PRIMARNA ABDUKTORNA KONTRAKTURA KUKA KAO DIJAGNOSTIČKO-PROGNOSTIČKI I TERAPIJSKI PROBLEM U PATOLOGIJI DEČJEG KUKA

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1 RADOVI BIBLID: , 135(2007) 5-6, p UDC: PRIMARNA ABDUKTORNA KONTRAKTURA KUKA KAO DIJAGNOSTIČKO-PROGNOSTIČKI I TERAPIJSKI PROBLEM U PATOLOGIJI DEČJEG KUKA Miloš PAJIĆ 1, Zoran VUKAŠINOVIĆ 2 1 Institut za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine, Novi Sad; 2 Institut za ortopedsko-hirurške bolesti Bawica, Beograd KRATAK SADRŽAJ Ko sa kar li ca ili co xa ob li qua pred sta vqa po se ban funk ci o nal ni en ti tet u pa to lo gi ji deč jeg ku ka. Auto ri po tvr đu ju nala ze Vajs ma na (Weis sman) i Stri no vi ća da je ab duk tor na kon trak tu ra ku ka pri mar na uro đe na gre ška, kao re zul tat mal pozi ci je u ma te ri ci, a da je u ka sni jem raz vo ju pra ti kon tra la te ra l na a duk ci ja. Ri zič ni in ter va l za na s ta ja we kom pli ka cija je od še stog do osmog me se ca po ro đe wu: aduk tor na kon trak tu ra mo že per zi sti ra ti s raz vo jem dis pla zi je ace ta bu lu ma, a da qe i su bluk sa ci je ku ka iste stra ne. Ot kri va se naj če šće iz me đu tre ćeg i še stog me se ca po ro đe wu. Mo že bi ti po veza na sa dru gim zna ci ma mal po zi ci je, kao što su pla gi o ce fa li ja, tor ti ko lis i in fan til na to rak sna C sko li o za. Za di jag nozu ko se kar li ce pre s u dan je k li nič ki pre gled k u ko va u po lo ža ju na tr bu h u. Pa tog no mo nič ni s u ul tra so no graf ski i ra dio lo ški na la zi kar li ce. Is k qu či vo se pri me wu je fi zi ka l no le če we. Kon tra in di ko va no je ši ro ko po vi ja we. Is tra ži vawem je ob u hva će no odoj ča di, me đu ko ji ma je bi lo de ča ka, i ukup no ku ko va. U 22 slu ča ja ko se kar li ce (in ciden ci ja 10 ) od lič ni re zul ta ti su po stig nu ti kod 96% is pi ta ni ka. Kod dva ne a de kvat no le če na de te ta utvr đe na je dis plazi ja kuka kon tra la te ral ne stra ne, a kod jed nog ne le če nog su bluk sa ci ja. Auto ri na gla ša va ju zna čaj si ste mat skog i pra vovre me nog ot kri va wa i le če wa pri mar ne ko se kar li ce. Kqučne reči: malpozicija; odojče; kosa karlica (coxa obliqua); ultrasonografija UVOD Si stem ski rad na ot kri va wu raz voj nog po re me ćaja ku ka kod no vo ro đen ča di i odoj ča di do veo je do sve če šćeg di jag no sti ko va wa fik si ra ne ko se kar li ce (co xa ob li qua). Ko sa kar li ca je fik si ra na ogra ni čenom aduk ci jom jed nog ku ka i ogra ni če nom ab duk ci jom ku ka su prot ne stra ne. Vajs man (We is sman) [1] sma tra da je ab duk tor na kon trak tu ra uro đe na pri mar na greška, od no sno re zul tat mal po zi ci je u ma te ri ci, a da je u ka sni jem raz vo ju pra ti kon tra la te ral na aduk cija. Naj če šće se ot kri va iz me đu dru gog i še stog mese ca po ro đe wu de te ta. Mo že bi ti po ve za na sa drugim zna ci ma mal po zi ci je, kao što su pla gi o ce fa lija, in fa ntil na sko li o za i tor ti ko lis. Am bu lant na is pi ti va wa su oba vqe na u No vom Sa du i Be o gra du od do go di ne, isto vre me no s ru tin skim skrinin gom raz voj nog po re me ća ja deč jeg ku ka. CIQ RADA Ci qe vi ra da su bi li: da se pra vo vre me no di jagno sti ku je uro đe na ko sa kar li ca kod no vo ro đen če ta i odoj če ta, pre ci zi ra ju zna čaj i vred nost kli nič kog pre gle da, na gla si ne za o bi la znost isto vre me nog ultra zvuč nog pre gle da raz vo ja ku ka, usta no vi ko re laci ja iz me đu kli nič kog, ul tra zvuč nog i ra di o lo škog pre gle da, da se pro to ko lom utvr de op ti mal no vre me i na čin le če wa i pred vi de od go va ra ju ći pre ven tivni po stup ci. Za jed nič ki ciq je bio da se pra vo vreme nim le če wem spre če kom pli ka ci je pri mar ne abduk tor ne kon trak tu re ku ka: dis pla zi ja, su bluk sa cija i luk sa ci ja ku ka kon tra la te ral ne stra ne. Ko načni ciq je bio pre ven ci ja even tu al ne psi ho fi zič ke in va lid no sti. METOD RADA Anamneza Ot pu sno pi smo za no vo ro đen če sa dr ži sve re levant ne pa ra me tre, ukqu ču ju ći kli nič ke i so no grafske pro me ne lo ko mo tor nog si ste ma, kao i post na talno di jag no sti ko va ne udru že ne mal for ma ci je (so nogra mi cen tral nog ner vnog si ste ma, uro ge ni tal nog trak ta, ku ko va). Klinički pregled Pre iz vo đe wa kli nič kog pre gle da tre ba uva žiti mal po zi ci o ne fak to re ri zi ka: po ro đaj pr vo rotke, pro du žen po ro đaj, mal po zi ci ju plo da, ke fa lopel vi snu dis pro por ci ju, sli ku kar li ce, oli gohidramnion, te le snu ma su ve ću od gra ma. Kli nič ki zna ci upo zo re wa su: pla gi o ce fa li ja, tor ti ko lis, C sko li o za (Sli ka 1), asi me tri ja ko žnih glu te u snih i fe mo ral nih na bo ra, asi me tri ja is hi ja dič nih spi na. U ru tin ski pre gled ku ko va tre ba ukqu či ti po re đewe du ži ne no gu i obi ma ab duk ci je u flek si ji na oba ku ka. Na stra ni ab duk tor ne kon trak tu re eks tre mi tet iz gle da du ži zbog spu šte ne kar li ce te stra ne (Slika 2). Znak upo zo re wa je i ti pi čan po lo žaj jed ne buti ne u na gla še noj ab duk ci ji (pri mar na ab duk tor na kon trak tu ra), za raz li ku od dru ge, ko ja je u sred woj po zi ci ji (Sli ka 3). 301

2 SLIKA 1. Znaci upozorewa: udružene malpozicione anomalije (plagiocefalija, tortikolis i infantilna toraksna C skolioza). FIGURE 1. The warning signs: asssociated malposition anomalies (plagiocephaly, torticollis and infantile C scoliosis). SLIKA 3. Desnostrana abduktorna kontraktura kuka. Asimetrija kožnih gluteusnih i femoralnih nabora. Prividno duži desni do wi ekstremitet zbog spuštene karlice. FIGURE 3. A right abduction hip contracture. An asymmetry of the gluteal and femoral skin creases. An illusory prolongation of the right lower limb due to the lowering of the pelvis. SLIKA 2. Tipičan položaj odojčeta s primarnom abduktor nom kon tra kturom desnog kuka. FIGURE 2. The characteristic position of a baby with the primary abduction contracture of the right hip. Patognomonični klinički testovi Za ra no po sta vqa we di jag no ze raz voj nog po re meća ja ku ka pri me wu ju se Le Da ma ni jev Or to la ni jev (L e D a many O r to la ni) re po zi ci o ni test i Kol man Bar lov Pal me nov (Co le man-bar low-pal men) pro voka ci o no-su bluk sa cij ski test. Za po sta vqa we di jagno ze ko se Vajs ma no ve kar li ce ko ri ste se pa tog no monič ni kli nič ki na la zi za sno va ni na ne rav no te ži fe mo ral nih ab duk tor nih i aduk tor nih mi ši ća. Kosa kar li ca je fik si ra na ab duk tor nom kon trak tu rom jed nog ku ka (ab duk ci ja ), od no sno aduk tor nom kon trak tu rom su prot nog ku ka (aduk ci ja is pod 45 ) [1, 2]. Kli nič ki test aduk ci je (u po lo ža ju na tr buhu) iz vo di se na sle de ći na čin: pri fik si ra noj karli ci (pri ti sak ša kom na kar li cu) i sa vi je nim kole ni ma (90 ), s pot ko le ni ca ma i sto pa li ma u spoqwoj ro ta ci ji pri mi ca we bu ti ne, na stra ni ab duktor ne kon trak tu re, ne mo gu će je ili ogra ni če no iz vesti (Sli ke 4 i 5a-e), dok je pot pu no iz vo dqi vo na suprot noj stra ni [5, 6]. SLIKA 4. Klinički test adukcije. Fiksirana karlica. Primicawe desne butine ograničeno. FIGURE 4. The clinical adduction test. The pelvis is fixed. Adduction of the right thigh limited. 302

3 SLIKA 5a. Kongenitalna abdukciona kontraktura levog kuka. Kada se levi kuk postavi u abdukciju, karlica je u istoj ravni i pod pravim uglom s uzdužnom osovinom kičmenog stuba, koji ostaje prav. FIGURE 5a. Congenital abduction contracture of the left hip. When the left hip was being placed in an abduction, the pelvis was in the same plane and making a right angle with the longitudinal axis of the spinal column which kept being straight. SLIKA 5d. Ograničena abdukcija levog kuka. FIGURE 5d. Limited abduction of the left hip. SLIKA 5e. Ograničena adukcija desnog kuka. FIGURE 5e. Limited adduction of the right hip. SLIKA 5b. Kada se levi dowi ekstremitet postavi paralelno s vertikalnom osovinom trupa i ispruženim suprotnim ekstremitetom, karlica zauzima kosi položaj. Treba obratiti pažwu na niži položaj leve ilijačne spine u odnosu na desnu i produžewe levog doweg ekstremiteta, asimetriju kožnih nabora, skoliozu i skraćewe desnih aduktornih mišića. FIGURE 5b. When the left lower limb was placed paralel to the vertical axis of the body and the extended contralateral limb,the pelvis was taking an oblique position. A lower position of the left iliac spine compared to the right one and the prolongation of the left lower extremity, the assimetry of the skin creases, the scoliosis as well as a shortening of the right adductor muscles should be noticed. SLIKA 5c. Kongenitalna abduktorna kontraktura desnog kuka i kosa karlica. Asimetrija kožnih nabora butina i relativno skraćewe levog do weg ekstremiteta. Desnostrana lumbodorzalna skolioza i levostrani miogeni tortikolis. FIGURE 5c. Congenital abduction contracture of the right hip and an oblique pelvis. Asymmetry of the skin creases on thighs and a relative shortening of the left lower extremity. Dextroconvex lumbo-dorsal scoliosis and a left-sided myogenic torticollis. Ultrazvučna dijagnostika Po mo ću ul tra zvu ka se vi zu e li zu je i objek ti vi zira sta we ku ka no vo ro đen če ta i odoj če ta. Iz vo di se isto vre me no s kli nič kim pre gle dom. Ko ri sti se line ar na mul ti fre kvent na son da od 7,5 i 5 MHz (ehosko pi Pie Me di cal i Si e mens). Pri me wu je se me to do loški po stu pak po Gra fu u pe ri o du od šest ne de qa do de vet me se ci po ro đe wu. U po čet noj fa zi i kod pravo vre me no le če nih bolesnika so no graf ski na laz kuko va je u fi zi o lo škim gra ni ca ma (So no tip I) (Sli ka 6a). Kod ne a de kvat no ili ne do voq no le če nih i ne leče nih bo le sni ka s ko som kar li com pr vo bit no funkci o nal ni po re me ćaj na pre du je u struk tur ni. Iz među še stog i osmog me se ca ja vqa se so no graf ska ekscen trič nost, od no sno de cen tra ci ja zglo ba ku ka kontra la te ral ne stra ne (od IIb do IIIa) u vi du dis pla zije ili su bluk sa ci je [9]. Radiološka ekspertiza Pri me wu je se kod gra nič nih slu ča je va u od no su na kli nič ki i ul tra zvuč ni na laz. Pri me wu je se se lektiv no iz me đu tre ćeg i osmog me se ca, od no sno na kon što de te pro ho da ( me se ca). Ra di o gra fi ja se izvo di ta ko što se de te po lo ži na le đa, flek si ja oba ko le na je 15-20, a raz ma k iz me đu wih 2-4 cm. Oba vezna je za šti ta go na da. Ra di o lo ški na laz je ti pi čan (Sli ka 6b). Tre ba ima ti u vi du prog no stič ki Do berti jev znak (po lo žaj fo se ace ta bu la ris), po mo ću ko jeg se pro ce wu je na pre do va we, od no sno po vra tak sta wa aceta bu lar ne dis pla zi je. Ne si me tri ja ili jač nih ko stiju pri nor mal noj cen tra ži i funk ci ji zglo ba održa va se do tre će go di ne (Sli ka 6c) [12]. Lečewe Le če we za po če to na vre me (u dru gom ili tre ćem me se cu po ro đe wu) do vo di do pot pu ne nor ma li za cije na la za, od no sno rav no te že iz me đu ab duk tor nih i aduk tor nih fe mo ral nih mi ši ća i is pra vqa wa is koše ne kar li ce. Op ti mal ni po lo žaj odoj če ta je na leđi ma. Pre po ru ču je se fi zi o lo ško (ne ši ro ko) prepo vi ja we. Fi zi kal no le če we, tj. ki ne zi te ra pi ja, sasto ji se od pa siv nih ve žbi ko je iz vo de za to ob u če 303

4 SLIKA 7a, b. Pasivne vežbe za savladavawe aduktorne kontrakture kontralateralne strane. FIGURE 7a, b. Passive exercises in order to overcome the adductor contracture of the contralateral side. SLIKA 6a. Normalan sonogram kukova kod istog deteta s kosom karlicom. FIGURE 6a. A normal sonogram of the hips of the same child with the oblique pelvis. SLIKA 7c, d. Pasivne vežbe za korekciju abduktorne kontrakture kuka. FIGURE 7c, d. Passive exersises for correction of the abduction contracture of the hip. ni ro di te qi (fi zi o te ra pe u ti) dva pu ta pre pod ne i dva pu ta po sle pod ne, ka da je de te glad no. U po lo ža ju na le đi ma is te žu se skra će ni aduk tor ni fe mo ral ni mi ši ći, a u po lo ža ju na tr bu hu pri mi ču ab duk torni (Sli ke 7a d). REZULTATI SLIKA 6b. Kosa karlica. Obratiti pažwu na razliku ilijačnih kostiju. Na strani tobožweg displastičnog acetabuluma ilijum je uži. Asimetrična su i foramina opturatorija. Tipičan je položaj femura u abdukciji i adukciji. FIGURE 6b. Pelvis obliqua. A difference between the pelvic bones should be noticed. On the side of the dysplastic acetabulum the iliac bone is narrower. The obturator holes are asymmetric, too. The position of the femur in the abduction and adduction respectively is typical. SLIKA 6c. Radiogram kukova dvogodišweg deteta s primarnom abduktornom kontrakturom levog kuka. Zastupqena asimetrija ilijačnih kostiju. FIGURE 6c. Radiography of a two-year-old child with a primary abduction contracture of thr left hip. A persisting asymmetry of the iliac bones. U pe ri o du go di ne si ste mat skim is traži va wem ko se kar li ce ob u hva će no je odoj ča di (5.000 ku ko va) uz ra sta od šest ne de qa do de vet me seci, me đu ko ji ma je bi lo de ča ka. Tri če tvr ti ne is pi ta ni ka bi lo je uz ra sta od šest ne de qa do tri mese ca, 20,0% uz ra sta od če ti ri do šest me se ci, dok je 5,0% is pi ta ni ka bi lo sta ri je od se dam me se ci. Pri mar na ko sa kar li ca, fik si ra na ogra ni če nom aduk ci jom jed nog i ogra ni če nom ab duk ci jom dru gog ku ka, di jag no sti ko va na je kod 25 de ce (in ci den ci ja 10 ). Udru že ne mal po zi ci o ne ano ma li je lo ko mo tornog si ste ma bi le su za stu pqe ne sa 50% (pla gi o ce fali ja 30%, tor ti ko lis 7,0%, sko li o za C 4,0% i de forma ci je sto pa la 9,0%). Raz voj ni po re me ćaj ku ka ot kriven je kod 23 odoj ča di. Pre o vla đi va la je de sno strana ab duk tor na kon trak tu ra. Pot pu na nor ma li za ci ja na la za utvr đe na je kod 22 odoj če ta. Kod dva ne a de kvatno le če na de te ta raz vi la se dis pla zi ja, a kod jed nog ne le če nog su bluk sa ci ja ku ka. Ne si me tri ja ko žnih glu te u snih i fe mo ral nih na bo ra odr ža va la se (slabi je iz ra že na) kod 57,0% odoj ča di do go di nu da na, odno sno kod 22,0% is pi ta ni ka uzrastado dve go di ne. Ciq ni fi zi kal ni tret man u po lo ža ju na le đima i tr bu hu bez ši ro kog po vi ja wa po ka zao se adekvat nim. In ter val od še stog do osmog me se ca po rođe wu odoj če ta oce wen je kao kri ti čan i ri zi čan za raz voj struk tur nih pro me na u vi du de cen tra ci je, odno sno ace ta bu lar ne dis pla zi je ku ka kon tra la te ralne stra ne. 304

5 DISKUSIJA U osno vi pri mar ne ko se kar li ce na la zi se ne ravno te ža mi ši ća iza zva na mal po zi ci jom plo da. Najče šće se ma ni fe stu je u dru gom i tre ćem me se cu po ro đe wu. Kli nič ki pre gled ku ko va je ne za o bi la zan, ali u osno vi ne do vo qan za eg zakt nu di jag no zu. Neo phod na je stal na vi zu e li za ci ja, od no sno objek ti vi zaci ja sta wa ku ka po mo ću ul tra zvu ka. U po čet noj fa zi raz vo ja ko se kar li ce pa do še stog me se ca ul tra zvučni na la zi su u fi zi o lo škim gra ni ca ma. Pre po jave so no gra fi je, ogra ni če nost ab duk ci je ku ka zna čila je pri me nu ši ro kog po vi ja wa, te ra pij skih ga ćica i even tu al no Pa vli ko vih re me na. U slu ča ju ko se kar li ce to bi zna či lo po gor ša we. Utvr đu je se da je za di jag no zu u pr vih šest me se ci pre sud na ul tra sono gra fi ja, da je pra va vred nost ra di o gra fi je u uz rastu od dve go di ne, a u in ter va lu iz me đu dva po me nuta oba me to da kom ple men tar no se do pu wu ju. Za ko su Vajs ma no vu kar li cu pa tog no mo ni čan je nor ma lan sono graf ski na laz do še stog me se ca pri isto vre me no ja sno iz ra že nim kon trak tu ra ma mi ši ća. Je dan od ozbiq nih raz lo ga za što se pra vo vre meno ne ot kri va pri mar na ko sa kar li ca je ste to što se ru tin ski pre gle di ku ko va no vo ro đen ča di i odoj čadi oba vqa ju kli nič ki is kqu či vo u po lo ža ju na le đima. Me đu tim, pre gled ku ko va na tr bu hu (test aduk cije) je pa tog no mo ni čan i u tom smi slu oba ve zan. Pravo vre me no ot kri va we i fi zi kal no le če we spre ča va ju na pre do va we kon tra la te ral nog zglo ba ku ka u prav cu de cen tra ci je, od no sno dis lo ka ci je. Pre ma na vo di ma Stri no vi ća, ovaj en ti tet tre ba bez u slov no smatrati zna ča jnim fak torom ri zi ka za na sta nak tzv. ka sne pato lo gi je. Da nas po sto je svi uslo vi da se ovaj fe no men mal po zi ci je is ko re ni. ZAKQUČAK Pri mar na ab duk ci o na kon trak tu ra ku ka odoj če ta ko sa Vajs ma no va kar li ca pred sta vqa mal po zi ci o ni en ti tet. Se kun dar no na sta je pro gre di ra ju ća aduk cio na kon trak tu ra kon tra la te ral ne stra ne, s ri zi kom na sta ja wa od lo že ne dis lo ka ci je zglo ba ku ka iz me đu še stog i osmog me se ca po ro đe wu. Pri me nom is kquči vo fi zi kal nog tret ma na mo gu se po sti ći od lič ni re zul ta ti u le če wu bo le sni ka i us po sta vi ti pot puna po nov na rav no te ža mi ši ća. LITERATURA 1. Weissman SL. Congenital dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Surg 1954; 36-B: Weissman SL. Troubles de croissance de L extremité proximal du femur dans les suites du traitement de la luxation congénitale de la hanche. Rev Chir Orthop 1969; 55: Griffin PP. Pitfalls of early treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip and cause of failure. In: Tachdjian MO. Congenital Dislocation of the Hip. New York: Chuchill Livingstone; p Vukašinović Z, et al. Oboljenja dečjeg kuka. Beograd: Institut za ortopedsko-hirurške bolesti Banjica ; Matasović T. Dijagnostička vrijednost ograničene abdukcije u displaziji kukova novorođenčađi [habilitacioni rad]. Zagreb: Medicinski fakultet 1971; XIX; p Strinović B, Vrdoljak J, Petrović D. Normalne varijacije acetabularnog kuka u dojenačkoj populaciji. Liječnički vijesnik 1980; 5(233). 7. Matasović T, Strinović B. Dječja ortopedija. Zagreb: Školska knjiga; p Srakar F. Ortopedska problematika dečjeg kuka od rođenja do za vr šet ka rasta. Kanjiža: Priručnik za pedijatre; 1998 p Graf R, Wilson B. Sonography of the Infant Hip and its Therapeutic Implication. London: Chapman-Hall; Harcke HT, Grissom LE. Performing dynamic sonography of the infant hip. AJR 1990; 155: Vrdoljak J, Pajić D, Lukač I. Mesto i uloga ultrazvuka u dijagnostici kongenitalne displazije kuka. Med Pregl 1988; 16(1-2): Pajić D. Ultrazvučna dijagnostika razvojnog poremećaja kuka. Novi Sad: Stylos; p PRIMARY ABDUCTOR HIP CONTRACTURE AS DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROBLEM IN CHILD HIP PATHOLOGY Miloš PAJIĆ 1, Zoran VUKAŠINOVIĆ 2 1 Institute of Child and Youth Health Care, Novi Sad; 2 Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery Banjica, Belgrade ABSTRACT Coxa obliqua represents a special functional entity in the pathology of the child hip. Authors have confirmed the results of S.L. Weissman and B. Strinovic which claimed that the abductor contracture of the hip was a primary congenital condition that developed as a result of intrauterine malposition, leading later to the contralateral adductor contracture. Critical period for the development of complications was between 6 and 8 month after birth, adductor contracture might keep persisting together with the development of acetabular dysplasia, and later on with ipsilateral subluxation. This malformation has usually been diagnosed within 3 and 6 months of age. It could be connected with some other signs of malposition, such as plagiocephaly, torticollis or infantile thoracic C scoliosis. For the diagnosis of coxa obliqua, the examination of hips in the prone position was very important and the ultrasonic and radiological examinations were crucial. The applied treatment used to be exclusively physical rehabilitation. Wide diapering has been contraindicated. In this study, we included 2,500 newborns, 1,300 boys and 1,200 girls (5,000 hips). In 22 cases of coxa obliqua (10 ), the excellent results were obtained in 96% of cases. In two unsuccessfully treated cases, a contralateral dysplasia developed, and in one untreated, subluxation. The authors are advocating a systematic and early detection and treatment of the primary coxa obliqua. Key words: malposition; infant; coxa obliqua; ultrasound Miloš PAJIĆ Nikole Tesle 2, Novi Sad mpajic@eunet.yu * Rukopis je dostavqen Uredništvu godine. 305

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