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1 Arthrology 1
2 Where a bone joins Synchondrosis 2 basic types of joint structure classification Without a cavity (2 types) With a cavity (1 type) Bones joined by solid Masses of connective Bones joined by a CT capsule tissue (CT) surrounding a synovial cavity Range of motion (ROM) Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthroses (synovial) No movement (synostosis) Slightly movable Freely movable Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial 2
3 Fibrous joints Syn Gomphosis Suture Gomphosis desmo Horse Radius and Ulna Gomphosis Dog Tibia and fiula 3
4 Suture Types of Sutures According to the form of the united margins: Cartilaginous joints Cartilaginous: Synchondrosis Synchondrosis (primary) -- hyaline cartilage union Symphysis (secondary) ostoses 4
5 Cartilaginous: (symphysis) Nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus Intervertebral Disk The ossification process These provide for bone growth and then subside once bone has reached mature length Make junvenile radiographic interpretation challenging Common fracture sight in young Must know typical closure dates for radiology 5
6 Essential structures Synovial = Diarthrodial joints 6 types 1. Articular capsule: - Fibrous layer - Synovial membrane: Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage: 6
7 Articular or joint Capsule Articular Cavity Articular (Synovial) cavity and Synovial Fluid 7
8 Joint Taps - Synovial Fluid Analysis Synovial fluid Accessory structures Ligamensts Ligaments Extracapsular Intracapsular Intra-articular fibrocartilage - Capsular Marginal cartilage (labra) Fat pads 8
9 Fat Pads Articular Discs Between fibrous and synovial layers may protrude into joint cavity (pushing the synovial membrane into folds inside the synovial cavity) e.g., parapatellar fat pads of the stifle joint Meniscus Labrum 9
10 Classification of synovial joints According to # of bones forming the joint According to # of bones forming the joint According to shape of articular surface According to axis of movement According to shape of articular surface 1- Plane Spheroidal (ball and socket) e.g., carpal, tarsal joints, and vertebrae (dorsal articulation) Gliding or sliding movement Equine cervical vertebra 10
11 Ellipsoidal Saddle Condylar Pivot 11
12 Pivot (Trochoid) Ex. Atlantoaxial j. According to axis of movement Uniaxial Biaxial According to axis of movement Multiaxial 12
13 Movements of synovial joint General Myology Myo + ology = The study of muscle 13
14 Types of muscle tissue (3 types): Skeletal Muscle Smooth Striated Smooth Cardiac Skeletal Cardiac Skeletal muscle fibers are enveloped by connective tissue epimysium Epimysium muscle belly perimysium endomysium Perimysium muscle fascicles endomysium Nucleus Endomysium (cells) Tendons muscle fibers Muscle muscle fascicle 14
15 Types of attachments Regions: h Tendons may be: Very Very short Very broad aponeurosis Sharpey's fibers: Panniculus reflex Sensory innervation of tendons and ligaments reflex inhibition 15
16 Types of skeletal muscles (according to orientation of fibers in the muscle) Parallel (Strap) ex. Sartorius M. Fusiform Pennate Muscles Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Flat Circular (sphincter muscles) --- fibers arranged in concentric rings closes the openings. e.g., orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi Pennate fibers join the tendon obliquely more fibers more powerful Fibers attach obliquely along one side of the tendon Like half a feather Genioglosseus M. Abductor pollicis longus M. Psoas minor M. Fibers running obliquely along both sides of a centrally located tendon. Like a whole feather Common digital extensor M. Gastrocnemius M. Rectus femoris M. Appears as a series of bipennate muscles set side by side. Like a number of feathers placed next to one another Deltoideus M. Flat muscle Unipennate Bipennate Unipennate muscle Bipennate muscle Mulitpennate muscle 16
17 Types of skeletal muscles (according to number of joints it crosses) Grouping According to action: Uniarticular Biarticular Polyarticular Depression Extension Abduction Adduction Flexion Pronation Supination Muscle Nomenclature According to shape Size Relative position/direction Origin and insertion Function Structure Combination Elevation 17
18 Muscle Nomenclature Muscle injuries Accessory structures associated with skeletal muscles Superficial fascia Deep fascia endomyseal sheathing and sarcolemma intact regenerates CT (scarring). 18
19 Modification of the deep fascia: Carpal flexor retinaculum Fascia clinical importance approach Digital annular ligaments Compartmental syndrome Synovial Bursa Navicular bursa A sac-like structure between 2 different tissues to reduce friction. Structure as the j. capsule, i.e. its wall consists of a fibrous layer lined by a synovial membrane. E.g., Bicipital bursa Navicular bursa 19
20 Synovial sheath Mesotendon Vascularization of skeletal Muscles Arteries Veins Lymphatic Innervation of skeletal Muscles Motor nerves Sensory nerves 20
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