10/13/ Fibrous Joints. 1. Sutures
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1 Chapter Joints Joints hold bones together but permit movement Point of contact between 2 bones between cartilage and bone between teeth and bones Arthrology = study of joints Kinesiology = study of motion 9-1 Classification of Joints 1) Type of tissue and 2) type of movement used as classification 1. Type of tissue (3 types): 1. ibrous Joints: collagen fibers 2. Cartilaginous Joints: cartilage 3. Synovial Joints: dense irregular CT forming capsule & accessory s 2. Type of movement (3 types) 1. synarthrotic no movement 2. amphiarthrotic slight movement 3. diarthrotic freely movable ibrous Joints Lack a synovial cavity Bones held closely together by fibrous CT (collagen) Synarthrosis or Amphiarthrosis) 3 ibrous joint types: 1. Sutures 2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphoses Sutures Thin layer of dense fibrous CT unites bones of skull Immovable (synarthrosis) Syndesmosis 3. Gomphosis ibrous joint: bones united by Amphiarthrosis.G., Anterior tibiofibular joint and Interosseous membrane 9-5 Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket Amphiarthrosis).G., Teeth in alveolar processes 9-6 1
2 2. Cartilaginous Joints 1. Synchondrosis Lacks a synovial cavity Synarthroses or Amphiarthroses Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage 2 types of cartilagenous joints: 1. synchondroses 2. symphyses 9-7 Bony Joints Connecting material is hyaline cartilage Immovable (synarthrosis) piphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum 9-8 ibrocartilage is connecting material Amphiarthroses.G., Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis 2. Symphysis 3. Synovial Joints Synovial Cavity: separates articulating bones Diarthroses Articular capsule: 1. ibrous capsule 2. Synovial membrane - inner lining of capsule - secretes synovial fluid -(nutrients to articular cartilage) Articular cartilage Synovial Joint Other Special eatures associated with joints Articular discs or menisci: ibro. Cart. Growth inwards from capsule Absorbs shock/pressure & a good fit Accessory s & tendons Bursae = saclike structures between structures
3 Tendon Sheaths and Bursae Tendon of flexor carpi radialis Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Tendon of flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus Ulnar bursa (cut) adial bursa (cut) lexor retinaculum (cut) Lumbrical muscles Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Joints and Lever Systems long bones act as levers to enhance speed or power of limb movements lever any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum rotation occurs when an effort applied overcomes resistance (load) at some other point resistance arm and effort arm are described relative to fulcrum Tendon sheath (opened) Tendon sheaths (load) Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus arm arm igure ulcrum irst-class Lever Second-Class Lever ulcrum (a) irst-class lever ulcrum (b) Second-class lever ulcrum igure 9.9b ulcrum has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance () resistance between fulcrum and effort () (c) Third-class lever ulcrum Third-Class Lever ulcrum igure 9.9c effort between the resistance and the fulcrum () Most joints of body ange of Motion range of motion (OM) degrees through which a joint can move range of motion determined by: structure of the articular surfaces strength & tautness of s and joint capsules action of the muscles and tendons nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone muscle tone state of tension maintained in resting muscles
4 Axes of otation Types of Synovial Joints (a) Abduction of arm (c) Internal rotation of arm Ball-and-socket joint (humeroscapular) Multi- axial Head of humerus Humerus Hinge joint (humeroulnar) monoaxial Scapula Ulna Pivot joint (radioulnar) monoaxial adius Ulna Carpal bones Plane joint (intercarpal) Biaxial (b) lexion of arm a moving bone has a relatively stationary axis of rotation that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement multiaxial joint - shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation 9-19 other joints monoaxial or biaxial Saddle joint (trapeziometacarpal) biaxial Metacarpal bone Carpal bone Metacarpal bone Condylar joint (metacarpophalangeal) Biaxial Phalanx igure Types of Synovial Joints: Plane Joint (Gliding Joint) Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved Side to side movement (biaxial) otation prevented by s xamples intercarpal or intertarsal joints sternoclavicular joint vertebrocostal joints 9-21 Hinge Joint Convex surface fits into concave surface (monoaxial) xamples Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints 9-22 Pivot Joint ounded surface articulates with ring & (monaxial) xamples: Proximal radioulnar joint Condylar or llipsoidal Joint Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression Biaxial xamples wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to
5 Saddle Joint One bone saddled-shaped; other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle Biaxial Circumduction: allows tip of thumb travel in circle Opposition: tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers Ball and Socket Joint Ball fitting into a cuplike depression Multiaxial flexion/extension abduction/adduction rotation xamples shoulder joint hip joint Movements of Synovial Joints lexion, xtension and Hyperextension vocabulary of movements of synovial joints used in kinesiology, physical therapy, and other medical fields flexion decreases joint angle lexion zero position position of joint when person is in standard anatomical position Joint movements are described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it extension straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position hyperextension further extension beyond zero position (a) xtension xtension Hyperextension 9-27 lexion (b) lexion, xtension and Hyperextension Movements of Head and Trunk lexion Hip flexion Hyperextension (c) (a) lexion (b) Hyperextension (c) Lateral flexion (d) xtension Knee flexion 9-29 flexion, hyperextension, and lateral flexion of vertebral column
6 Abduction and Adduction levation and Depression (a) Abduction (b) Adduction igure 9.13a,b abduction - movement in the frontal plane away from midline hyperabduction raise arm over back or front of head adduction - movement in the frontal plane back toward midline 9-31 hyperadduction crossing fingers, crossing ankles (a) levation (b) Depression elevation - a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane depression lowers a body part in the same plane 9-32 Protraction and etraction Circumduction protraction anterior movement of body part in transverse (horizontal) plane retraction posterior movement (a) Protraction circumduction - one end of appendage remains stationary while other end makes circular motion sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction movements (b) etraction 9-33 rotation bone spins on its longitudinal axis medial (internal) lateral (external) otation Supination and Pronation primarily forearm movements supination turns palm to face anteriorly or upward pronation turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward (a) Medial (internal) rotation (b) Lateral (external) rotation 9-35 (a) Supination (b) Pronation
7 otation of Trunk and Head Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permision required for reproduction or display. Special Movements of Mandible (a) Protraction (b) etraction igure 9.19d,e The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Timothy L. Vacula, photographer right and left rotation of trunk right and left rotation of head 9-37 (c) Lateral excursion (d) Medial excursion The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Timothy L. Vacula, photographer igure 9.20 lateral excursion right or left movement from the zero position medial excursion - movement back to the median, zero position protraction retraction elevation - depression 9-38 Special Movement of Hand and Digits Special Movements of the oot Dorsiflexion Zero position (b) Inversion (c) version Plantar flexion (a) lexion of ankle (a) adial flexion (b) Ulnar flexion (c) Abduction of fingers supination of foot complex combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction pronation of foot complex combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction (d) Palmar abduction of thumb (e) Opposition of thumb Some selected joints: Shoulder Joint Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Ball and socket All types of movement Glenohumeral joint Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint Articular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neck
8 Supporting Structures at Shoulder Articular Capsule of the lbow Joint Hip Joint Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone Ball and socket type of joint All types of movement possible 9-45 Hip Joint Capsule Dense, strong capsule reinforced by s iliofemoral ischiofemoral pubofemoral 9-46 Knee Joint Sagittal Section Quadriceps femoris tendon Bursa under lateral head of gastrocnemius Suprapatellar bursa Prepatellar bursa Articular cartilage Meniscus Synovial membrane Infrapatellar fat pad Superficial infrapatellar bursa Patellar Deep infrapatellar bursa (c) Sagittal section knee joint has at least 13 bursae
9 Patellar surface Lateral condyle ibular collateral Lateral meniscus Transverse Knee Joint Medial condyle Tibial Posterior cruciate collateral Anterior cruciate Medial meniscus Medial meniscus Tibial collateral Posterior cruciate Patellar (cut) Anterior cruciate ibular collateral Lateral meniscus Articular cartilage of tibia Ankle Joint (talocural) Tibia & fibula with talus Hinge Inversion, eversion, plantarflexion & dorsiflexion (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Osteoarthritis wear & tear arthritis Degenerative joint disease cartilage is eventually worn away Only cartilage is affected not synovial membrane Deterioration of cartilage produce bone spurs (grow into cavity) Pain upon awakening--disappears with movement
10 heumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune Antibody attacks Synovial membrane- & cartilage destroyed 1. Inflammation of synovial membrane 2. Granulation tissue produced (erodes cart.) 3. ibrous tissue forms between bones 4. inal step is joint ossification 10
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