Includes : - the lung - a system of tube
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1 FYH - ERDS 1 Includes : - the lung - a system of tube Divided into 2 principal regions : - conducting portion : nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles & terminal bronchioles - rerspiratory portion : respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli (alveoli : the greater part of the lung) FYH - ERDS 2 1
2 The main divisions of the respiratory tract. The natural proportions of these structures have been altered for clarity; the respiratory bronchiole, for example, is in reality a short transitional structure. FYH - ERDS 3 RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 5 types of cell : 1. ciliated columnar epithelium 2. mucous goblet cells 3. brush cells 4. basal cells 5. small granule cells Photomicrograph illustrating the main components of the respiratory epithelium. Pararosaniline toluidine blue (PT) stain. High magnification. FYH - ERDS 4 2
3 FYH - ERDS 5 NASAL CAVITY Consists of : - vestibule (external) - nasal fossae (internal) VESTIBULE Is the most anterior and dilated portion of nasal cavity Numerous sebaceous & sweat glands, vibrisae Within the vestibule keratinized (-) respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal fossae FYH - ERDS 6 3
4 NASAL FOSSAE Conchae : - superior : specialized olfactory epithelium - middle respiratory - inferior epithelium The olfactory epithelium olfactory chemoreceptor located Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 3 types of cells : 1. supporting cells 2. basal cells 3. olfactory cells Olfactory mucosa showing the 3 cell types (supporting, olfactory, and basal) and a Bowman s gland. FYH - ERDS 7 FYH - ERDS 8 4
5 FYH - ERDS 9 PARANASAL SINUSES Closed cavities in the : frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid bones Lined with a thinner respiratory epithelium, few goblet cells Communicate with nasal cavity through small openings Mucous product drain in to the nasal passages by ciliated epithelial cells FYH - ERDS 10 5
6 NASOPHARYNX First part of the pharynx Lined with respiratory epithelium FYH - ERDS 11 LARYNX Connects the pharynx to the trachea The larger cartilge : hyaline cartilage The smaller cartilage : elastic cartilage Cartilage participate in producing sounds for phonation Below the epiglottis : - false vocal sound - true vocal sound FYH - ERDS 12 6
7 TRACHEA Mucosa : - Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium with goblet cells - Lamina propria Sub mucosa : loose connective tissue Hyaline cartilage : C-shaped rings Smooth muscle fibers Adventisia (fibrosa) FYH - ERDS 13 FYH - ERDS 14 7
8 FYH - ERDS 15 Section of trachea showing the respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells. Also shown are serous glands in the lamina propria and hyaline cartilage. The mucous fluid produced by the goblet cells and by the glands forms a layer that permits the ciliary movement to propel foreign particles out of the respiratory system. PT stain. Medium magnification. FYH - ERDS 16 8
9 Light photomicrograph of the trachea in a monkey ( 270). There are numerous cilia (Ci) as well as goblet cells (GC) in the epithelium. Also observe the mucous glands (MG) in the subepithelial connective tissue and the hyaline C-ring (HC) in the adventitia. L, lumen; PC, perichondrium. FYH - ERDS 17 FYH - ERDS 18 9
10 BRONCHIAL TREE TRACHEA BRONKUS PRIMER ka : 3 CAB. BRONKUS BRONKUS BRONKUS PRIMER ki : 2 CAB. BRONKIOLUS BRONCHIOLUS TERMINALIS BRONCHIOLUS RESPIRATORIUS DUCTUS ALVEOLARIS ALVEOLUS ALVEOLUS FYH - ERDS 19 BRONCHUS Ф±5 mm Mucosa : similar to the mucosa of the trachea (Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium) The bronchial cartilage are more irregular shape Larger bronchi : cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen Smaller bronchi : cartilage rings are replaced with isolated plates or islands of hyaline cartilage Lamina propria : smooth muscle layer, rich in elastic fiber, abundance of mucous & serous gland ducts bronchial lumen FYH - ERDS 20 10
11 FYH - ERDS 21 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM CARTILAGE MUSCULARIS ADIPOSE TISSUE FYH - ERDS 22 11
12 Hyaline cartilage FYH - ERDS 23 FYH - ERDS 24 12
13 BRONCHIOLES Ф 5 mm Mucosa : - cartilage & glands (-) - scattered goblet cells TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES FYH - ERDS 25 FYH - ERDS 26 13
14 FYH - ERDS 27 TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Ciliated Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Clara cells : - (-) cilia - (+) secretory granules in their apex - secrete protein protect the bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants and inflamation - lamina propria : smooth muscle, elastic fiber FYH - ERDS 28 14
15 Clara cells in the epithelium of a terminal bronchiole. These cells show secretory granules and a bulging apical cytoplasm. PT stain. High magnification. FYH - ERDS 29 FYH - ERDS 30 15
16 RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES Transition between conducting and respiratory Mucosa : identical to the terminal bronchioles, except their walls are interrupted by numerous sacklike alveoli proceeding distally alveoli» Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium & Clara cells Smooth muscle and elastic fiber FYH - ERDS 31 Section of a terminal bronchiole with a small portion of a respiratory bronchiole continuous with an alveolar duct and many alveoli. PT stain. Low magnification. FYH - ERDS 32 16
17 FYH - ERDS 33 ALVEOLAR DUCTS Proceeding distally the number of alveolar openings» alveolar ducts Alveolar duct & alveoli lined with squamous cells Lamina propria : smooth muscle disappears at the distal ends of alveolar ducts Alveolar ducts atria that communicate with alveolar sacs Elastic fiber : - enable the alveoli to expand - contract passively with expiration Reticular fibers : - prevent overdistention - prevent damage to the delicate capillaries and thin alveolar septa FYH - ERDS 34 17
18 FYH - ERDS 35 Transition of a terminal bronchiole into an alveolar duct (arrow). Note the Clara cells (arrowheads). PT stain. Medium magnification. FYH - ERDS 36 18
19 ALVEOLUS Sacklike evaginations of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks Resemble small pockets that are open on one side similar to the honeycombs of a beehive Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between air & blood Each wall lies between 2 alveoli interalveolar septum An interalveolar septum consists of 2 thin squamous epithelial layers : - type I cells = squamous alveolar cells - type II cells = surfactant cells FYH - ERDS 37 FYH - ERDS 38 19
20 FYH - ERDS 39 TYPE I CELLS Line the alveolar surface Cells are so thin (25nm) Desmosomal & occluding junctions prevent leackage of tissue fluid into alveolar air space To provide a barrier minimal thickness that is readily permeable to gases FYH - ERDS 40 20
21 TYPE II CELLS Interspersed among the type I cells Desmosomal and occluding junctions Divided by mitosis replace type I & II pupolation Exhibit a characteristic vesicular or foamy cytoplasm, by presence of lamellar bodies Lamellar bodies pulmomary surfactant alveolar surface tension Without surfactant alveoli collaps (expiration) Surfactant appears in the last week of gestation FYH - ERDS 41 Secretion of surfactant by a type II cell. Surfactant is a protein-lipid complex synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and stored in the lamellar bodies. It is continuously secreted by means of exocytosis (arrows) and forms an overlying monomolecular film of lipid covering an underlying aqueous hypophase. Occluding junctions around the margins of the epithelial cells prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar lumen. FYH - ERDS 42 21
22 LUNG MACROPHAGE = alveolar macrophage = dust cells Found in the anterior of the interalveolar septum, often seen on the surface of the alveolus The alveolar macrophage never passed through the epithelial lining that scavenge the outer surface of the epithelium carried to the pharynx swallowed FYH - ERDS 43 FYH - ERDS 44 22
23 ALVEOLAR PORES To connect neighboring alveoli Equalize air pressure in the alveoli Promote the collateral circulation of air when a bronchiole is obstructed FYH - ERDS 45 BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATION Blood and lymph circulation in a pulmonary lobule. Both vessels and bronchi are enlarged out of proportion in this drawing. In the interlobular septum, only one vein (on the left) and one lymphatic vessel (on the right) are shown, although both actually coexist in both regions. At the lower left, an enlargement of the pleura shows its mesothelial lining. (Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Ham AW: Histology, 6th ed. Lippincott, 1969.) FYH - ERDS 46 23
24 FYH - ERDS 47 24
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