Treatment Possibilities of Jaws Bone Defects: A Case Report

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1 CASE REPORT / PRIKAZ IZ PRAKSE Serbian Dental Journal, vol. 57, N o 1, UDC: DOI: /SGS T Treatment Possibilities of Jaws Bone Defects: A Case Report Nenad Tanasković 1, Siniša Ristić 2, Miroslav Lučić 3 1 Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Department of Radiology, Clinical Centre, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Dental Practice Modent1, Srbac, Bosnia and Herzegovina SUMMARY Large bone defects in the jaws can occur as a result of previous trauma, tumor or bone destruction caused by infection. Significant loss of bone volume also may be caused by premature loss of teeth, application of inadequate extraction technique, periodontitis or trauma caused by incorrect prosthetic reconstruction. Very few of these defects are treated using materials for bone augmentation or regeneration in order to preserve the total volume of bone. Depending on the size of a defect, spontaneous bone regeneration of untreated defects is limited by proliferation of surrounding soft tissue. Bone replacement by connective tissue leads to loss of stability, reduces function and disturbs anatomical form of the jaws. The aim of the study was to present a case from clinical praxis which demonstrates bone regeneration provided by bone substitute or its combination with bone grafts. Keywords: large bone defects; bone substitute; autografts; bone regeneration INTRODUCTION Lack of the bone in maxillofacial region can be augmented by autogenic bone grafts, bone substitute or combinations of these. Bone substitute may be synthetic (alloplastic) or biological (allografts and xenografts). These grafts are commonly used for reconstruction of atrophic ridges as well as for regeneration of defects caused by perimplantitis (simultaneous approach) or bone augmentation during preparation for implant placement (multiphase approach) [1]. Constant progress in the field of synthetic bone substitute resulted in new products based on calcium-phosphate ceramics which are used in maxillofacial surgery as a bone substitute or in combination with autogenous bone (Table 1). There are several reasons why bone substitutes now are used more than autografts although they were considered for a number of years as gold standard in the reconstruction of bone defects. It primarily refers to limited availability of autografts, increased surgical costs, graft resorption, difficult procedure to take graft, donor area morbidity (pain, blood loss, hematoma formation, the risk of nerve and blood vessels injury, hernia, infection and visible scars). The aim of the study was to present bone regeneration provided by bone substitute or its combination with bone grafts. CASE REPORT Eleven-year old boy was referred from the family dentist to the Clinic for maxillofacial surgery Banja Luka because of the swelling on the left side of the lower jaw. During radiograph examination, a big cystic lesion in the left mandibular corpus, which extends from tooth 34 to tooth 37 with tooth 35 in the central part of the defect, was discovered. Working diagnosis was follicular cysts (Figure 1). Having in mind previously mentioned characteristics of the graft and bone substitute, it was decided not to follow recommended treatment (tooth extraction, cyst removing) [2] but to remove the whole cyst with careful preparation of the structures involved in the defect. Created defect was filled with granules of three-calcium β-phosphate (Chronos) and bone fragments that remained free during enucleating of the cyst (Figure 2). Histopathological finding of the tissue analysis was: Cystis Follicularis. Control orthopantomography, made six months after intervention showed the changed position of the tooth 35 which migrated in dental arch with complete healing of mandibular bone defect (Figures 3 and 4). DISCUSSION Bone graft provides mechanical base when it is stabilized and fixed. Allograft and some synthetic bone substitutes have certain mechanical properties that are considered inferior compared to autografts. However, mechanical stability of the base (matrix) depends on the design of augmentation. Thus, a larger bone defects with allograft placed in the block usually can be burdened immediately, while the granules placed in the defect do not give any mechanical stability in the initial phase of healing. This stability Address for correspondence: Nenad TANASKOVIĆ, Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Centre, Ul. 12 beba, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; tanaskovicn@yahoo.com

2 50 Tanasković N. et al. Treatment Possibilities of Jaws Bone Defects: A Case Report Figure 1. Panoramic tomography before the surgery. Slika 1. Ortopantomografski snimak stanja pre operacije. Figure 2. Panoramic tomography seven days after the surgery. Deciduous tooth and cystic epithelium are removed. Bone defect is completely filled with beta-three calcium phosphate granules and particles of the patient s bone. Slika 2. Ortopantomografski snimak stanja sedam dana nakon operacije. Uklonjeni mlečni zub i cistični epitel. Koštani defekt potpuno ispunjen beta trikalcijum-fosfatnim granulama i delovima pacijentove kosti. Figure 3. Panoramic tomography six months after the surgery. Bone defect is replaced by newly formed bone tissue. The tooth is positioned in the teeth arch. Slika 3. Ortopantomografski snimak stanja šest meseci nakon intervencije. Koštani defekt ispunjen novom kosti. Zub je migrirao u zubni niz. Figure 4. Teeth and surrounding tissue six months after the surgery. Slika 4. Stanje zuba i okolnih tkiva šest meseci nakon hirurškog lečenja. increases during time by forming new bone bridges which enable connection between graft particles and surrounding bone. Formation of new bone is further supported if the entire structure is covered with membrane that prevents grow of the soft tissue in bone defect. Bone defect healing is further conditioned by the number of bone walls, where the presence of three bone walls provides the fastest and the most superior filling the defect. Osteoconduction is a process that enables the creation of new bone by growing through artificially created bone skeleton. This skeleton may be permanent or temporary. Creation of new bone begins from the margins of bone defects where the graft and bone are in direct contact. Although most bone grafts are osteocondutive, bone defects covered with membrane show the best results in speed and quality of filling defects in the early stage of healing. Osteoinduction is a process in which undifferentiated multipotent cells are recruited and stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts. In areas with small contact of the fragments, bone healing begins by enchondral ossification. Stimulus for osteoconduction is obtained from growth factors, where these polypeptides are transformed into cells with specific reception area. A group of molecules belonging to the super family of growth factors type β (TGF-β) plays a significant role in cellular regulation from embryogenesis to wound and bone healing. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), TGF-β subclass, have considerable molecular potential for bone induction while BMP-2 and BMP-7 provide conditions for improving the quality and fast healing of bone defects. Recombinant forms of BMP-2 and BMP-7 are significantly improved and currently they are mostly in use, especially in orthopedic surgery in those cases where other treatment options are exhausted. Factors TGF-β family can be found in blood, bone marrow, auto and allografts [3]. Osteoinduction is desirable during the stimulation with growth factors, especially when unfavorable conditions for accretion of wounds exist or accelerated bone matrix deposition can be manifested. To enable interaction between growth factors and receptors, growth factors must occur in the active form on the surface of bone graft. It is believed that osteoclasts release growth factors, cytokines and structural molecules stored in the bone matrix, during its resorption. Transfer of osteogenic cells is often equated with osteogenesis, although osteogenesis means the process of bone formation, i.e. formation of new bone matrix and its mineralization by osteoblasts. The only material that has osteogenic potential is autograft because it contains cells from bone matrix (osteocytes), from the surface of bone (osteoblasts) and cells in the bone marrow (bone marrow cells) [4]. Spongy bone grafts are made of bone matrix and supporting cells that match the composition of the bone marrow, while pure cortical bone has a smaller number of cells, mainly osteocytes. Therefore, bone grafts with more spongy bone are preferable because they are source of different types of cells including osteoprogenitor cells. However, transfer of cells does not necessarily mean that these cells have potential to create new bone. If we talk about osteocytes, analysis showed that the great

3 Stomatološki glasnik Srbije. 2010;57(1): Table 1. The function of bone grafts. Tabela 1. Funkcija koštanih graftova. Role Uloga Mechanical basis (matrix) Mehanička osnova (matriks) Osteoconduction Osteokondukcija Osteoinduction Osteoindukcija Transfer of osteogenic cells Transfer osteogenih ćelija Description Opis Provides a stable base for implant insertion and makes the base for membrane Omogućava stabilnu bazu za ugradnju implantata i čini podlogu za membranu Creates a temporary or permanent skeleton for support and maintenance of bone apposition Omogućava stvaranje privremenog ili stalnog skeleta za podršku i vođenje koštane apozicije Recruitment and induction of progenitor or stem cells to differentiate in osteoblasts Regrutovanje i indukcija mezenhimnih progenitora ili matičnih ćelija da diferenciraju u osteoblaste Transfer of cells that have the potential to differentiate in osteoblasts Prenos ćelija koje imaju potencijal da diferenciraju u osteoblaste number of cells transferred from symphysis of mandible did not survive grafting. The same results were obtained after histological analysis of calvarias blocks six months after grafting. If some osteocytes survived transplantation, it is necessary to prove that they are able to differentiate into osteoblasts. The most important factors for degree of cell survival are: the type of bone, technique for taking grafts and the way of bone preparation for transplantation. Significantly higher percentage of viable cells was detected in trabecular and bone that was not ground compared to the grinded bone and cortical bone. Trauma during autograft preparation also negatively affects the number of surviving cells and speed of new bone formation. Experimental studies on humans and animals have shown that the (intra) membranous bone grafts (e.g., cranium) are more resistant to resorption over time compared to enchondral bone grafts (e.g. iliac bone) [3]. Therefore, cranial cortical bone grafts are choice number one, compared to cortico-spongy grafts when analyzed is preserved volume of the graft, because they can exist for prolonged time as necrotic cortical graft in which is eventually placed dental implant. The degradation of bone substitute, biological and synthetic, has three phases: chemical dissolution, phagocytosis, osteoclastic resorption. While the dissolution process of calcium phosphate materials was clearly explored, dissolution of bone graft was less subject to research. After analysis of all three phases, it was concluded that osteoclastic resorption is the most important for the fate of autogenous bone graft, if parts of bone graft are smaller, their resorption is faster. One of the reasons for these events is increased surface available to osteoclasts activity. Another reason is certainly the presence of a large number of weak or dead osteocytes which practically stop inhibition of osteoclasts and local bone resorption. Third reason that may affect these changes is the increased graft s area that releases more molecules of bone matrix. It is known that bone matrix serves as a reservoir for biologically active molecules [5]. Extracellular matrix constituents, cytokines and growth factors are between these molecules. Prevailing opinion is that growth factors released from bone matrix amplify their impact on local cells. In addition to these functions, very important is recruitment of osteoclasts precursors, their differentiation and activation in osteoclasts. Thus the exposure of a wider space not only accelerates bone resorption, but has a significant influence on bone apposition.replacement of autograft is going through remodulation (bone resorption followed by bone apposition) [6]. Bone resorption starts at the surface of bone graft or graft particles. For thin and compact trabecular bone, more time is needed to involve the central part of the graft in remodulation process [7]. Despite the increasing number of bone substitute and expected further development in this area, autogenic bone grafts will probably be in use for longer time. Their advantage is osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. In certain conditions transplanted cells are able to survive and to contribute osteogenesis. Any bone substitute able to meet all three requirements. In cases with smaller bone defect, local transplant taken from the area where augmentation is required is the best solution. In certain cases for ridge modulation, the best results can be achieved by a combination of autogenous transplant and bone substitute, for example, in the case of implant insertion in the post-extraction wound, where comes the advantage of both components. Using the latest findings about effects of bone graft application or bone substitute, some of the surgical techniques are definitely just history. Complete reconstruction of bone defect augmented by high quality tissue that satisfies both aesthetic and functional requirements became reality. REFERENCES 1. Bayerlein T, Proff P, Heinrich A, Kaduk W, Hosten N, Gedrange T. Evaluation of bone availability in the cleft area following secondary osteoplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006; 34: Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders; Mai R, Hagedorn MG, Gelinsky M, Werner C, Turhani D, Späth H, et al. Ectopic bone formation in nude rats using human osteoblasts seeded poly (3) hydroxybutyrate embroidery and hydroxyapatitecollagen tapes constructs. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006; 34: Bayerlein T, Proff P, Fanghänel J, Kauschke E, Rumpel E, Gerike W, et al. Wound management after the application of bone grafting substitutes in the orofacial region. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2006; 65: Gedrange T, Bourauel C, Kobel C, Harzer W. Simulation of bone strain by orthodontic implants using the finite element method. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2003; 48: Gedrange T, Mai R, Weingaertner J, Hietschold V, Bourauel C, Pradel W, et al. Finite element representation of bone substitute remodelling in the jaw bone. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2008; 53: Yeni YN, Yerramshetty J, Akkus O, Pechey C, Les CM. Effect of fixation and embedding on Raman spectroscopic analysis of bone tissue. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006; 78: Received: 05/02/2010 Accepted: 15/02/2010

4 52 Tanasković N. et al. Treatment Possibilities of Jaws Bone Defects: A Case Report Mogućnosti lečenja koštanih defekata vilica prikaz slučaja Nenad Tanasković 1, Siniša Ristić 2, Miroslav Lučić 3 1 Klinika za maksilofacijalnu hirurgiju, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina 2 Odeljenje za radiologiju, Klinički centar, Foča, Bosna i Hercegovina 3 Stomatološka ordinacija Modent1, Srbac, Bosna i Hercegovina KRATAK SADRŽAJ Ve li ki ko šta ni de fek ti vi li ca mo gu na sta ti kao re zul tat pret hod ne tra u me, ra za ra nja ko sti tu mo rom ili kao po sle di ca in fek ci je. Na zna tan gu bi tak vo lu me na ko sti mo že uti ca ti i pre ra ni gu bi tak zu ba, pri me na ne a de kvat ne eks trak ci o ne teh ni ke, pe ri o don ti tis ili tra u ma iza zva na ne ko rekt nom pro te tič kom na dok na dom. Ve o ma ma li broj ovih ošte će nja se le či ma te ri ja li ma za na dok na du ili re ge ne ra ci ju ko sti, ka ko bi se oču vao ukup ni vo lu men ko sti. U za vi sno sti od ve li či ne ošte će nja, spon ta na re ge ne ra ci ja ko sti kod nele če nih de fe ka ta ima ogra ni če ne efek te ko ji se mo gu za u sta viti pro li fe ra ci jom okol nih me kih tki va. Za me na ko šta nog tki va ve zivnim tki vom do vo di do gu bit ka sta bil no sti i udru že na je sa sma nje njem funk ci je i po re me će nom ana tom skom for mom vi li ca. Cilj ovog ra da je bio da se na slu ča ju iz kli nič ke prak se pri ka že na ko ji na čin za me ni ci za kost i nji ho ve kom bi na ci je s ko šta nim graf tovi ma mo gu do ve sti do ob no ve iz gu blje nog vo lu me na ko sti. Ključ ne re či: ko šta ni de fek ti; za me ni ci za kost; auto graf to vi; re ge ne ra ci ja ko sti UVOD Ne do sta tak ko sti u mak si lo fa ci jal noj re gi ji je mo gu će na dokna di ti auto ge nim ko šta nim graf to vi ma, za me ni ci ma za kost ili nji ho vom kom bi na ci jom. Za me ni ci za kost mo gu bi ti sin te tič ki (alo pla stič ni) ili bi o lo ški (alo graf to vi i kse no graf to vi). Ovi grafto vi se naj če šće ko ri ste za re kon struk ci ju atro fič nih gre be no va i za re ge ne ra ci ju ošte će nja na sta lih pe ri im plan ti tom (si mul tani pri stup) ili na dok na da de fi ci ta vo lu me na ko sti kao pri pre ma za ugrad nju im plan ta ta (vi še fa zni pri stup) [1]. Stal ni na pre dak na po lju sin te tič kih za me ni ka za kost uslovlja va na sta nak no vih pro iz vo da za sni va nih na kal ci jum-fosfat noj ke ra mi ci, ko ja se u mak si lo fa ci jal noj hi rur gi ji ko ri sti kao za me na za kost ili u kom bi na ci ji s auto ge nom ko sti. Po stoji ne ko li ko raz lo ga zbog ko jih za me ni ci za kost sve če šće po tisku ju auto graf to ve, ko ji su se go di na ma sma tra li tzv. zlat nim stan dar dom u re kon struk ci ji de fe ka ta ko sti (Tabela 1). Tu se, pre sve ga, mi sli na ogra ni če nu do stup nost auto graf to va, po veća nje tro ško va hi rur škog le če nja, re sorp ci ju graf to va i, na ravno, stal nu ote ža va ju ću okol nost kod uzi ma nja graf to va morbi di tet do nor ne re gi je (bo lo vi, gu bi tak kr vi, stva ra nje he ma toma, ri zik od po vre da ži va ca i krv nih su do va, na sta nak ki le, infek ci je, vi dlji vi ožilj ci). Cilj ra da je bio da se pri ka že na ko ji na čin za me ni ci za kost i nji ho ve kom bi na ci je s ko šta nim graf to vi ma mo gu do ve sti do ob no ve iz gu blje nog vo lu me na ko sti. PRIKAZ SLUČAJA Je da na e sto go di šnji de čak je zbog oto ka u do njoj vi li ci s le ve stra ne upu ćen na Kli ni ku za mak si lo fa ci jal nu hi rur gi ju u Banja Lu ci. Na kon na či nje nog snim ka zu ba usta no vlje na je ve lika ci stič na pro me na le vog kor pu sa man di bu le ko ja se pro sti rala od zu ba 34 do zu ba 37, sa zu bom 35 u cen tral nom de lu ošteće nja. Rad na di jag no za je od go va ra la fo li ku lar noj ci sti (Sli ka 1). Uzi ma ju ći u ob zir ra ni je na ve de ne oso bi ne graf to va i za meni ka za kost, te nji ho vog po ten ci ja la za oste o in duk ci ju, od lu čeno je da se iz beg ne pre po ru če na te ra pi ja (eks trak ci ja zu ba, marsu pi ja li za ci ja) [2], pa je na kon odi za nja tra pe zo id nog re žnja po al ve o lar nom gre be nu ci stič na pro me na pot pu no od stra nje na iz ko sti uz pa žlji vu pre pa ra ci ju svih struk tu ra zu ba uklju če nih u de fekt. Na sta lo ošte će nje je is pu nje no gra nu la ma be ta tri kal cijum-fos fa ta (Chro nos) i de li ći ma ko sti ko ji su osta li slo bod ni po sle enu kle a ci je ci ste (Sli ka 2). Hi sto pa to lo ški na laz za ana li zi ra ni pre pa rat gla sio je: Cystis Fol li cu la ris. Na kon trol nom or to pan to mo gra mu ko ji je ura đen na kon šest me se ci od in ter ven ci je mar gi ne de fek ta vi še ni su bi le vidlji ve, a ko šta ni de fekt je bio pot pu no is pu njen no vo stvo re nom ko sti. Zub 35 je uz oču va nu vi tal nost i po ten ci jal ra sta mi gri rao u zub ni niz, dok je spolj ni iz gled kor pu sa man di bu le ostao potpu no oču van (Sli ke 3 i 4). DISKUSIJA Ko šta ni graft omo gu ća va i či ni me ha nič ku osno vu on da ka da je sta bi li zo van i fik si ran. Alo graf to vi i ne ki sin te tič ki ko šta ni za meni ci ima ju od re đe ne me ha nič ke oso bi ne ko je se sma tra ju ma nje kva li tet nim u od no su na auto graf to ve. Na rav no, sta bil nost meha nič ke osno ve (ma trik sa) je uslo vlje na i di zaj nom na dok nade, pa se ta ko ve ća ošte će nja ko sti u ko je je po sta vljen alo graft u blo ku naj če šće mo gu ime di jat no op te re ti ti, dok gra nu le koje se pla si ra ju u ošte će nje prak tič no ne omo gu ća va ju ni ka kvu me ha nič ku sta bil nost u ini ci jal noj fa zi za ra sta nja i po pu ne košta nih de fe ka ta. Ova sta bil nost se vre me nom po ve ća va stva ranjem mo sto va no ve ko šta ne for ma ci je, či me je omo gu će no pove zi va nje par ti ku la graf ta i okol ne ko sti. For mi ra nje no ve ko sti je do dat no po dr ža no uko li ko je ce lo kup na struk tu ra pre kri vena mem bra nom ko ja spre ča va pro ra sta nje me kot kiv nih struktu ra u ko šta ni de fekt. Br zi na po pu ne de fek ta je do dat no uslovlje na bro jem ko šta nih zi do va, gde po sto ja nje tri ko šta na zi da pru ža naj vi še mo guć no sti za kva li tet nu i br zu po pu nu ošte će nja. Oste o kon duk ci ja je pro ces ko ji omo gu ća va stva ra nje no ve ko sti pro ra sta njem kroz ve štač ki stvo ren ko šta ni ske let. Ovaj ske let mo že bi ti sta lan ili pri vre men. Stva ra nje no ve ko sti poči nje s ivi ca ko šta nog de fek ta i me sta gde su graft i kost u direkt nom kon tak tu. Iako je ve ći na ko šta nih graf to va oste o konduk tiv na, ko šta ni de fek ti pre kri ve ni mem bra nom po ka zu ju

5 Stomatološki glasnik Srbije. 2010;57(1): naj bo lje re zul ta te u br zi ni i kva li te tu po pu ne ošte će nja u ranoj fa zi za ra sta nja. Oste o in duk ci ja je pro ces u ko jem se ne di fe ren ci ra ne me zenhim ne će li je (mul ti po tent ne) re gru tu ju i sti mu li šu za di fe ren cija ci ju u oste o bla ste. Kod ko šta nih po vr ši na sa sla bim in ter fragmen tar nim kon tak tom za ra sta nje po či nje en hon dral nom osi fika ci jom. Sti mu lus za oste o kon duk ci ju se do bi ja od fak to ra rasta, gde se ovi po li pep ti di tran sfor mi šu u će li je sa spe ci fič nom re cep tor nom po vr ši nom. Gru pa mo le ku la ko ja pri pa da su perfa mi li ji tran sfor mi šu ćeg fak to ra ra sta ti pa β (TGF-β) ima značaj nu ulo gu u će lij skoj re gu la ci ji od em bri o ge nog raz vo ja do zara sta nja ra na i ko sti. Mor fo ge net ski ko šta ni pro te i ni (BMPs), pot kla sa TGF-β, ima ju zna tan mo le ku lar ni po ten ci jal za in dukci ju ko sti, a BMP-2 i BMP-7 pru ža ju naj vi še na de za po bolj šanje kva li te ta i br zi ne za ra sta nja ošte će nja ko sti. Re kom bi no vani ob li ci BMP-2 i BMP-7 su znat no po bolj ša ni i tre nut no su najvi še u upo tre bi u or to pe di ji, po seb no kod onih slu ča je va gde su osta le mo guć no sti le če nja is cr plje ne. Či ni o ci TGF-β po ro di ce se na la ze u kr vi, ko šta noj sr ži, auto graf to vi ma i alo graf to vi ma [3]. Oste o in duk ci ja je po želj na u sti mu la ci ji fak to ra ra sta, poseb no ka da po sto je ne po volj ne okol no sti za sra sta nje ra na, ili se mo že ma ni fe sto va ti ubr za nom ko šta nom de po zi ci jom osteo kon duk tiv nog ma trik sa. Da bi se omo gu ći la in ter ak ci ja iz među fak to ra ra sta i re cep to ra, fak to ri ra sta se mo ra ju ja vi ti u aktiv noj for mi na po vr ši ni ko šta nog graf ta. Ve ru je se da oste o klasti oslo ba đa ju fak to re ra sta, ci to ki ne i struk tur ne mo le ku le skladi šte ne u ko šta nom ma trik su u tre nu ci ma dok re sor bu ju kost. Tran sfer oste o ge nih će li ja se če sto iz jed na ča va s oste o ge nezom, iako je oste o ge ne za pro ces stva ra nja ko sti, tj. for mi ra nje no vog ko šta nog ma trik sa i nje go ve mi ne ra li za ci je oste o bla stima. Je di ni ma te ri jal ko ji ima pot pu ni oste o ge net ski po ten ci jal je auto graft jer se u nje mu na la ze će li je ko je su u ko šta nom matrik su (oste o ci ti), na po vr ši ni ko sti (oste o bla sti) i će li je u ka vite ti ma ko šta ne sr ži (će li je ko šta ne sr ži) [4]. Spon gi o zni graf tovi sa dr že ko šta ni ma triks i pra te će će li je ko je od go va ra ju sa stavu ko šta ne sr ži, dok či sta kor ti kal na kost sa dr ži mno go ma nje će li ja, uglav nom oste o ci ta. Zbog to ga se ko šta ni graf to vi s vi še spon gi o ze sma tra ju po volj ni jim jer su bo gat iz vor raz li či tih vrsta će li ja, uklju ču ju ći i oste o pro ge ni tor ske će li je. Ipak, pre nos će li ja ne zna či nu žno i da će te će li je ima ti po ten ci ja la za stvara nje no ve ko sti. Ako je reč o oste o ci ti ma, zna tan broj ana liza po ka zu je da ve ći broj će li ja tran sfe ri sa nih sa sim fi ze mandi bu le ne pre ži vlja va ju graf to va nje; isti re zul ta ti su do bi je ni i ana li zom hi sto lo ških na la za kal va ri jal nih blo ko va šest me seci na kon graf to va nja. Uko li ko su ne ki oste o ci ti i pre ži ve li transplan ta ci ju, po treb no je do ka za ti da su u sta nju da se di fe renci ra ju u oste o bla ste. Fak to ri ko ji su naj zna čaj ni ji za ste pen pre ži vlja va nja će li ja su: tip ko sti, teh ni ka uzi ma nja graf to va i na čin pri pre me ko sti za tran splan ta ci ju. Znat no ve ći pro ce nat vi tal nih će li ja je ot kriven u tra be ku lar noj i ko sti ko ja ni je mle ve na u od no su na mleve nu i kor ti kal nu kost. Tra u mat sko de lo va nje to kom uzi ma nja auto graf ta ta ko đe ne ga tiv no uti če na broj pre ži ve lih će li ja i brzi nu stva ra nja no ve ko šta ne for ma ci je. Eks pe ri men tal ne stu di je, ka ko na ži vo ti nja ma, ta ko i na ljudi ma, po ka za le su da su (in tra)mem bra no zni ko šta ni graf to vi (npr. kost kra ni ju ma) ot por ni ji na re sorp ci ju to kom vre me na, za raz li ku od en hon dral nih ko šta nih graf to va (npr. ili jač na kost) [3]. Zbog to ga se kor ti kal ni kra ni jal ni ko šta ni graf to vi sma traju me to dom iz bo ra, u od no su na kor ti ko spon gi o zne graf to ve, ka da se ana li zi ra oču va nje vo lu me na graf ta, jer se kod njih javlja pro du že no tra ja nje ne kro tič nog kor ti kal nog graf ta u ko ji je even tu al no pla si ran den tal ni im plan tat. De gra da ci ja za me ni ka za kost, ka ko bi o lo ških, ta ko i sinte tič kih, od vi ja se kroz tri fa ze: he mij ska di so lu ci ja, fa go ci toza i oste o kla stič na re sorp ci ja. Dok je pro ces di so lu ci je kal cijum-fos fat nog ma te ri ja la ja sno is tra žen, di so lu ci ja ko šta nih graf to va je ne što ma nje bi la pred met is tra ži va nja. Ana li zom po na ša nja kroz sve tri fa ze za klju če no je da oste o kla stič na resorp ci ja ima naj zna čaj ni ju ulo gu u sud bi ni auto ge nog ko štanog graf ta što su de lo vi ko šta nog graf ta ma nji, to je i nji hova re sorp ci ja br ža. Je dan od raz lo ga za ta de ša va nja je i po veća na po vr ši na ko ja je do stup na de lo va nju oste o kla sta, dru gi je po sto ja nje ve li kog bro ja osla blje nih ili mr tvih oste o ci ta, koji prak tič no pre ki da ju in hi bi ci ju oste o kla sta i po če tak lo kal ne ko šta ne re sorp ci je, a tre ći raz log ko ji mo že uti ca ti na ove prome ne je po ve ća na po vr ši na graf ta, ko ja oslo ba đa vi še mo leku la ko šta nog ma trik sa. Po zna to je da ko šta ni ma triks slu ži kao re zer vo ar za bi o loški ak tiv ne mo le ku le [5]. Iz me đu ovih mo le ku la su van će lij ski kon sti tu en ti ma trik sa, ci to ki ni i fak to ri ra sta. Pre o vla da va mišlje nje da fak to ri ra sta ko ji su oslo bo đe ni iz ko šta nog ma trik sa po ja ča va ju nji hov uti caj na lo kal ne će li je. Po red ovih funk ci ja ve o ma je va žna i funk ci ja re gru to va nja pre kur so ra oste o kla sta i nji ho va di fe ren ci ja ci ja i ak ti va ci ja u oste o kla ste. Pre ma to me, eks po zi ci ja ši reg pro sto ra ne sa mo da ubr za va re sorp ci ju ko sti, već ima i zna čaj nog uti ca ja na ko šta nu apo zi ci ju. Za me na autograf ta se od vi ja kroz re mo de la ci ju (ko šta na re sorp ci ja pra će na ko šta nom apo zi ci jom) [6]. Ko šta na re sorp ci ja po či nje na povr ši ni ko šta nog graf ta ili par ti ku la graf ta. Tan koj i kom pakt noj tra be ku lar noj ko sti je po treb no vi še vre me na dok se cen tral ni deo graf ta uklju či u pro ces re mo de lo va nja [7]. I po red sve ve ćeg bro ja za me ni ka za kost na tr ži štu, te oče kiva nog da ljeg raz vo ja u ovoj obla sti, pre sta nak ko ri šće nja autoge nih ko šta nih graf to va se ne či ni re al nim u sko ri joj bu duć nosti. Nji ho va pred nost je i da lje u to me što su oste o kon duk tiv ni i oste o in duk tiv ni, a u od re đe nim uslo vi ma pre sa đe ne će li je su u sta nju da pre ži ve i do pri ne su oste o ge ne zi. Ni je dan do sa da poznat ko šta ni za me nik ni je u sta nju da za do vo lji sve tri go re nave de ne oso bi ne. Ka da je po treb na ma nja aug men ta ci ja, lo kalni tran splan tat uzet iz bli zi ne me sta gde je na dok na da po trebna naj bo lje je re še nje. U od re đe nim slu ča je vi ma za mo de la ciju gre be no va naj bo lji re zul ta ti se mo gu po sti ći kom bi na ci jom auto ge nog tran splan ta ta i za me ni ka za kost (npr. u slu ča ju imedi jat ne in ser ci je im plan ta ta u po stek strak ci o nu ra nu, gde do izra ža ja do la ze pred no sti obe kom po nen te). Naj no vi ja sa zna nja o efek ti ma pri me ne ko šta nih graf to va i za me ni ka za kost či ne da ne ke do sa da pri me nji va ne hi rur ške teh ni ke po sta ju stvar prošlo sti. No vim me to da ma je mo gu ća pot pu na ob no va ošte će ne ko sti, ko ja se na dok na đu je kva li tet nim tki vom ko je za do vo ljava i estet ske i funk ci o nal ne zah te ve.

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