Functions of Joints (Articulations) Lecture Overview. Marieb s Human Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 8 Joints Lecture 15. Functions of joints
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1 Marieb s Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Hoehn Chapter 8 Joints Lecture 15 1 Lecture Overview Functions of joints Classification of joints Types of joints Types of joint movements Some representative articulations 2 Functions of Joints (Articulations) Form functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together Make bone growth possible Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction A joint joins two bones or, parts of bones, together, regardless of ability of the bones to move around the joint 3 1
2 Some Useful Word Roots Arthros joint Syn together (immovable) Dia through, apart (freely moveable) Amphi on both sides (slightly moveable) Some Examples: Synarthrosis An immovable joint Amphiarthrosis A slightly movable joint Diarthrosis Freely movable joint Functional Classification (Very S-A-D) What does the term synostosis mean? 4 Classification of Joints How are the bones held together? How does the joint move? 3 answers 3 answers Structural Fibrous Joints dense connective tissues connect bones between bones in close contact Cartilaginous Joints hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones Functional synarthrotic immovable amphiarthrotic slightly movable diarthrotic freely movable Synovial Joints most complex allow free movement have a cavity 5 Joint Classification Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous Gomphosis (S) Suture (S) Syndesmosis (A) (S) = Synarthrosis (A) = Amphiarthrosis (D) = Diarthrosis Cartilaginous Synchondrosis (S) Symphysis (A) (N) = Nonaxial (M) = Monaxial (B) = Biaxial (P) = Polyaxial Synovial (D) Gliding (N) Hinge (M) Pivot (M) Condyloid (B) Saddle (B) Ball/Socket (P) This would be a really good chart to know for the exam! 6 2
3 Fibrous Joints - No synovial cavity (space between bones) - fibrous CT - little or no movement 3 Types Gomphosis Suture Syndesmosis Syndesmosis (desmos = band or ligament; to bind) long fibers connect bones amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) distal ends of tibia and fibula radius and ulna broad sheets or bundles Mnemonic for types of fibrous joints: Go sue synde for telling a fib 7 Suture (sewing together) between flat bones synarthrotic thin layer of connective tissue connects bones Fibrous Joints Gomphosis (bolting together) cone-shaped bony process in a socket tooth in jawbone peg-in-socket synarthrotic 8 Cartilaginous Joints - No synovial cavity - hyaline or fibrocartilage - little or no movement 2 Types Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones epiphyseal plate (temporary) between manubrium and first rib (sternocostal) synarthrotic (no movement) Mnemonic for cartilaginous joints: Cartilage either synchs or syms (sinks or swims) Sternocostal joints Costochondral joints 9 3
4 Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis) joint between bodies of vertebrae amphiarthrotic 10 Synovial Joints * Diarthrotic (freely movable) Structural features of diarthrotic joints - joint cavity* - articular cartilage - synovial membrane - synovial fluid - reinforcing ligaments, bursae and tendons Synovial fluid: Lubricates, distributes nutrients, and absorbs shock 11 Types of Synovial Joints Mnemonic for types of synovial joints (least movable to most movable): Geeky Humans Play Competitive Saddle Ball Gliding (Plane) Joint between carpals between tarsals between vertebrae Hinge Joint elbow knee between phalanges Flat surfaces move past one another (nonaxial) Angular open/close motion (monaxial) 14 4
5 Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna Saddle Joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb sternoclavicular joint Rotation around long axis (monaxial) Angular motion (biaxial) 15 Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint hip shoulder Condyloid Joint between metacarpals and phalanges between radius and carpals Movement around 3 axes and in between (multiaxial) Angular motion (biaxial) 16 Movement of Synovial Joints *All movements are based upon The body being in anatomical position All axial and appendicular joints being in full extension when in anatomical (zero) position Important to define which joint you are examining before trying to define movement 17 5
6 Flexion and Extension Usually occur in the sagittal plane Flexion decrease in angle between bones and parts come together (usually in direction of greatest mobility) Extension increase in angle between bones and parts move further apart (usually after flexion) Hyperextension Extension beyond the anatomical position (limited by tendons/ligaments/bones) Lateral Flexion movement from side-to-side (in the frontal plane) 18 Flexion and Extension Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Benjamin Cummings, ABduction, ADduction, and Circumduction Usually occur in the frontal plane ABduction movement away from midline ADduction movement toward midline Circumduction Movement of the distal end of a limb in a circle 20 6
7 ABduction, ADduction, and Circumduction Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Benjamin Cummings, Rotation, Pronation/Supination Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis (Special movement doesn t fit into the other categories) Figures From: Marieb & Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9 th ed., Pearson, Special Movements of Synovial Joints Anterior/posterior movement in the transverse plane Superior/inferior movement in the coronal plane Figures From: Marieb & Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9 th ed., Pearson,
8 Special Movements of Synovial Joints Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Benjamin Cummings, Joint Classification Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous Gomphosis (S) Suture (S) Syndesmosis (A) (S) = Synarthrosis (A) = Amphiarthrosis (D) = Diarthrosis Cartilaginous Synchondrosis (S) Symphysis (A) (N) = Nonaxial (M) = Monaxial (B) = Biaxial (P) = Polyaxial Synovial (D) Gliding (N) Hinge (M) Pivot (M) Condyloid (B) Saddle (B) Ball/Socket (P) This would be a really good chart to know for the exam! 25 Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint ball-and-socket head of humerus glenoid cavity of scapula loose joint capsule bursae ligaments prevent displacement very wide range of movement (but not as stable as hip) Aka: humeroscapular joint 28 8
9 Shoulder Joint 29 Rotor Cuff * Rotator cuff muscles = the SITS muscles * * * 30 Elbow Joint hinge joint (1) trochlea of humerus trochlear notch of ulna humeroulnar joint gliding joint (2) capitulum of humerus head of radius humeroradial joint radioulnar joint (annular lig.) flexion and extension many reinforcing ligaments stable joint Which arm, and which view, are we looking at here? 31 9
10 Elbow Joint 32 Hip (Coxal) Joint ball-and-socket joint head of femur acetabulum heavy joint capsule many reinforcing ligaments less freedom of movement than shoulder joint, but very strong Fovea capitis and ligamentum capitis (teres) 33 Hip Joint From: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill,
11 Knee (Tibiofemoral) Joint largest, most complex joint medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia femur articulates anteriorly with patella (patellofemoral joint) modified hinge joint flexion/extension/little rotation strengthened by many ligaments and tendons menisci (fibrocartilage discs) separate femur and tibia bursae 35 Knee Joint retinaculae Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, Knee Joint From: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007 (Meniscus = crescent) Deep posterior view, extended Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall,
12 Knee Joint Deep anterior view, flexed Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, Life-Span Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging Regular exercise can prevent stiffness Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height Synovial joints lose elasticity 39 Clinical Application Joint Disorders Sprains damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints forceful twisting of joint Bursitis inflammation of a bursa overuse of a joint Arthritis inflamed, swollen, painful joints Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Osteoarthritis (OA) Gout 40 12
13 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Result of autoimmune attack on the joints From: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, Joint Prostheses Prostheses used in knee replacement Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007 Be sure to check out the ExRx Articulations link on the Web site to get familiar with joint movements
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