted expression of only five genes (7, 33). The lytic KSHV life cycle is characterized by production of progeny virus from infected cells and can be induced by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate and n-butyrate in PEL-derived B cells with latent KSHV infection (21, 22, 24). KSHV K8.1 is a viral late gene that encodes a viral envelope glycoprotein at a late stage of virus infection. The sensitivity of K8.1 expression to a viral DNA polymerase inhibitor, phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) (17, 29), suggests that K8.1 is a true late gene ( 2) whose expression, like that of other herpesvirus 2 genes (11, 19, 28, 30, 31), depends on viral DNA replication. Transcription of the K8.1 late gene in butyrate-induced KSHV-infected JSC-1 cells starts at nucleotide (nt) 75901, 14 nt upstream of the first AUG codon at nt in the virus genome (29). As a result, a putative K8.1 promoter was hypothesized to exist upstream of the start site for transcription initiation. To study the putative K8.1 promoter, we had to overcome some technical limitations. The putative predicted K8.1 promoter overlaps two KSHV genes: ORF50 and K8 (32). ORF50 encodes a transactivator, RTA (replication and transcription activator), responsible for initiating all KSHV early gene expression. K8 is a gene encoding a leucine zipper protein involved in viral DNA replication (16). Mutation in this region in the context of the virus genome will affect expression of the ORF50 and K8 genes and viral DNA replication. Thus, it is not feasible to study the K8.1 late promoter in its native context. As an alternative, we established a transient-transfection assay to study the putative K8.1 promoter, using various sizes of PCR-amplified fragments immediately upstream of nt 75915, * Corresponding author. Mailing address: HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10S255, MSC 1868, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD Phone: (301) Fax: (301) zhengt@exchange.nih.gov. but not overlapping the K8 promoter region (17). All fragments were cloned into the KpnI and XhoI sites upstream of the firefly luciferase open reading frame (ORF) in a pgl3 luciferase reporter vector lacking eukaryotic origins of replication (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The activity of each promoter-firefly luciferase reporter construct was examined from cell lysate supernatant by a dual luciferase assay (Promega) 48 h after transfection of 3 g of the construct, together with 2 g of Renilla luciferase reporter (RL-TS) (13) and 14 g of sheared salmon sperm DNA into B lymphocytes ( cells) by electroporation at 250 V and 950 F with an Electro Cell Manipulator (BTX ECM630; BTX, San Diego, Calif.). KSHV K8.1 promoter activity is induced in KSHV-infected cells only by trans. Plasmid pst7 (Fig. 1C) was first examined for its promoter activity in 293 cells and showed no activity with or without chemical stimulation and ORF50 and/or K8 cotransfection (data not shown). This experiment excluded the possibility of an immediate-early or early promoter-like activity residing in this construct. Next, we examined the promoter activity of the pst7 plasmid in several B-cell lines, including Raji (EBV-infected but replication-defective) cells (6), SUDHL6 cells (a B-cell line with no virus infection) (18), JSC-1 (KSHV-infected, EBV-infected cells), and BCBL-1 (KSHV-infected, non-ebv-infected) cells. The pst7 plasmid conferred no or very little promoter activity in either butyratestimulated or unstimulated Raji cells and SUDHL6 cells but conferred strong promoter activity in both butyrate-stimulated JSC-1 (Fig. 1A) and BCBL-1 cells (Fig. 1B) that was comparable to that of the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter (pgl3-sv40 vector in Fig. 1A and B), suggesting that a specific KSHV, but not EBV, protein(s) must be involved in trans activation. This regulation has to do with viral lytic but not latent protein(s), since uninduced JSC-1 and BCBL-1 cells did not support much K8.1 promoter activity. Mapping of the K8.1 promoter to a functional promoter core conferring full promoter activity in JSC-1 cells. To identify the transcription factor-binding sites that might regulate the activity of the K8.1 promoter in viral lytic induction, a series of successive deletions in the 1-kb K8.1 promoter was 2609
2 2610 NOTES J. VIROL. Downloaded from FIG. 1. A putative K8.1 late promoter can be activated by butyrate only in KSHV-infected cell lines. A promoter-luciferase (luc) reporter vector, pst7, containing a 1-kb fragment immediately upstream of the K8.1 ORF, was electroporated into four different B-cell lines: Raji, SUDHL6, JSC-1 (A), and BCBL-1 (B). A series of successive deletions in the 1-kb fragment, beginning at the 5 end and progressing to the 3 end, were also examined, and their promoter activities in JSC-1 cells were determined (C). The plasmid name is shown to the left of the schematic representation, and the size (in base pairs) of the insert is shown in parenthesis. Downstream of each insert is a firefly luc gene. The numbers above and below the lines are nucleotide positions of the first and last nucleotides of the insert in the virus genome (GenBank accession number U75698) (25). The K8.1 transcription start site is indicated by the arrow. Cells were collected 48 h after transfection and incubation with or without butyrate (3 mm), and the supernatant of the cell lysate was examined for dual luciferase activities. Relative promoter activity was calculated by dividing the light unit readings obtained from a tested promoter-firefly luciferase reporter construct by the light unit readings obtained from the Renilla luciferase reporter. The pgl3-basic and pgl3-sv40 vectors were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Panel A shows the results from one of three experiments, and panels B and C show the results from one of two experiments. on October 22, 2018 by guest made from its 5 end progressively to its 3 end (Fig. 1C). The deletion mutants did not show much difference in their promoter activity in butyrate-stimulated JSC-1 cells. A 58-bp region proximal to the 3 end (pst18) contributed a similar amount of promoter activity, as did the 1-kb K8.1 promoter (pst7) (Fig. 1C), indicating that the 58-bp region fully functions as a K8.1 promoter. In addition, a series of plasmids having various 3 extensions of the 1-kb K8.1 promoter to include additional sequences up to 73 bp downstream of nt showed only a minimal effect on K8.1 promoter activity (data not shown). Together, these results demonstrate that a functional K8.1 promoter is not subject to regulation by a cis-acting transcription factor-binding site either upstream or downstream of the 58-bp K8.1 promoter.
3 VOL. 78, 2004 NOTES 2611 To better define which sequences within the 58-bp region specify K8.1 promoter activity, another series of deletion or point mutations were made in the 58-bp promoter. Examination of the promoter activity of each mutant in butyrate-stimulated JSC-1 cells (Fig. 2A) demonstrated that the K8.1 promoter activity resides in the 24 bp at its 5 half (pst41) and is orientation sensitive (pst36), suggesting its independence on an initiator (Inr) at the transcription start site or downstream activation sequences (DAS) as described in other viral late promoters (8, 10, 14, 15, 23). The sequence of the 5 half of the 58-bp promoter, CCGGCAGCAATATTAAAGGGAC CC, features a central TATA-like motif, TATT, flanked by several A s. To characterize the function of this putative TATA-like motif, we chose a 3 -truncated 45-bp promoter (pst34) with promoter activity similar to that of the 58-bp promoter (pst18) in butyrate-induced JSC-1 cells for introduction of point mutations. The conversion of TT to CG in the TATT motif (pst37) effectively disrupted its activation by butyrate in JSC-1 cells. Having identified that a 24-bp sequence in the 5 half of the 58-bp K8.1 promoter is responsible for the promoter activity and that the TATT motif within the 5 half functions as a TATA box, we wished to determine whether the sequences flanking this TATT box are important for the sufficient and active function of the TATA-like box. A randomized 3-bp linker-scanning mutation was introduced progressively from 5 to 3 into the 24-bp K8.1 promoter, and each mutant was analyzed in butyrate-stimulated JSC-1 cells. As shown in Fig. 2B, the sequences flanking the TATT box were demonstrated to play important roles in trans activation of the 24-bp promoter by butyrate. Interestingly, the wild-type (wt) but not mutant 24-bp promoter by itself was capable of binding the TATA-binding protein (TBP) in our gel shift assays (Fig. 2C). Thus, a K8.1 late promoter core was identified; it consists of a 12-bp sequence (AATATTAAAGGG), including the TATT box at position 34 relative to the K8.1 transcription start site and its flanking sequences immediately upstream and downstream. The size of the crucial 12-bp K8.1 promoter core is similar to that of the herpes simplex virus type 1 gc late promoter core (12). Both are embedded in GC-rich flanking sequences and contain signals essential for fully regulated activation. However, the gc promoter core has a sequence, GGGTATAAAT TCCGG, which deviates from the consensus Goldberg-Hogness sequence (GGGTATAAATA) (2) by only 1 nt, whereas the defined K bp promoter core, like the SV40 11-bp late FIG. 2. Localization of the K8.1 late promoter by fine mutational analysis to a 24-bp region upstream of the K8.1 transcription start site and its binding to TBP. (A) A series of deletion or point mutations were introduced into plasmid pst18, which contains a 58-bp K8.1 promoter. Plasmid pst36 has a 3 -truncated, 45-bp K8.1 promoter in an antisense orientation. The resulting mutants were tested in butyrate-treated or untreated JSC-1 cells. (B) Randomized 3-bp linkerscanning mutational analysis. Sequences of the 24-bp K8.1 promoter with or without substitution by a randomized 3-bp linker are shown. Unchanged nucleotides in panels A and B are indicated (.). Panels A and B show data from one of three experiments in JSC-1 cells with or without 48-h butyrate treatment. (C) TBP binding of the 24-bp K8.1 promoter was performed with bacterium-expressed yeast TBP (2 ng) (ProteinOne, College Park, Md.). wt and mutant (MT) doublestranded DNA oligonucleotides, equivalent to the K8.1 promoter sequences in pst41 and pst46, respectively, were labeled with 32 P and used for the protein-dna complex formation that was resolved on a 4% native polyacrylamide gel (9).
4 2612 NOTES J. VIROL. promoter core (GGTACCTAACC) (2), deviate much further from the Goldberg-Hogness sequence. A TATT box, deviating by 1 nt at the fourth position from the sequence of the classical TATA box for TBP binding to recruit RNA polymerase II, appears to be common in many viral late promoters, including cytomegalovirus U L 94 (31) and U L 75 (20), EBV BcLF1 (26), and KSHV AP (3). Sensitivity of trans-activated K8.1 late promoter activity to PAA and GCV in butyrate-induced JSC-1 cells. To examine whether the K8.1 promoter identified in our transient-transfection assay could represent an authentic late promoter in responding to viral DNA replication inhibitors, two versions of the K8.1 promoter, a 1-kb promoter in pst7 and a 24-bp promoter in pst41, were further analyzed in butyrate-induced JSC-1 cells in the presence or absence of PAA or ganciclovir (GCV). The activities of both promoters were sensitive to PAA, but not GCV (Fig. 3A and B), with PAA inhibiting promoter activity by up to 60%, indicating an association with viral lytic DNA replication. Although PAA did not inhibit the transient K8.1 promoter activity completely, this was expected, since neither of the vectors containing the K8.1 promoter was able to replicate, due to lack of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication. This was further supported by data showing that the transient promoter activity in butyrate-induced JSC-1 cells was insensitive to a DNA chain elongation terminator, GCV (5). However, transcription of the late gene K8.1 in JSC-1 cells was sensitive to both PAA (96% inhibition) and GCV (87% inhibition) (Fig. 3C), suggesting that our transient promoter assay reveals only a partial recapitulation of activation of the authentic late promoter in the context of the virus genome. A viral orilyt functions in cis, acting to enhance activation by trans of the K8.1 late promoter. To overcome the replication incompetence of the plasmids described above, a KSHV leftend lytic origin of DNA replication (orilyt-l) (1) was inserted downstream of the luciferase ORF driven by the K8.1 promoter. Five original K8.1 promoter plasmids (pst41, pst7, pst26, pst36, and pst46) were chosen for insertion of the KSHV orilyt-l sequence (Fig. 4A), and their promoter activities were examined in butyrate-induced JSC-1 cells. As shown in Fig. 4B, once the orilyt sequence was inserted, the promoter activities of plasmids with a wt K8.1 promoter either in a long (1-kb) or short (24-bp) version (pst52, pst53, pst60, pst54, and pst55) were greatly enhanced (more than 15-fold) with butyrate, independent of orilyt orientation. The same sets of plasmids with a wt K8.1 promoter plus the viral orilyt were also tested in butyrate-induced BCBL-1 cells and 293 cells. The plasmids reproducibly showed the same results only in butyrate-induced BCBL-1 cells, not in 293 cells (data not shown). In contrast, the K8.1 promoter with mutations in its TATT box or in an antisense orientation did not have enhanced activity in the presence of orilyt (pst61, pst57, pst58, and pst59 in Fig. 4B). This was expected, since the original plasmids (pst46 and pst36) lacking the viral orilyt sequence had no promoter activity (Fig. 2A and B). The much higher level of K8.1 promoter activity in butyrateinduced JSC-1 cells with the viral orilyt-containing plasmid p53 (Fig. 4A) was sensitive to PAA and GCV, with an inhibition up to 97% by PAA and 80% by GCV (Fig. 4C). Thus, the 24-bp promoter on this plasmid appeared to fully imitate the activation of an authentic K8.1 promoter in responding to viral FIG. 3. Inhibition by PAA (0.4 mm) and GCV (50 M) of K8.1 promoter activity and KSHV K8.1 mrna expression in butyrate-induced JSC-1 cells. (A and B) The activities of a 1-kb (pst7) and a 24-bp K8.1 promoter (pst41) in transfected JSC-1 cells were analyzed (Fig. 1). Panels A and B show the data from one of three experiments. Abbreviations: No treat., no treatment; Bu., butyrate. (C) Total cell RNA extracted at 48 h from JSC-1 cells treated with ( ) or without ( ) butyrate, PAA, and GCV was analyzed for K8.1 mrna with an RNase protection assay by using an antisense RNA probe C (29). A human cyclophilin antisense probe (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) was also used as an internal control for normalization of sampling. lytic DNA replication and DNA replication inhibitors in the context of the virus genome. The finding that GCV, a DNA chain elongation terminator, inhibited the orilyt-enhanced K8.1 promoter activity provides further evidence that KSHV
5 VOL. 78, 2004 NOTES 2613 Downloaded from FIG. 4. KSHV orilyt-driven transient K8.1 promoter activity, plasmid DNA replication, and their sensitivities to PAA and GCV in butyratetreated JSC-1 cells. (A) Construction of KSHV orilyt-containing plasmids. KSHV orilyt-l (1) was inserted in different orientations (counterclockwise [CCW] and clockwise [CW]) into AgeI and NsiI sites introduced as a synthetic BamHI linker downstream of the luc ORF driven by a wt, mutant (mt), or antisense (as) K8.1 promoter. The sizes of the K8.1 promoter insert in pst26 and pst55 (derived from pst26) were similar to the size of the K8.1 promoter insert in pst7 (Fig. 1), but pst26 and pst55 were extended to include an additional 73 nt downstream where two ATG codons were mutated to TTG to avoid a frameshift in the luc ORF. (B) Enhancement of K8.1 promoter activity by KSHV orilyt in JSC-1 cells with or without butyrate induction. The data shown are from one of two experiments. (C) KSHV orilyt-enhanced activity of the K8.1 promoter is sensitive to both PAA (0.4 mm) and GCV (50 M). Plasmid pst53-transfected JSC-1 cells in the presence or absence of PAA, GCV, and butyrate (Bu.) at 48 h after transfection were examined for K8.1 promoter activity. The original plasmid lacking the orilyt insert, pst41, and plasmids pgl3-basic and pgl3-sv40 promoter were used as controls. The data shown are from one of two experiments. No treat., no treatment. (D) Transient pst53 DNA replication and its sensitivity to PAA (0.4 mm) and GCV (50 M) by Southern blot assay. Total cell DNA extracted from JSC-1 cells (10 7 ) 48 h after transfection by electroporation with 20 g of pst53 and incubation with ( ) or without ( ) butyrate (Bu.), PAA, or GCV was digested with one (XhoI), two (XhoI and DpnI), or three (XhoI, DpnI, and MboI) restriction enzymes and analyzed by Southern blotting for plasmid DNA replication. Digestion with XhoI linearizes the plasmid DNA, digestion with DpnI removes residual methylated (unreplicated) input DNA, and digestion with MboI cleaves unmethylated, replicated DNA. Lanes 1 to 4 contain 5% of the total DNA used for each assay, and lanes 5 to 8 contain 95% of the total DNA. on October 22, 2018 by guest lytic DNA replication, including DNA chain elongation, is itself directly engaged in activation of the late promoter on the reporter. To determine whether the viral orilyt-enhanced K8.1 promoter activity is attributable to plasmid replication, a transientreplication assay (1) was conducted in parallel with pst53. As shown in Fig. 4D, inserting KSHV orilyt in pst53 conferred only a very low level of plasmid DNA replication in butyrateinduced JSC-1 cells, as evidenced by the presence of some DpnI-resistant DNA (lane 6) and its sensitivity to MboI digestion (lane 7) and to DNA replication inhibitors PAA and GCV (lanes 8 and 9). These results indicate that maintenance of plasmid DNA replication or template (copy number) amplification is unlikely to play a major role in inducing a much
6 2614 NOTES J. VIROL. higher level of activation of the K8.1 promoter on the reporter, as presented in a study on the cytomegalovirus late 1.2-kb RNA promoter (30). The specific trans-acting factors important to K8.1 promoter activation in KSHV-infected cells appear to be independent of viral ORF50, since cotransfection with ORF50 did not promote much promoter activity of both replication-competent and -incompetent plasmids (data not shown). If ORF50 has any effect, it might be indirect. We speculate that this transacting factor(s) may be a component(s) perhaps a viral early gene product(s) of the viral lytic, but not latent, DNA replication (initiation and elongation) machinery, since uninduced JSC-1 cells did not support much K8.1 promoter activity. A similar observation in the EBV late promoters BcLF1 and BFRF3 supports such a trans relationship (27). Although the underlying mechanisms that link the late promoter activation and KSHV lytic DNA replication remain unknown and the reporter assays in this study may not fully reflect regulation in the intact virus, the finding that KSHV K8.1 late promoter can be activated largely by trans in viral lytic DNA replication provides a new insight into regulation of KSHV late gene expression. We thank Richard Ambinder of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine for providing JSC-1 cells, Louis Staudt of NCI for providing SUDHL6 cells, Hui Ge of ProteinOne for providing yeast TBP protein, and David AuCoin and Gregory Pari of the University of Nevada School of Medicine for providing plasmid pda13 for this study. BCBL-1 cells were obtained from Michael McGrath and Don Ganem through the AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH. We also thank John Brady and Robert Yarchoan for critically reading the manuscript. REFERENCES 1. AuCoin, D. P., K. S. Colletti, Y. Xu, S. A. Cei, and G. S. Pari Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) contains two functional lytic origins of DNA replication. J. Virol. 76: Brady, J., M. Radonovich, M. Vodkin, V. Natarajan, M. Thoren, G. Das, J. Janik, and N. P. Salzman Site-specific base substitution and deletion mutations that enhance or suppress transcription of the SV40 major late RNA. Cell 31: Chang, J., and D. Ganem On the control of late gene expression in Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8). J. Gen. Virol. 81: Chang, Y., E. Cesarman, M. S. Pessin, F. Lee, J. Culpepper, D. M. Knowles, and P. S. Moore Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi s sarcoma. Science 266: Crumpacker, C Antiviral therapy, p In D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. A. Martin, B. Roizman, and S. E. Straus (ed.), Fields virology, vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. 6. Decaussin, G., V. Leclerc, and T. Ooka The lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus in the nonproducer Raji line can be rescued by the expression of a 135-kilodalton protein encoded by the BALF2 open reading frame. J. Virol. 69: Fakhari, F. D., and D. P. Dittmer Charting latency transcripts in Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by whole-genome real-time quantitative PCR. J. Virol. 76: Farrell, M. L., and J. E. Mertz Cell type-specific replication of simian virus 40 conferred by hormone response elements in the late promoter. J. Virol. 76: Ge, H., and R. G. Roeder Purification, cloning, and characterization of a human coactivator, PC4, that mediates transcriptional activation of class II genes. Cell 78: Guzowski, J. F., and E. K. Wagner Mutational analysis of the herpes simplex virus type 1 strict late UL38 promoter/leader reveals two regions critical in transcriptional regulation. J. Virol. 67: Holland, L. E., K. P. Anderson, C. Shipman, Jr., and E. K. Wagner Viral DNA synthesis is required for the efficient expression of specific herpes simplex virus type 1 mrna species. Virology 101: Homa, F. L., J. C. Glorioso, and M. Levine A specific 15-bp TATA box promoter element is required for expression of a herpes simplex virus type 1 late gene. Genes Dev. 2: Ibrahim, N. M., A. C. Marinovic, S. R. Price, L. G. Young, and O. Frohlich Pitfall of an internal control plasmid: response of Renilla luciferase (prl-tk) plasmid to dihydrotestosterone and dexamethasone. BioTechniques 29: Kibler, P. K., J. Duncan, B. D. Keith, T. Hupel, and J. R. Smiley Regulation of herpes simplex virus true late gene expression: sequences downstream from the US11 TATA box inhibit expression from an unreplicated template. J. Virol. 65: Kim, D. B., S. Zabierowski, and N. A. DeLuca The initiator element in a herpes simplex virus type 1 late-gene promoter enhances activation by ICP4, resulting in abundant late-gene expression. J. Virol. 76: Lin, C. L., H. Li, Y. Wang, F. X. Zhu, S. Kudchodkar, and Y. Yuan Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic origin (ori-lyt)-dependent DNA replication: identification of the ori-lyt and association of K8 bzip protein with the origin. J. Virol. 77: Lin, S. F., D. R. Robinson, G. Miller, and H. J. Kung Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a bzip protein with homology to BZLF1 of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 73: Lossos, I. S., A. A. Alizadeh, M. B. Eisen, W. C. Chan, P. O. Brown, D. Botstein, L. M. Staudt, and R. Levy Ongoing immunoglobulin somatic mutation in germinal center B cell-like but not in activated B cell-like diffuse large cell lymphomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: Mavromara-Nazos, P., and B. Roizman Activation of herpes simplex virus 1 gamma 2 genes by viral DNA replication. Virology 161: McWatters, B. J., R. M. Stenberg, and J. A. Kerry Characterization of the human cytomegalovirus UL75 (glycoprotein H) late gene promoter. Virology 303: Miller, G., M. O. Rigsby, L. Heston, E. Grogan, R. Sun, C. Metroka, J. A. Levy, S. J. Gao, Y. Chang, and P. Moore Antibodies to butyrateinducible antigens of Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: Moore, P. S., S. J. Gao, G. Dominguez, E. Cesarman, O. Lungu, D. M. Knowles, R. Garber, P. E. Pellett, D. J. McGeoch, and Y. Chang Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi s sarcoma. J. Virol. 70: Petroski, M. D., and E. K. Wagner Purification and characterization of a cellular protein that binds to the downstream activation sequence of the strict late UL38 promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 72: Renne, R., W. Zhong, B. Herndier, M. McGrath, N. Abbey, D. Kedes, and D. Ganem Lytic growth of Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat. Med. 2: Russo, J. J., R. A. Bohenzky, M. C. Chien, J. Chen, M. Yan, D. Maddalena, J. P. Parry, D. Peruzzi, I. S. Edelman, Y. Chang, and P. S. Moore Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: Serio, T. R., N. Cahill, M. E. Prout, and G. Miller A functionally distinct TATA box required for late progression through the Epstein-Barr virus life cycle. J. Virol. 72: Serio, T. R., J. L. Kolman, and G. Miller Late gene expression from the Epstein-Barr virus BcLF1 and BFRF3 promoters does not require DNA replication in cis. J. Virol. 71: Summers, W. C., and G. Klein Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus DNA synthesis and late gene expression by phosphonoacetic acid. J. Virol. 18: Tang, S., and Z. M. Zheng Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K8 exon 3 contains three 5 -splice sites and harbors a K8.1 transcription start site. J. Biol. Chem. 277: Wade, E. J., and D. H. Spector The human cytomegalovirus origin of DNA replication (orilyt) is the critical cis-acting sequence regulating replication-dependent late induction of the viral 1.2-kilobase RNA promoter. J. Virol. 68: Wing, B. A., R. A. Johnson, and E. S. Huang Identification of positive and negative regulatory regions involved in regulating expression of the human cytomegalovirus UL94 late promoter: role of IE2 86 and cellular p53 in mediating negative regulatory function. J. Virol. 72: Zheng, Z. M Split genes and their expression in Kaposi s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus. Rev. Med. Virol. 13: Zhong, W., H. Wang, B. Herndier, and D. Ganem Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:
Evaluation of the Lytic Origins of Replication of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Virus/Human Herpesvirus 8 in the Context of the Viral Genome
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Oct. 2006, p. 9905 9909 Vol. 80, No. 19 0022-538X/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.01004-06 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Evaluation of the Lytic
More informationReceived 25 November 2003/Accepted 7 April 2004
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Aug. 2004, p. 8615 8629 Vol. 78, No. 16 0022-538X/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.16.8615 8629.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Kaposi s
More informationA Functionally Distinct TATA Box Required for Late Progression through the Epstein-Barr Virus Life Cycle
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Oct. 1998, p. 8338 8343 Vol. 72, No. 10 0022-538X/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. A Functionally Distinct TATA Box Required for
More informationEgr-1 regulates RTA transcription through a cooperative involvement of transcriptional regulators
/, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 53), pp: 91425-91444 Egr-1 regulates RTA transcription through a cooperative involvement of transcriptional regulators Roni Sarkar 1 and Subhash C. Verma 1 1 Department of Microbiology
More informationAuto-activation of the rta gene of human herpesvirus-8/ Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Journal of General Virology (2000), 81, 3043 3048. Printed in Great Britain... SHORT COMMUNICATION Auto-activation of the rta gene of human herpesvirus-8/ Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Hongyu
More informationActivation of Gene Expression by Human Herpes Virus 6
Activation of Gene Expression by Human Herpes Virus 6 M. E. M. Campbell and S. McCorkindale 1 Introduction Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) was first detected by Salahuddin et al. [6] and has been isolated
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. SC35M polymerase activity in the presence of Bat or SC35M NP encoded from the phw2000 rescue plasmid.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Supplementary Figure 1. SC35M polymerase activity in the presence of Bat or SC35M NP encoded from the phw2000 rescue plasmid. HEK293T
More informationStability determinants of Murine Cytomegalovirus long non-coding RNA7.2
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 23 July 2014 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.01695-14 Copyright 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 Stability determinants of Murine
More informationHerpesviruses. Virion. Genome. Genes and proteins. Viruses and hosts. Diseases. Distinctive characteristics
Herpesviruses Virion Genome Genes and proteins Viruses and hosts Diseases Distinctive characteristics Virion Enveloped icosahedral capsid (T=16), diameter 125 nm Diameter of enveloped virion 200 nm Capsid
More informationThe K-bZIP Protein from Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Interacts with p53 and Represses Its Transcriptional Activity
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 2000, p. 11977 11982 Vol. 74, No. 24 0022-538X/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. The K-bZIP Protein from Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated
More informationTranscription Program of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Oct. 2003, p. 10488 10503 Vol. 77, No. 19 0022-538X/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.19.10488 10503.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Transcription
More informationEpstein Barr Virus (EBV) Late Gene Transcription Depends on the Assembly of a Viral Specific Pre-Initiation Complex
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 27 August 2014 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.02139-14 Copyright 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
More informationCharacterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K1 promoter activation by Rta
Virology 348 (2006) 309 327 www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K1 promoter activation by Rta Brian S. Bowser a, Stephanie Morris b, Moon Jung
More informationORF18 Is a Transfactor That Is Essential for Late Gene Transcription of a Gammaherpesvirus
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Oct. 2006, p. 9730 9740 Vol. 80, No. 19 0022-538X/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.00246-06 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. ORF18 Is a Transfactor
More informationCuiLiLin,Hong Li, Yan Wang, Fan Xiu Zhu, Sagar Kudchodkar, and Yan Yuan*
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, May 2003, p. 5578 5588 Vol. 77, No. 10 0022-538X/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.10.5578 5588.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Kaposi s
More informationPolyomaviridae. Spring
Polyomaviridae Spring 2002 331 Antibody Prevalence for BK & JC Viruses Spring 2002 332 Polyoma Viruses General characteristics Papovaviridae: PA - papilloma; PO - polyoma; VA - vacuolating agent a. 45nm
More informationIn vitro DNase I foot printing. In vitro DNase I footprinting was performed as described
Supplemental Methods In vitro DNase I foot printing. In vitro DNase I footprinting was performed as described previously 1 2 using 32P-labeled 211 bp fragment from 3 HS1. Footprinting reaction mixes contained
More informationCONCISE COMMUNICATION
306 CONCISE COMMUNICATION Evaluation of the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (ORF73) of Kaposi s Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus by Peptide Mapping and Bacterially Expressed Recombinant Western Blot Assay
More informationTranscription Mapping and Expression Patterns of Genes in the Major Immediate-Early Region of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Virology 299, 301 314 (2002) doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1561 Transcription Mapping and Expression Patterns of Genes in the Major Immediate-Early Region of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Alexei K. Saveliev,
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Proteins EBNA-3A and EBNA- 3C Are Essential for B-Lymphocyte Growth Transformation
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Apr. 1993, p. 2014-2025 Vol. 67, No. 4 0022-538X/93/042014-12$02.00/0 Copyright 1993, American Society for Microbiology Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Proteins EBNA-3A and EBNA- 3C Are
More informationReplication and Transcription Activator (RTA) of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Binds to an RTA-Responsive Element and Activates the Expression of ORF18
REFERENCES CONTENT ALERTS Replication and Transcription Activator (RTA) of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Binds to an RTA-Responsive Element and Activates the Expression of ORF18 Yun Hong, Jing Qi, Danyang
More informationDetermination of the temporal pattern and importance of BALF1 expression in Epstein-Barr viral infection
Determination of the temporal pattern and importance of BALF1 expression in Epstein-Barr viral infection Melissa Mihelidakis May 6, 2004 7.340 Research Proposal Introduction Apoptosis, or programmed cell
More informationThe Epstein-Barr virus BcRF1 gene product is a TBP-like protein with an essential role in late gene expression.
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 28 March 2012 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.00159-12 Copyright 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 The Epstein-Barr virus BcRF1
More informationConditional and reversible disruption of essential herpesvirus protein functions
nature methods Conditional and reversible disruption of essential herpesvirus protein functions Mandy Glaß, Andreas Busche, Karen Wagner, Martin Messerle & Eva Maria Borst Supplementary figures and text:
More informationLiangjin Zhu,* Rong Wang,* Alisa Sweat,* Elliot Goldstein, Rebecca Horvat, and Bala Chandran*,1
Virology 256, 381 392 (1999) Article ID viro.1999.9674, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Comparison of Human Sera Reactivities in Immunoblots with Recombinant Human Herpesvirus (HHV)-8
More informationMicroRNA sponges: competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells
MicroRNA sponges: competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells Margaret S Ebert, Joel R Neilson & Phillip A Sharp Supplementary figures and text: Supplementary Figure 1. Effect of sponges on
More informationAn Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microrna targets PUMA to promote host cell survival
An Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microrna targets to promote host cell survival The Journal of Experimental Medicine 205(11): 2551-2560, 2008. 1 Elizabeth Yee-Wai Choy, Kam-Leung Siu, Kin-Hang Kok, Raymond
More informationCircular RNAs (circrnas) act a stable mirna sponges
Circular RNAs (circrnas) act a stable mirna sponges cernas compete for mirnas Ancestal mrna (+3 UTR) Pseudogene RNA (+3 UTR homolgy region) The model holds true for all RNAs that share a mirna binding
More informationSupplementary information
Supplementary information Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNA mir-us4-1 Inhibits CD8 + T Cell Response by Targeting ERAP1 Sungchul Kim, Sanghyun Lee, Jinwook Shin, Youngkyun Kim, Irini Evnouchidou, Donghyun
More informationSylvain Lefort and Louis Flamand*
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, June 2009, p. 5869 5880 Vol. 83, No. 11 0022-538X/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.01821-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated
More informationVIRUSES AND CANCER Michael Lea
VIRUSES AND CANCER 2010 Michael Lea VIRAL ONCOLOGY - LECTURE OUTLINE 1. Historical Review 2. Viruses Associated with Cancer 3. RNA Tumor Viruses 4. DNA Tumor Viruses HISTORICAL REVIEW Historical Review
More informationOriginally published as:
Originally published as: Budt, M., Hristozova, T., Hille, G., Berger, K., Brune, W. Construction of a lytically replicating Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (2011) Journal of Virology, 85 (19),
More informationNanoparticles and persistent virus infection a dangerous liaison for the development of chronic lung disease(s)? Tobias Stöger
Nanoparticles and persistent virus infection a dangerous liaison for the development of chronic lung disease(s)? Tobias Stöger Herpesviruses and lung disease Double-stranded DNA-viruses (a, b, g- herpesviruses)
More informationHepatitis B Antiviral Drug Development Multi-Marker Screening Assay
Hepatitis B Antiviral Drug Development Multi-Marker Screening Assay Background ImQuest BioSciences has developed and qualified a single-plate method to expedite the screening of antiviral agents against
More informationRestricted VZV transcription in human trigeminal ganglia
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 27 June 2012 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.01331-12 Copyright 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Restricted VZV transcription
More informationTo test the possible source of the HBV infection outside the study family, we searched the Genbank
Supplementary Discussion The source of hepatitis B virus infection To test the possible source of the HBV infection outside the study family, we searched the Genbank and HBV Database (http://hbvdb.ibcp.fr),
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus Polypeptides: Identification of Early Proteins and Their Synthesis and Glycosylation
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Aug. 1981, p. 651-655 0022-538X/81/080651-05$02.00/0 Vol. 39, No. 2 Epstein-Barr Virus Polypeptides: Identification of Early Proteins and Their Synthesis and Glycosylation ROBERT J.
More informationSupplemental Materials and Methods Plasmids and viruses Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR Generation of molecular standard for quantitative PCR
Supplemental Materials and Methods Plasmids and viruses To generate pseudotyped viruses, the previously described recombinant plasmids pnl4-3-δnef-gfp or pnl4-3-δ6-drgfp and a vector expressing HIV-1 X4
More informationStructural vs. nonstructural proteins
Why would you want to study proteins associated with viruses or virus infection? Receptors Mechanism of uncoating How is gene expression carried out, exclusively by viral enzymes? Gene expression phases?
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) SM Protein Induces and Recruits Cellular Sp110b To Stabilize mrnas and Enhance EBV Lytic Gene Expression
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Sept. 2004, p. 9412 9422 Vol. 78, No. 17 0022-538X/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9412 9422.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Epstein-Barr
More informationSupplemental Figure 1
1 Supplemental Figure 1 Effects of DATE shortening on HGF promoter activity. The HGF promoter region (-1037 to +56) containing wild-type (30As) or truncated DATE (26As, 27As, 28A, 29As) from breast cancer
More informationEpstein-Barr Virus BART MicroRNAs Are Produced from a Large Intron prior to Splicing
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Sept. 2008, p. 9094 9106 Vol. 82, No. 18 0022-538X/08/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.00785-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Epstein-Barr Virus BART
More informationKaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF6 Gene Is Essential in Viral Lytic Replication
Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF6 Gene Is Essential in Viral Lytic Replication Can Peng, Jungang Chen, Wei Tang, Chunlan Liu, Xulin Chen* State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of
More informationFine Mapping of a cis-acting Sequence Element in Yellow Fever Virus RNA That Is Required for RNA Replication and Cyclization
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 2003, p. 2265 2270 Vol. 77, No. 3 0022-538X/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.3.2265 2270.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Fine Mapping
More informationUse of the red fluorescent protein as a marker of Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic gene expression
Virology 325 (2004) 225 240 www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Use of the red fluorescent protein as a marker of Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic gene expression Jeffrey Vieira* and Patricia M.
More informationReceived 2 November 2007/Accepted 19 February 2008
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, May 2008, p. 4235 4249 Vol. 82, No. 9 0022-538X/08/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.02370-07 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated
More informationChapter 4 Cellular Oncogenes ~ 4.6 -
Chapter 4 Cellular Oncogenes - 4.2 ~ 4.6 - Many retroviruses carrying oncogenes have been found in chickens and mice However, attempts undertaken during the 1970s to isolate viruses from most types of
More informationMultiple Regions of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF59 RNA are Required for Its Expression Mediated by Viral ORF57 and Cellular RBM15
Viruses 2015, 7, 496-510; doi:10.3390/v7020496 Communication OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Multiple Regions of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF59 RNA are Required
More informationDifferential Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression by the Sp1 Transcription Factor
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Sept. 2001, p. 8400 8406 Vol. 75, No. 18 0022-538X/01/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8400 8406.2001 Copyright 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Differential
More informationSupplementary Information. Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Information Supplementary Figure 1 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Functional assay of the hcas9-2a-mcherry construct (a) Gene correction of a mutant EGFP reporter cell line mediated by hcas9 or
More informationmir-k12-7-5p Encoded by Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Stabilizes the Latent State by Targeting Viral ORF50/RTA
mir-k12-7-5p Encoded by Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Stabilizes the Latent State by Targeting Viral ORF50/RTA Xianzhi Lin 1, Deguang Liang 1, Zhiheng He 1, Qiang Deng 1, Erle S. Robertson 2,
More informationSoft Agar Assay. For each cell pool, 100,000 cells were resuspended in 0.35% (w/v)
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND METHODS Soft Agar Assay. For each cell pool, 100,000 cells were resuspended in 0.35% (w/v) top agar (LONZA, SeaKem LE Agarose cat.5004) and plated onto 0.5% (w/v) basal agar.
More informationof Nebraska - Lincoln
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Virology Papers Virology, Nebraska Center for February 2008 Mutual Inhibition between Kaposi s Sarcoma- Associated Herpesvirus
More informationReceived 26 January 1996/Returned for modification 28 February 1996/Accepted 15 March 1996
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, June 1996, p. 3012 3022 Vol. 16, No. 6 0270-7306/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Base Pairing at the 5 Splice Site with U1 Small Nuclear RNA
More informationDisruption of the M2 Gene of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Alters Splenic Latency following Intranasal, but Not Intraperitoneal, Inoculation
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 2002, p. 1790 1801 Vol. 76, No. 4 0022-538X/02/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.4.1790 1801.2002 Copyright 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Disruption
More informationDoctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei,
Cyclooxygenase 2 facilitates dengue virus replication and serves as a potential target for developing antiviral agents Chun-Kuang Lin 1,2, Chin-Kai Tseng 3,4, Yu-Hsuan Wu 3,4, Chih-Chuang Liaw 1,5, Chun-
More informationThe C-Terminal Region but Not the Arg-X-Pro Repeat of Epstein-Barr Virus Protein EB2 Is Required for Its Effect on RNA Splicing and Transport
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, May 1999, p. 4090 4100 Vol. 73, No. 5 0022-538X/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. The C-Terminal Region but Not the Arg-X-Pro Repeat
More informationActivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transcription in T Cells Revisited: NF- B p65 Stimulates Transcriptional Elongation
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Sept. 2001, p. 8524 8537 Vol. 75, No. 18 0022-538X/01/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8524 8537.2001 Copyright 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Activation
More informationof Nebraska - Lincoln
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Virology Papers Virology, Nebraska Center for 12-2001 Identification of a Cellular Protein That Interacts and Synergizes
More informationL I F E S C I E N C E S
1a L I F E S C I E N C E S 5 -UUA AUA UUC GAA AGC UGC AUC GAA AAC UGU GAA UCA-3 5 -TTA ATA TTC GAA AGC TGC ATC GAA AAC TGT GAA TCA-3 3 -AAT TAT AAG CTT TCG ACG TAG CTT TTG ACA CTT AGT-5 OCTOBER 31, 2006
More informationYamaguchi University School of Medicine, Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi. growth in low serum, anchorage-independent growth in soft
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Sept. 1994, p. 6069-6073 Vol. 68, No. 9 0022-538X/94/$04.00+0 Copyright 1994, American Society for Microbiology Isolation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Negative Cell Clones from the
More informationMaterials and Methods , The two-hybrid principle.
The enzymatic activity of an unknown protein which cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine residue of a viral protein and the 5 terminus of the picornavirus RNA Introduction Every day there
More informationHEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with reporters, N3-ICD construct and
Supplementary Information Luciferase reporter assay HEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with reporters, N3-ICD construct and increased amounts of wild type or kinase inactive EGFR. Transfections
More informationAdvances in gene encoding proteins of human herpesvirus 6
2009 9 4 3 Journal of Microbes and Infection, September 2009, Vol. 4, No. 3 165 6 1, 2 1., 241000; 2., 210029 : 6 ( HHV-6) DNA, HHV-6 80 100, ( IE) DNA DNA HHV-6 : 6 ; ; Advances in gene encoding proteins
More informationDATA SHEET. Provided: 500 µl of 5.6 mm Tris HCl, 4.4 mm Tris base, 0.05% sodium azide 0.1 mm EDTA, 5 mg/liter calf thymus DNA.
Viral Load DNA >> Standard PCR standard 0 Copies Catalog Number: 1122 Lot Number: 150298 Release Category: A Provided: 500 µl of 5.6 mm Tris HCl, 4.4 mm Tris base, 0.05% sodium azide 0.1 mm EDTA, 5 mg/liter
More informationDual Upstream Open Reading Frames Control Translation of a Herpesviral Polycistronic mrna. Lisa Marie Kronstad
Dual Upstream Open Reading Frames Control Translation of a Herpesviral Polycistronic mrna By Lisa Marie Kronstad A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
More informationTranscriptional Regulation of the Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K15 Gene
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 2006, p. 1385 1392 Vol. 80, No. 3 0022-538X/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.80.3.1385 1392.2006 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Transcriptional
More informationof Nebraska - Lincoln
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Virology Papers Virology, Nebraska Center for April 2017 Lysine residues of interferon regulatory factor 7 affect the replication
More informationKaposi Sarcoma Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Kaposi Sarcoma Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Learn about the risk factors for Kaposi sarcoma.
More informationICP27 Selectively Regulates the Cytoplasmic Localization of a Subset of Viral Transcripts in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Cells
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Jan. 2004, p. 23 32 Vol. 78, No. 1 0022-538X/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.1.23 32.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. ICP27 Selectively
More information7.012 Quiz 3 Answers
MIT Biology Department 7.012: Introductory Biology - Fall 2004 Instructors: Professor Eric Lander, Professor Robert A. Weinberg, Dr. Claudette Gardel Friday 11/12/04 7.012 Quiz 3 Answers A > 85 B 72-84
More informationHuman Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Immediate early proteins, gene expression and signaling
Viruses, Cells and Disease November 13, 2008 Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Immediate early proteins, gene expression and signaling Dr. Hua Zhu ICPH E350D UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School 973-972-4483 X
More informationDepartments of Medicine 1 and Pediatrics, 2 Medical College of Virginia Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 2002, p. 2009 2013 Vol. 76, No. 4 0022-538X/02/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.4.2009 2013.2002 Copyright 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Terminally
More informationAberrant Promoter CpG Methylation is a Mechanism for Lack of Hypoxic Induction of
Aberrant Promoter CpG Methylation is a Mechanism for Lack of Hypoxic Induction of PHD3 in a Diverse Set of Malignant Cells Abstract The prolyl-hydroxylase domain family of enzymes (PHD1-3) plays an important
More informationViruses. Properties. Some viruses contain other ingredients (e.g., lipids, carbohydrates), but these are derived from their host cells.
Viruses Properties They are obligate intracellular parasites. Probably there are no cells in nature that escape infection by one or more kinds of viruses. (Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages.)
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 IL-27 IL
Tim-3 Supplementary Figure 1 Tc0 49.5 0.6 Tc1 63.5 0.84 Un 49.8 0.16 35.5 0.16 10 4 61.2 5.53 10 3 64.5 5.66 10 2 10 1 10 0 31 2.22 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 IL-10 28.2 1.69 IL-27 Supplementary Figure 1.
More informationPart-4. Cell cycle regulatory protein 5 (Cdk5) A novel target of ERK in Carb induced cell death
Part-4 Cell cycle regulatory protein 5 (Cdk5) A novel target of ERK in Carb induced cell death 95 1. Introduction The process of replicating DNA and dividing cells can be described as a series of coordinated
More informationTranscription of the herpes simplex virus, type 1 genome during productive and quiescent. infection of neuronal and non-neuronal cells.
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 9 April 2014 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/jvi.00516-14 Copyright 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Transcription of the
More informationLytic Cycle Switches of Oncogenic Human Gammaherpesviruses 1
Lytic Cycle Switches of Oncogenic Human Gammaherpesviruses 1 George Miller,*,{ Ayman El Guindy, z Jill Countryman, z Jianjiang Ye, z and Lyn Gradoville* *Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School
More informationSupplementary information. MARCH8 inhibits HIV-1 infection by reducing virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins
Supplementary information inhibits HIV-1 infection by reducing virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins Takuya Tada, Yanzhao Zhang, Takayoshi Koyama, Minoru Tobiume, Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Shoji
More informationMolecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 May 3, 2004
Molecular Biology (BIOL 4320) Exam #2 May 3, 2004 Name SS# This exam is worth a total of 100 points. The number of points each question is worth is shown in parentheses after the question number. Good
More information/06/$15.00/0 Molecular Endocrinology 20(9): Copyright 2006 by The Endocrine Society doi: /me
0888-8809/06/$15.00/0 Molecular Endocrinology 20(9):2062 2079 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2006 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/me.2005-0316 Androgens, Progestins, and Glucocorticoids Induce Follicle-Stimulating
More informationLarge DNA viruses: Herpesviruses, Poxviruses, Baculoviruses and Giant viruses
Large DNA viruses: Herpesviruses, Poxviruses, Baculoviruses and Giant viruses Viruses are the only obstacles to the domination of the Earth by mankind. -Joshua Lederberg Recommended reading: Field s Virology
More informationSupplemental Figure S1. Expression of Cirbp mrna in mouse tissues and NIH3T3 cells.
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE AND TABLE LEGENDS Supplemental Figure S1. Expression of Cirbp mrna in mouse tissues and NIH3T3 cells. A) Cirbp mrna expression levels in various mouse tissues collected around the clock
More informationComputational Identification and Prediction of Tissue-Specific Alternative Splicing in H. Sapiens. Eric Van Nostrand CS229 Final Project
Computational Identification and Prediction of Tissue-Specific Alternative Splicing in H. Sapiens. Eric Van Nostrand CS229 Final Project Introduction RNA splicing is a critical step in eukaryotic gene
More informationEukaryotic transcription (III)
Eukaryotic transcription (III) 1. Chromosome and chromatin structure Chromatin, chromatid, and chromosome chromatin Genomes exist as chromatins before or after cell division (interphase) but as chromatids
More informationConstruction of a Full Transcription Map of Human Papillomavirus Type 18 during Productive Viral Infection
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Aug. 2011, p. 8080 8092 Vol. 85, No. 16 0022-538X/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jvi.00670-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Construction of a Full
More informationRAPID COMMUNICATION. Canine Cyclin T1 Rescues Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Tat Trans-Activation in Human Cells
Virology 268, 7 11 (2000) doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0141, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on RAPID COMMUNICATION Canine Cyclin T1 Rescues Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Tat Trans-Activation
More informationStructure and Role of the Terminal Repeats of Epstein-Barr Virus in Processing and Packaging of Virion DNA
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, May 1995, p. 3147 3155 Vol. 69, No. 5 0022-538X/95/$04.00 0 Copyright 1995, American Society for Microbiology Structure and Role of the Terminal Repeats of Epstein-Barr Virus in Processing
More informationThe Structure and Coding Organization of the Genomic Termini of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)
VIROLOGY 236, 147 154 (1997) ARTICLE NO. VY978713 The Structure and Coding Organization of the Genomic Termini of Kaposi s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) Michael Lagunoff and Don
More information7.012 Problem Set 6 Solutions
Name Section 7.012 Problem Set 6 Solutions Question 1 The viral family Orthomyxoviridae contains the influenza A, B and C viruses. These viruses have a (-)ss RNA genome surrounded by a capsid composed
More informationTranscription of the German Cockroach Densovirus BgDNV Genome: Alternative Processing of Viral RNAs
ISSN 1607-6729, Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2008, Vol. 421, pp. 176 180. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008. Original Russian Text T.V. Kapelinskaya, E.U. Martynova, A.L. Korolev, C. Schal, D.V.
More informationTranscription and RNA processing
Transcription and RNA processing Lecture 7 Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring 2016 It is possible that Nature invented DNA for the purpose of achieving regulation at the transcriptional rather than at
More informationLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7 Center Drive MSC 0720, Bethesda, MD
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 11259 11264, September 1999 Biochemistry The M2 2 protein of human respiratory syncytial virus is a regulatory factor involved in the balance between RNA replication
More informationHerpes Simplex Virus ICP27 Induces Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Unspliced Polyadenylated -Globin Pre-mRNA in Infected HeLa Cells
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Mar. 2000, p. 2913 2919 Vol. 74, No. 6 0022-538X/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Herpes Simplex Virus ICP27 Induces Cytoplasmic
More informationFayth K. Yoshimura, Ph.D. September 7, of 7 HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES
1 of 7 I. Viral Origin. A. Retrovirus - animal lentiviruses. HIV - BASIC PROPERTIES 1. HIV is a member of the Retrovirus family and more specifically it is a member of the Lentivirus genus of this family.
More information8 Suppression Analysis
Genetic Techniques for Biological Research Corinne A. Michels Copyright q 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-89921-6 (Hardback); 0-470-84662-3 (Electronic) 8 Suppression Analysis OVERVIEW Suppression
More informationAvailable online at G. Gordon Reid, Victoria Ellsmore, and Nigel D. Stow*
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com R Virology 308 (2003) 303 316 www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro An analysis of the requirements for human cytomegalovirus orilyt-dependent DNA synthesis in the presence
More informationIntroduction retroposon
17.1 - Introduction A retrovirus is an RNA virus able to convert its sequence into DNA by reverse transcription A retroposon (retrotransposon) is a transposon that mobilizes via an RNA form; the DNA element
More informationAction and Mechanism of Epstein Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein1. induced Immortalization of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts *
21 1 21 1 16-20 2006 1 VIROLOGICA SINICA January 2006 EB 1 MEF * ** 410078 Action and Mechanism of Epstein Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein1 induced Immortalization of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts * HE
More information