ZNAČAJ PROTEAZE FON VILEBRANDOVOG FAKTORA U ETIOPATOGENEZI TROMBOTIČKE TROMBOCITOPENIJSKE PURPURE

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1 PREGLEDI IZ LITERATURE BIBLID: , 135(2007) 5-6, p ZNAČAJ PROTEAZE FON VILEBRANDOVOG FAKTORA U ETIOPATOGENEZI TROMBOTIČKE TROMBOCITOPENIJSKE PURPURE Nada SUVAJXIĆ-VUKOVIĆ Institut za hematologiju, Klinički centar Srbije, Beograd KRATAK SADRŽAJ Trom bo tič ka trom bo ci to pe nij ska pur pu ra (TTP) je di se mi no va ni ob lik trom bo tič ke mi kro an gi o pa ti je. Kla sič nu klinič ku sli ku či ne: trom bo ci to pe ni ja, mi kro an gi o pat ska he mo li zna ane mi ja, ra zno vr sni ne u ro lo ški po re me ća ji, po vi šena te le sna tem pe ra t u ra i ošte će na funk ci ja bu bre ga. U na s tan k u T TP ulo g u ima ju ošte će we en do te la, ak ti va ci ja pro ce sa apop to ze i či ni o ci ko ji iza zi va ju ak ti va ci ju i agre ga ci ju trom bo ci ta. U pla zmi ve li kog bro ja oso ba obo le lih od TTP doka za no je ne u tra li šu će auto an ti te lo, upe re no pro tiv pro te a ze ko ja raz gra đu je xi nov ske mul ti me re Fon Vi le bran do vog (vo n Will eb ran d ) fak to ra (vwf). Ta ko đe, po sto ji vr lo re dak po ro dič ni ob lik TTP iza zvan iz o stan kom sin te ze pro te a ze usled mu ta ci je oba ale la ko ji je ko di ra ju. Sma tra se da ne do sta tak ove pro te a ze, bi lo da je ste čen ili uro đen, do vo di do na go mila va wa ne raz gra đe nih xi nov skih mul ti me ra vwf, ko ji u mi kro cir ku la ci ji, pod dej stvom si le smi ca wa, iza zi va ju agre ga ciju trom bo ci ta, do vo de ći ti me do pa to fi zi o lo škog sup stra ta za na sta nak TTP. Klo ni ra we mo le ku la, a po tom i sin te za ove pro te a ze omo gu ći će no vi na pre dak u di jag no sti ko va wu i le če wu TTP. Na i me, za sa da se, zbog ne do stat ka stan dar di zo va nog i svi ma do s t up nog te s ta, di jag no za T TP po s ta vqa na osno vu u tvr đe ne di jag no s tič ke di ja de: trom bo ci to pe ni je i mi kro an gi o pat ske ane mi je ka da dru gi uzro ci wi ho vog na stan ka iz o sta ju, dok je i da qe zlat ni stan dard u le če wu TTP te ra pij ska izme na pla zme. Do sa da šwi te sto vi za do zi ra we pro te a ze u sta wu su da raz li ku ju TTP od he mo li tič ko-ure mij skog sin dro ma i dru gih ob li ka mi kro an gi o pat skog sin dro ma. Te sto vi se me đu sob no raz li ku ju pre ma vr sti ko ri šće nog sup stra ta i de natu ran ta, me to di ot kri va wa i tra ja wu iz vo đe wa. Kquč ne re či: trom bo tič ka trom bo ci to pe nij ska pur pu ra; eti o pa to ge ne za; pro te a za Fon Vi le bran do vog fak to ra UVOD Trom bo tič ka trom bo ci to pe nij ska pur pu ra (TTP) je re dak kli nič ki sin drom ko ji se od li ku je stva rawem di se mi no va nih oklu ziv nih trom bo cit nih agrega ta u ter mi nal nim ar te ri o la ma i ka pi la ri ma [1-5]. Bo lest se is po qa va u vi du trom bo ci to pe ni je i intra va sku lar ne he mo li zne ane mi je, ko ja na sta je fragmen ta ci jom eri tro ci ta pri pro la sku kroz za če pqe ne sit ne krv ne su do ve or ga ni zma. Oklu zi ja sit nih krvnih su do va do vo di do hi pok si je tki va i po sle dič ne dis funk ci je or ga na, po seb no cen tral nog ner vnog siste ma, ga stro in te sti nal nog trak ta i bu bre ga. Po više na te le sna tem pe ra tu ra se ja vqa kod vi še od 50% obo le lih oso ba [1-5]. PATOFIZIOLOGIJA TTP For mi ra we trom bo cit nih agre ga ta je kquč ni pore me ćaj u na stan ku TTP, ali we go va eti o pa to ge ne za za sad ni je pot pu no raz ja šwe na [1, 2]. Zna čaj nu ulo gu u na stan ku trom bo cit nih mi kro a gre ga ta ima ju: prome ne en do te la, mul ti me ri Fon Vi le bran do vog (von Wil le brand ) fak to ra (vwf) i sup stan ce ko je iza zi vaju agre ga ci ju trom bo ci ta. ENDOTEL Kao mo gu ći pa to ge net ski fak tor u na stan ku TTP na vo di se ošte će we en do te la [6, 7] ko je mo že na sta ti dej stvom imu nih kom plek sa, azot-ok si da i an ti te la upe re nih pro tiv en do te la krv nih su do va. Na i me, poka za no je da se rum obo le lih od TTP sti mu li še sin tezu tkiv nog fak to ra ko a gu la ci je u kul tu ri će li ja pupča ne ve ne [8] i da iza zi va apop to zu en do tel nih će li ja in vi tro pu tem re cep to ra Fas [9]. Ta ko đe je po ka za no da u pla zmi obo le lih od TTP po sto je auto an ti te la upere na pro tiv CD36, ko ji se eks pri mi ra na en do tel nim će li ja ma i trom bo ci ti ma [10]. U pla zmi obo le lih od TTP do ka za ne su i zna čaj no sni že ne vred no sti prosta ci kli na, sna žnog in hi bi to ra agre ga ci je trom boci ta po re klom iz en do te la [11]. FON VILEBRANDOV FAKTOR vwf, gli ko pro tein, neo p ho dan u pro ce su he mo staze, sa sto ji se od iden tič nih su bje di ni ca ma se 250 kda, me đu sob no po ve za nih di sul fid nim mo sto vi ma u multi me re, či ja je ve li či na od 500 do kda (She ma 1). Sva ka su bje di ni ca vwf se pre ko svo jih spe ci fičnih me sta ve zu je za raz li či te ti po ve ko la ge na, vanće lij ski ma triks, trom bo cit ne gli ko pro te i ne GPIb i GP IIb-IIIa, fak tor VI II:C, he pa rin, sul fi de, bo troce tin i ri sto ce tin. Mul ti me ri vwf se sin te ti šu uglav nom u Vaj bel-pa la di je vim te la šci ma en do telnih će li ja, a u ma woj me ri u me ga ka ri o ci ti ma. Po sle ak ti va ci je en do te la raz li či tim agen si ma (hi sta min, Shi ga tok sin, fak tor tu mor ske ne kro ze al fa, in ter leu ki ni 6 i 8), do la zi do oslo ba đa wa xi nov skih mul time ra vwf. Na i me, Mo uk (Mo a ke ) sa sa rad ni ci ma [12] je pr vi ot krio xi nov ske mul ti me re vwf u pla zmi bole sni ka s re lap si ra ju ćim hro nič nim ob li kom TTP u fa zi kli nič ke re mi si je i su ge ri sao da su ovi, izra zi to ad he ziv ni, vwf mul ti me ri svo jim ve zi va wem za gli ko pro te in ske kom plek se na po vr ši ni trom bo 360

2 (140 kda) vwf vwf SHEMA 1. Proces polimerizacije i razgradwe molekula vwf pod dejsvom [28]. SCHEME 1. Process of VWF polymerization and cleavage by [28]. A: Dimeri pro-vwf se povezuju disulfidnim vezama u polimer, dok je propeptid hidrolitičkim putem otcepqen. B: Enzim hidrolizom peptida na mestu Tyr842-Met843 cepa xinovski molekul vwf na niz mawih multimera. Kao nusproizvod nastaju fragmenti vwf mase od 176 i 140 kda. A: Pro-vWF dimers are linked by disulfide bonds to form a polymer while the propeptide is cleaved. B: Cleavage by at the peptide bond Tyr842-Met843 converts the endothelial vwf to a series of multimers. In this process 176-kDa and 140-kDa fragments are generated. ci ta GP Ibα i IIb-IIIa od go vor ni za stva ra we trombo cit nih agre ga ta u mi kro cir ku la ci ji pod dej stvom si le smi ca wa (tzv. she ar stress). Na i me, u cir ku la ci ji zdra vih oso ba se ni ka da ne mo gu na ći xi nov ski multi me ri vwf, već sa mo ma wi mul ti me ri vwf ma se od 140, 189, 176 i 225 KDa, na sta li pro te o li tič kim razla ga wem xi nov skih mul ti me ra. PROTEAZA ZA vwf Pro te a za ko ja raz la že xi nov ske mul ti me re vwf dez in te grin, me ta lo pro te i na za, ko ja is po qa va struk tur nu slič nost sa trom bo spon di nom tip I (A D i s in te g r in And Me talloproteas a w ith T hrom bo Spon din type 1 mo tifs), ot kri ve na je i do bi la je na ziv [13] kao 13. po re du od 20 do sad pre po zna tih en zi ma iz po ro di ce ADAMTS. Sa stoji se od 29 eg zo na i ami no ki se lin skih osta taka, ima 37 kb, a za we nu ak tiv nost su neo p hod ni jo ni cin ka (Zn ++ ) i ba kra (Cu ++ ) (She ma 2). Si la smi ca wa u mi kro cir ku la ci ji zdra vih oso ba me wa kon for ma ci ju xi nov skih mul ti me ra vwf, dovo de ći do raz ot kri va wa na lan cu vwf me sta za ve ziva we gli ko pro te in skih re cep to ra trom bo ci ta s jedne stra ne i do po ve ća wa pro te o li ze vwf u re ak ciji sa, sa dru ge stra ne [2, 14, 15]. Utvr đe no je ta ko đe po sto ja we di rekt ne ko re la ci je iz me đu inten zi te ta si le smi ca wa s jed ne stra ne i in ten zi teta agre ga ci je trom bo ci ta s dru ge. Na i me, što je inten ziv ni ja si la smi ca wa u mi kro cir ku la ci ji, to vezna me sta za gli ko pro te in ske re cep to re trom bo ci ta na mo le ku lu vwf po sta ju pri stu pač ni ja, a agre ga ci ja trom bo ci ta in ten ziv ni ja (She me 3 i 4). SHEMA 2. Domenska struktura molekula [28]: signalni peptid, metaloproteinazni domen (MP) s receptorskim mestom za cink (Zn), dezintegrinska sekvenca, region bogat cisteinom, spejser, trombospondin tip 1 repetitivne (TSP) sekvence i dva domena CUB (Complement subcomponents C1r/C1s; embrionic sea Urchin protein egf; and Bone morphogenic protein-1), koji imaju ulogu u prepoznavawu supstrata, tj. vwf. SCHEME 2. Domain structure of vwf cleaving protease [28]: a signal peptide, a metalloprotease (MP) domain with a zink-binding motif (Zn), a disintegrin sequence, a cystein-rich region, a spacer domain and thrombospondin type1 (TSP) repeats and 2 CUB domains (Complement subcomponents C1r/C1s; embrionic sea Urchin protein egf; and Bone morphogenic protein-1) involved in substrate (vwf) recognition. 361

3 SRPSKI ARHIV ZA CELOKUPNO LEKARSTVO CUB CUB SHEMA 3. Prikaz delovawa sile smicawa i na proces interreakcije između vwf i trombocita [28]. SCHEME 3. The role of shear stress and in regulating the interreaction between vwf and platelets [28]. A: Xinovski molekul vwf pod dejstvom sile smicawa na oštećenom endotelu prelazi iz globularnog oblika u lanac, sastavqen od malih globula, koji se pruža u pravcu delovawa sile smicawa (izgled niske bisera ). Na ovaj način su omogućeni kotrqawe, adhezija i agrega cija trombocita. B: U cirkulaciji hidrolizuje molekule vwf ukoliko su vezna mesta za enzim na wima razotkrivena pod dejstvom sile smicawa. U procesu hidrolize nastaju mawi multimeri vwf. C: Koda izostaje, xinovski molekuli vwf se potpuno razviju, dovodeći do agregacije trombocita u mikrocirkulaciji. A: Ultralarge vwf multimer (ULvWF) is unfolded by shear stress on an injured vessel wall, changing its globular conformation into a chain of small globules along the direction of shear stress. B: In the circulation, cleaves vwf whenever its cleavage sites are exposed by shear stress. In this process, smaller multimers are generated. C: In the abscence of, vwf becomes unfolded inducing formation of platelet thrombi in microcirculation. Do sa da su svi opi sa ni uro đe ni i ste če ni idi o pat ski ob li ci TTP bi li udru že ni s te škim ne do stat kom, dok je u ne kim ste če nim se kun dar nim ob li ci ma TTP za be le žen nor mal ni ni vo pro te az e, što go vo ri o he te ro ge no sti TTP [16]. S dru ge stra ne, ne za vi sne stu di je Ca ij a (Tsai) i Li ja na (Lian) [17] i Fur la na (Fur lan) i sa rad ni ka [18] uda ri le su te me qe hi po te zi o auto i mu noj pri ro di TTP. Na i me, u pla zmi oso ba obo le lih od TTP ot kri ve no je ne u tra li šu će auto an ti te lo kla se IgG upe re no pro tiv. Na go mi la ni, ne raz gra đe ni xi nov ski mul ti me ri vwf do vo de do stva ra wa trom bo cit nih agre ga ta u mi kro cir ku la ci ji. An ti te la upe re na pro tiv pro te a ze se pri vre me no na la ze u pla zmi oso ba obo le lih od TTP i ne ot kri va ju se u fa zi re mi si je. U se ri ji od 25 bo le sni ka sa ste če nim TTP kod ko jih je od re đi van ni vo po ka za no je da su an ti te la upe re na pro tiv epi to pa lo ci ra nih na dva 362 do me na spej se ru i re gi o nu bo ga tom ci ste i nom, što uka zu je na to da ovi do me ni ima ju ulo gu u raz grad wi vwf [19]. Na laz sma we ne kon cen tra ci je u pla zmi se mo že na ći i u mno gim dru gim pa to lo škim sta wi ma, ali su vred no sti ADAMTS obič no ve će od 5%. S dru ge stra ne, TTP na te re nu tran splan ta ci je udru žen je sa nor mal nom kon cen tra ci jom AD AMTS13 [20] (Ta be la 1). KLASIFIKACIJA TTP, UČESTALOST I LEČEWE TTP ni je je din stven sin drom, već pred sta vqa he te ro ge nu bo lest. Po sto ji ne ko li ko en ti te ta ko ji se raz li ku ju pre ma ne po sred nom uzroč ni ku ili po kre ta ču, po s to ja wu auto an ti te la pro tiv, kli nič koj sli ci i re a go va wu na pri me nu pla zme:

4 SHEMA 4. Prikaz aktivnosti u plazmi zdravih i plazmi bolesnika sa TTP [15]. SCHEME 4. plasma activity in healthy individuals and TTP patients [15]. A: Kod zdravih osoba se u plazmi vezuje za xinovske multimere vwf, koji se u vidu dugih lanaca luče iz stimulisanih endotelnih ćelija. Xinovski multimeri vwf su preko P-selektina, koji se istovremeno sa vwf luči iz endotelnih ćelija, vezani za membranu endotelnih ćelija. Molekul se preko svog CUB domena zakači za xinovski multimer vwf i hidrolizuje peptidnu vezu Tyr Met. Mali vwf molekuli, nastali hidrolizom, ne izazivaju adheziju i agregaciju trombocita u mikrocirkulaciji zdravih osoba. B: Izostanak ili smawewe koncentracije (mawe od 5%) kod bolesnika sa TTP sprečava pravovremenu hidrolizu xinovskih multimera vwf izlučenih iz endotelnih ćelija. Nagomilani xinovski multimeri vwf izazivaju adheziju i agregaciju trombocita u mikrocirkulaciji. A: In healthy individuals, molecules from plasma attach to ultralarge VWF (ULvWF) multimers which are secreted in long strings from stimulated endothelial cells. ULvWF strings are anchored to the endolthelial cells by P-selectin molecules, secreted simultaneously with vwf. AD- AMTS13 molecule, attached to ULvWF via CUB domain cleave the pertide bond Tyr Met. The smaller vwf forms do not induce platelet adhesion and aggregation in the microcirculation of healthy individuals. B: Absent or reduced activity (<5%) of in TTP patients prevents ULvWF hydrolisis. Uncleaved ULvWF multimets induce platelet adhesion and aggregation. 363

5 TABELA 1. Prikaz aktivnosti u različitim patološkim i fiziološkim stawima [20]. TABLE 1. activity in various pathological and physiological conditions [20]. Trombotička trombocitopenijska purpura Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Akutni sporadični; hronični relapsirajući Acute sporadic; chronic relapsing Sekundarni u okviru transplantacije Secondary transplantation related Sekundarni udružen sa tiklopidinom i klopidrogelom Secondary ticlopidine and clopidrogel associated Sekundarni udružen s malignitetom Secondary malignancy associated Hemolitičko-uremijski sindrom Haemolitic uraemic syndrome Akutni sporadični ili hronični relapsirajući Acute sporadic or chronic relapsing Stepeni snižewa Degrees of decrement Normalna koncentracija Normal concentration Normalna koncentracija ili Normal concentration or Fiziološka i patološka stawa Pathological and physiological conditions Novorođenčad Newborns Starewe Ageing Trudnoća Pregnancy Zapaqewe Inflammation Sepsa Sepsis Trombocitopenija izazvana heparinom Heparin induced thrombocytopenia Ciroza Cirrhosis Uremija Uraemia Postoperacioni period Postoperatively Stepeni snižewa Degrees of decrement H r o n i č n i r e l a p s i r a j u ć i (f a m i l i j a r n i T T P ) se obič no ja vqa u ra nom de tiw stvu i od li ku ju ga epizode T T P p red vi d qi ve u če s ta lo s ti (na da na) [21]. Sma tra se da je iza zvan ili iz o stan kom (mawe od 5%) i l i pos t oj aw em nef u n k c i ona l nog AD AMTS13 i po voq no r e a g u je na i n fu zi je p la zme. Po sle di ca je mu ta ci je oba ale la za na 9q14, tj. ja vqa se kod ili ho mo zi go ta ili dvo strukih he te ro zi go ta. Fa mi li jar ni TTP se mo že ispo qi ti pr vi put i u sta ri jem uz ra stu s in ter miten tn i m ep iz od a ma T T P na te r e n u h i pe r s e k r e c i je xi nov skih vwf iz sti mu li sanog endo tela pod dejstvom estro ge na (t r u d no ć a) i l i p r o i nfl am ac io nih ci to ki na (in fek ci ja) [2, 15, 16]; Akut ni idi o pat ski ob lik (80% svih slu ča je va TTP); Se kun dar na TTP je če sto udru že na s kli nič kim sta wi ma ko ja se opi su ju kao pre ci pi ti ra ju ći fakto ri, a to su naj če šće trud no ća, le ko vi, ma lig nite ti, in fek ci je, auto i mu ne bo le sti i tran splanta ci ja or ga na [22]. Uče sta lost TTP je 3,7 obo le lih na mi li jar du stanov ni ka, a naj če šće obo le va ju že ne u tri de se tim godi na ma [1]. Re fe rent ni cen tri za TTP sa op šta va ju da je uče sta lost ovog obo qe wa u stal nom po ra stu, što se ne mo že pri pi sa ti sa mo bo qem pre po zna va wu ovog sin dro ma [23]. TTP se da nas uspe šno le či te ra pijskim iz me na ma pla zme (TIP), a mor ta li tet ni je veći od 15% [24-27]. Na i me, ovim te ra pij skim po stupkom iz obo le log or ga ni zma se od stra wu ju xi nov ski mul ti me ri vwf i fak to ri ko ji ošte ću ju en do tel, a na dok na đu je ko ji ne do sta je. Zbog ne po sto ja wa stan dar di zo va nog i svi ma dostup nog te sta, di jag no za TTP se za sa da za sni va na kli nič koj sli ci, la bo ra to rij skim pa ra me tri ma intra va sku lar ne he mo li ze uz nor mal ne ru tin ske te stove he mo sta ze i D-di me ra [1, 2]. TESTOVI ZA ODREĐIVAWE U sve tlu sa zna wa o kquč noj ulo zi u nastan ku TTP, sve je ve ća po tre ba za te stom ko ji bi merio ni vo i ti me omo gu ćio po sta vqa we ra ne di jag no ze ove bo le sti. Ide a lan bi bio br zi test s uskim op se gom nor mal nih vred no sti u pla zmi, a ne sa %, ko li ko se do bi ja sa da šwim te sto vi ma [2, 14, 15]. Iz ra zi to sma we we ni voa AD AMTS13 (ma we od 5%) sma tra se ti pič nim za TTP, a sve vi še se u li te ra tu ri odo ma ću je no va de fi ni cija TTP: pro trom bo tič ko sta we u mi kro cir ku la ciji iza zva no iz ra zi to sma we nom kon cen tra ci jom AD AMTS13 [2]. Na i me, od re đi va wem ni voa mo gu će je pre po zna ti i one bo le sni ke sa TTP ko ji nema ju ni trom bo ci to pe ni ju, ni frag men ta ci o nu anemi ju. Na i me, opi sa ne su tri bo le sni ce s kli nič kom sli kom ce re bro va sku lar nog in sul ta u fa zi opo ravka od akut ne epi zo de TTP, a bez pri dru že ne trombo ci to pe ni je i ane mi je. Da je reč o eg za cer ba ci ji TTP do ka za no je na osno vu na la za ma le kon cen traci je u pla zmi bo le sni ca i po voq nog odgo vo ra na TIP [28, 29]. U sa vre me noj li te ra tu ri je do sad opi sa no osam vrsta raz li či tih te sto va za od re đi va we kon cen tra ci je u pla zmi [30-37]. Svi te sto vi se iz vo de u dve fa ze: u pr voj se od vi ja pro te o li za sup stra ta posred stvom iz is pi ti va ne pla zme, dok se u dru goj fa zi me ri kon cen tra ci ja pre o sta log sup stra 364

6 ta. Te sto vi se me đu sob no raz li ku ju pre ma vr sti ko rišće nog sup stra ta i de na tu ran ta, du ži ni in ku ba ci je i me to du ot kri va wa. Na i me, kao sup strat se ko ri ste pre či šće ni ceo mo le kul vwf [30-33], re kom bi natni ceo mo le kul vwf [34] ili de lić vwf [35-37]. Kao de na tu rant se ko ri ste 1,5 M urea [30, 32, 33] ili 0,15 gu a ni din-hlo rid [31] ili se, pak, ne ko ri sti de na turant [35-37]. S dru ge stra ne, in ku ba ci ja mo že tra jati od 20 mi nu ta [35] do osam ča so va [33, 34], a kao metod ot kri va wa se ko ri ste elek tro fo re za na SDS agaro za-ge lu i plo a kri la mid-ge lu, kom bi no va na s imuno blo tom [30, 31, 35], imu no ra di o me tri ja [34] i test ELI SA (en zim sko imu nood re đi va we) [36, 37]. Ka ko an ti ko a gu lans ED TA (ka li ju mo va so eti lendi a mi no te tra si rćet ne ki se li ne) spre ča va ak tivnost, krv za te sti ra we se uzi ma na citra tu, he pa ri nu i hi ru di nu [2, 15]. Na ža lost, po kaza no je da slo bod ni he mo glo bin, na stao he mo li zom in vi vo ili in vi tro, mo že in hi bi ra ti ak tiv nost AD AMTS13 i ti me do ve sti do gre ške u in ter pre ta ci ji re zul ta ta [38]. Zbog re la tiv no du gog po lu ži vo ta AD AMTS13 u pla zmi od 2,6 da na, tran sfu zi je eri tro cita i trom bo ci ta mo gu da do ve du do po ve ća wa ni voa u pla zmi bo le sni ka [15]. ZAKQUČAK U po gle du da qeg raz vo ja u obla sti TTP, neo p hodno je pro na la že we po u zda nog di jag no stič kog te sta za TTP, br zog, jef ti nog, stan dar di zo va nog i jed no stavnog za iz vo đe we i tu ma če we. Ta ko đe je neo p hod na tačna pro ce na zna ča ja od re đi va wa ak tiv no sti vwf prote a ze, ka ko u di jag no sti ko va wu, ta ko i u nad gle da wu bo le sni ka to kom le če wa. Na i me, ko re la ci ja iz me đu ni voa i kli nič ke sli ke i to ka bo le sti za sad ni je u pot pu no sti raz ja šwe na, jer ima bo le snika s idi o pat skim ob li kom TTP u du go traj noj sta bilnoj re mi si ji, s hro nič no ni skim ni vo om ADAMT13, kao i bo le sni ka s uro đe nim ne do stat kom, ko ji go di na ma ži ve bez is po qa va wa bo le sti. Isto ta ko, uoče na je ve ća sto pa smrt no sti kod bo le sni ka sa te žim ne do stat kom en zi ma u od no su na bo le sni ke sa bla žim ne do stat kom [39]. LITERATURA 1. George JN. How I treat patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2000; 96: Tsai HM. Advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: Suvajdžić-Vuković N. Novi koncepti u patogenezi trombozne trombocitopenijske purpure i terapijski pristup Moscowitzev sindrom. In: Milenković P, editor. Novine u hematologiji II. Beograd: Vule; Suvajdžić N, Pandurović R, Rajić Z, et al. Rezultati lečenja trombozne trombocitopenijske purpure (TTP) prikaz 36 bolesnika. Vojnosanit Pregl 2004; 61: Mačukanović-Golubović L, Marković D, Simonović O, Suvajdžić N. Savremeni pogled na trombotično trombocitopeničnu purpuru i hemolizno-uremijski sindrom. Acta Fac Med Naiss 2002; 19: Asada Y, Sumiyoshi A, Hayashi T, Suzumya J, Kaketani K. Immunohistochemistry of vascular lesion in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, with special reference to factior VIII related antigen. Thromb Res 1985; 38: Lammle B, Furlan M. New insights into the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology. Education Program. Am Soc Hematol 1999; Wada H, Minami N, Shirakawa S. Cytokine levels in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Np R Jpn J Clin Med 1993; 51: Laurence J, Mitra D. Apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells in the pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 1997; 34: Tandon NN, Rock G, Jamiesom GA. Anti-CD36 antibodies in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1994; 88: Chen YC, McLeod B, Hall ER, Wu KK. Accelerated prostacyclin degradation in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1981; 2: Moake JL, Rudy KC, Troll JH, et al. Unusually large plasma factor VIII:von Willebrand factor multimers in chronic relapsing thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: Gerritsen HE, Robles R, Lammle B, Furlan M. Partial amino acid sequence of purified von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. Blood 2001; 98: Wyrick-Glatzel J. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and : New insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Lab Med 2004; 35: Sadler JE, Moake JL, Miyata T, George JN. Recent advances in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology. Education Program. Am Soc Hematolol 2004; Veyradier A, Obert B, Houllier A, Meyer D, Girma JP. Specific von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic microangiopathies: a study of 111 cases. Blood 2001; 98: Tsai HM, Lian EC. Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M, et al. Von Willebrand-cleaving protease in thrombotic thromboytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: Klaus C, Plaimauer B, Studt JD, et al. Epitope mapping of autoantibodies in acquired thrombotic thromboytopenic purpura. Blood 2004; 103: Mannucci M. Thrombotic microangiopathies: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Haematologica 2003; 88: Upshaw JD. Congenital deficiency of a factor in normal plasma that reverses microangiopathic hemolysis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: Budišin Ž, Rajić Z, Suvajdžić N. Herpes zoster kao komplikacija lečenja i pokretač recidiva trombozno trombocitopenijske purpure prikaz slučaja. Bilt Transfuziol 2003; 49: Torok TJ, Holman RC, Chorba TL. Increasing mortality from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the United States analysis of national mortality data, Am J Hematol 1995; 50: Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, Kickler TS. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA, et al, and the Canadian Apheresis Study Group. Comparison of plama exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Canadian Apheresis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: Rock G, Shumak KH, Sutton DM, Buskard NA, Nair RC. Cryosupernatant as replacement fluid for plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Members of the Canadian Apheresis Group. Br J Haematol 1996; 94: Suvajdžić N, Budišin Ž, Elezović I. 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7 characterization of a protease from human plasma cleaving von Willebrand factor to fragments produced by in vivo proteolysis. Blood 1996; 87: Tsai HM, Lian EC. Physiologic cleavage of von Willebrand factor by a plasma protease is dependent on its conformation and requires calcium ion. Blood 1996; 87: Gerritsen HE, Turecek PL, Schwarz HP, Lammle B, Furlan M. Assay of von Willebrand factor (vwf)-cleaving protease based on decreased collagen binding affinity of degraded vwf: a tool for the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: Bohm M, Vigh T, Scharrer I. Evaluation and clinical application of a new method for measuring activity of von Willebrand factor cleaving metalloprotease (). Ann Hematol 2002; 81: Obert B, Tout H, Veyradier A, Fressinaud E, Meyer D, Girma JP. Estimation of the von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in plasma using monoclonal antibodies to vwf. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: Kokame K, Matsumoto M, Fujimara Y, Miyata T. vw73, a region from D1596 to R1668 of von Willebrand factor, provides a minimal substrate for. Blood 2004; 103: Whitelock JL, Nolasco L, Bernardo A, Moake J, Dong JF, Cruz MA. activity in plasma is rapidly measured by a new ELISA method that uses recombinant vwf-a2 domain as substrate. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: Zhou W, Tsai HM. An enzyme immunoassay of distinguishes patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura from normal individuals and carriers of mutations. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: Studt JD, Kremer-Hovinga JA, Antonine G, et al. Fatal congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with apparent inhibitor: in vitro inhibition of activity by hemoglobin. Blood 2005; 105: Vesely SK, George JN, Lammle B, et al. activity in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome: relation to presenting features and clinical outcomes in a prospective cohort of 142 patients. Blood 2003; 100:60-8. THE ROLE OF VON WILLEBRAND PROTEASE IN AETIOPATHOGENESIS OF THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA Nada SUVAJDŽIĆ-VUKOVIĆ Institute of Haematology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade ABSTRACT Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disseminated form of thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolysis, a variety of neurologic disturbances, fever and renal dysfunction. Endothelial lesion, activation of apoptosis and factors which induce platelet adhesion and aggregation could play a role in pathogenesis of TTP. Recent studies have demonstrated the inhibiting autoantibody against von Willebrand factor (vwf) cleaving protease in plasma of a great majority of TTP patients. A rare congenital deficiency of protease due to genetic mutations on both alleles has also been described. The accumulation of the ultra-large vwf multimers, due to either congenital or acquired deficiency of protease, exposed to the fluid shear stress in the microcirculation, induces formation of the platelet thrombi thus causing TTP. Cloning and synthesis of the molecular structure of protease raise the prospect for advances in diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Namely, in the absence of the inexpensive, more accurate and commonly available test, a diagnosis is based on the diagnostic dyad: thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia in the absence of other cause. Also, in the absence of the enzyme replacement therapy, a therapeutic plasma exchange remains a gold standard in the treatment of TTP patients. Current assay methods for vwf protease could distinguish TTP from haemolytic uraemic syndrome and other microangiopathic syndromes. All current assays differ in the substrate nature, denaturant, incubation time or the detection method. Key words: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; aetiopathogenesis; von Willebrand factor cleaving protease Nada SUVAJDŽIĆ-VUKOVIĆ Institut za hematologiju Klinički centar Srbije Dr Koste Todorovića 2, Beograd Tel.: nvukovic@eunet.yu * Rukopis je dostavqen Uredništvu godine. 366

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