呼吸系统 Respiratory System. 钟近洁

Transcription

1 呼吸系统 Respiratory System 钟近洁

2 Conducting of air Exchange of air

3 Posterior of trachea Trachea Anterior of trachea

4 Three layers 1) Mucosa ---epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi. ---tunica propria: CT 2) Submucosa: LCT tracheal gland: mixed diffuse LT and LN * S Ig A = secretory component (secreted by epi. cell) + Ig A ( produced by plasma cell) 3) Adventitia cartilage ring: C shaped circular ligament: elastic F SM- posterior part(membrane part)

5 epi.:mucous barrier tunica propria:immune barrier epithelium basement membrane tunica propria

6 ciliated cell goblet cell basal cell brush cell Small granule cell Five types of cells of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

7 Mixed trachea gland Duct of trachea gland

8 Posterior of trachea no cartilage smooth muscle Structures which to maintain conducting and exchange of air WILL BE CONTINUED

9 * branchi intrapulmonary bronchial tree( lobar bronchial tree, segmental bronchi and small bronchi) bronchioles (D < 1mm) terminal bronchioles (D < 0.5 mm) respiratory bronchioles alveolar duct alveolar sac alveoli Conducting portion Respiratory portion LUNG pulmonary lobule Structures will change gradually. HOW?

10 肺小小叶肺导气部 ( 蓝色 ) 都是支气管 肺内支气管 intrapulmonary bronchi 细支气管 bronchioles 终末细支气管 terminal bronchioles 肺呼吸部 ( 黄色 ) 都有肺泡叶肺呼吸性细支气管 respiratory bronchioles 肺泡管 alveolar ducts 肺泡囊 alveolar sacs 肺泡 alveoli 导气部呼吸部

11 intrapulmonary bronchi terminal bronchioles

12 From lobar bronchi to small bronchi ---Regulation of simplification (gradually) mucosa: -epi. : become thinner -goblet cell -lamina propria: thinner, SM submucosa: gland adventitia: cartilage cartilage decreasing

13 2 bronchiole: D < 1mm ---continuous to change goblet cell, gland, cartilage or disappear smooth muscle, circular mucosa plica

14 3 terminal bronchiole: D < 0.5 mm ---goblet cell, gland, cartilage disappear ---SM: form a whole layer of circumferential SM ---Wall: simple columnar epi.: two types of cells A layer of SM

15 i. ciliated cell undifferentiated cell ciliated cell ii. secreting cell: Clara cell dome-shaped apical SER Secreting G: contains proteolytase and oxidase function: dissolve the mucusbiological transformation

16 pulmonary lobule 肺小叶 one bronchioles and its all branches and all alveoli, cone or pyramidal-shaped: apex pointed toward the hilum and basal(1.0 cm in D) faced the surface more CT between them. Asthma 哮喘 Salbutamol 沙丁胺醇

17 Structural changing pattern in the bronchi and bronchioles Bronchi subdivide repeatedly bronchioles Terminal bronchiolies Diameter becomes smaller Less than 1mm Less than 0.5mm Wall becomes thinner More thinner Very thin epithellium Pseudstratified columnar More thinner,simple Simple columnar ciliated columnar ciliated columnar ciliated epithellium epithellium epithellium Goblet cells more decrease None Smooth muscle less Increase relatively Become a complete glands more decrease None Cartilage rings plates Mostly disappear None

18 Respiratory Portion

19 Respiratory Portion 1 respiratory bronchiole ---similar to terminal bronchioles: simple ciliated columnar epi. smooth muscle ---place where connect with few alveoli: gradual changing simple cuboidal epi. simple squamous epi. ---less SM, elastic F

20 2 alveolar duct: alveoli connect with it ---wall: hard to see- opening part between two alveoli simple cuboidal epi. or squamous epi. SM: single, EF,knob-liked structure

21 3 alveolar sac: ---many alveoli open to it: common spaces ---no proper wall, no knob-liked structure ---a wreath of collagenous, EF encircle ---no smooth muscle alveolus

22 Alveolar epithelia Basement membrane 肺泡 alveoli

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24 Lamllated body

25 Blood-air barrier the structure through which the gaseous exchange takes place um ---components: a layer of liquid type I alveolar cell and basement M CT capillary endothelial cell and BM

26 矽肺 PM2.5

27 泌尿系统 Urinary system

28 Section of kidney

29 Nephron 肾单位

30 Blood Nephron Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Collecting tubule Juxtaglomerular complex Urine

31 Cortical labyrinth Cortical labyrinth Medullary ray

32 Cortex Low mag. Renal corpuscle Medullary ray

33 Distal con. tub. Urinary pole (Proximal con. tubule) Vascular pole (juxtaglomerular complex) Cortex High mag.

34 Juxtaglomerular Complex

35 renal corpuscle renal glomerulus renal capsule (Bowman s capsule)

36 Filtration barrier Pores Charge of ions

37 *intraglomerular mesangium 血管系膜 /mesangial cell: -small, irregular, with processes -small dark N -EM: RER, Golgi, lysosome, phagocytic vesicles, cytoskeleton- MF, MT,IF and secretory granules -functions: i. produce ground substance ii. phagocytosis iii. contract iv. secrete renin and enzymes /matrix: -type IV collagen -glycoprotein: sulphate chondritin, heparin and dermatan

38 cells with many processes (primary and secondary processes-foot processes) Foot processes: interdigitated with each other and embraced the capillaries, slit pore: ---narrow intercellular space between foot processes nm, with 4-6 nm diaphragm-slit membrane Podocyte 足细胞

39 Filtration barrier Pores Charge of ions

40 滤过结果 : 原尿 Ⅰ 分子量 7 万以下 直径 4 纳米以下的物质易于通过 Ⅱ 带正电荷的物质 : 葡萄糖 多肽 尿素 电解质 水等易于通过 成人一昼夜两肾可形成原 尿约 180 升, 平均每分钟 125 毫 升 血液 蛋白尿 血尿 原尿 血浆 原尿和终尿成分比较表 成分 血浆 g% 原尿 g% 终尿 g% 浓缩倍数 水 蛋白质 7-9 微量 0 - 葡萄糖 尿素 肌酐 尿酸 Na K NH Ca SO

41 Renal tubule 肾小管 lined by a single layer of epithelial cells /proximal tubule: -convoluted portion -straight portion /thin segment /distal tubule: -straight portion -convoluted portion

42 远曲小管 近曲小管 致密斑 入球微动脉 Cortex of kidney

43 血管 集合管 近端小管直部 细段 远端小管直部 Medulla of kidney

44 Proximal tubule

45 尿液实验室检查