The Respiratory System

Transcription

1 The Respiratory System

2 Overview Oxygen is important to our body. The cardiovascular and respiratory system share responsibility for supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide.

3 Functional Anatomy of The Respiratory System

4 The are two catagories of respiratory system conducting zone structures : Purify, humidify, and warm incoming air nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi the respiratory zone : gas exchanges bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

5 The Nose Only externally visible part of the respiratory The olfactory receptor are located in the mucosa in superior part of nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone The mucosa's glands produce sticky mucus and moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris In cold temperature, cilia become sluggish, mucus accumalate in the nasal cavity and dribble outward. Is surounded by a ring of paranasal that function to Act as resonant chamber for speech Produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavities The suctioning effect created by nose blowing help to drain the sinuses The nasolacrimal duct which drain tears from the eyes also empty into nasal

6 Homeostatic Imbalance The genetic defect cleft palate Rhinitis Sinusitis

7 Pharynx (throat) The length is about 13 cm (5 inches). It is a common passageway for food and air. The auditory tube that drain the middle ear, open nasopharynx. The are 3 portion of pharynx Nasopharynx (area at top of throat behind nose) Oropharynx ( area at middle of throat behind mouth) Laryngopharynx ( area at lower part of the throat) Tonsil ( cluster of lymphatic tissue) Pharyngeal tonsil (high in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsil (at the end of the soft palate) Lingual tonsil (at the base of tongue)

8 Homeostatic imbalance Pharyngitis Tonsillitis

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10 Larynx (voice box) Plays a role in speech. Located inferior to the pharynx. Formed by 8 rigid hyaline cartilage such as thyroid cartilage or adam's apple. And a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage such as epiglotis Homeostatic = cough reflex

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12 Trachea The length is about cm (4 inches) or from larynx to the fifth thoracic. C-shaped rings of hyline cartilage Approximately midchest Is lined with a ciliated mucosa The work of cilia is the opposite of incoming air.

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15 Homeostatic imbalance Cigarette smoking Inhibits ciliary activity and destroy Coughing ( to change the function of cilia)

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17 Primary Bronchi The right and left primary bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter then left. The smaller subdivisions of bronchi are bronchioles that are route to the air sacs.

18 Lungs The paired lungs are fairly organs that occupy the entire thoracic cavity except the mediastinum 'Apex' is narrow superior portion of each lung, located just deep clavicle. 'Base' is the broad lung area resting on diapragm 'Fissures' is lobe that devide each lung Left lung has two lobes Right lung has three lobes The terminal of bronchioles is alveoli (air sac) The surface of each lung is covered with visceral pleura called pulmunary or visceral pleura The wall of thoracic cavity are lined by parietal pleura. The respiratory zone : bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

19 There are millions of the clustered alveoli which resemble bunches of grapes, and they make up the bulk of the lungs. The lungs are mostly air spaces. The balance of the lung tissue, its stroma is elastic connnective tissue The lungs weigh only about 2 1/2 pounds The lungs are soft and spongy.

20 Homeostatic imbalance Pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura). Pleura becomes dry and rough.

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22 The Respiratory Membrane The walls of the alveoli are composed largely of a single, thin layer of squamous epithelial cells. The external surface of the alveoli are covered with a "cobweb" of pulmonary capillaries. They together form air-blood barrier The gas exchanges occur by simple diffusion through the respiratory membrane The final line of defense for the respiratory system are the macrophages Surfactant to coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

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24 Respiratory Physiology

25 At least four distinct events, collectively called respiration must occur : Pulmonary ventillation External respiration Respiratory gas transport Internal respiration

26 Mechanism of Breathing The rule to keep in mind about mechanism of breathing: "Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases equalize the pressure". A gas,like liquid, always conforms to the shape of its container. But unlike liquid, gas fills its container Large volume = low pressure Narrow/small volume = high pressure

27 volume increase = pressure decrease (partial vacum) volume decrease = pressure increase asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia become active process

28 Homeostatic Imbalance The normal intrapleural pressure = Negative Atelectasis (lungs collapse). the lung is useless for ventilation Pneumothorax is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tube, which allows the lungs to reinflate and resume its normal function.

29 Respiratory volume and capacities Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air which is into and out of the lungs with each breath. 500 ml Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume ml Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be exhaled after a tidal expiration ml Resudial volume (RV) is the amount of air that still remains in the lungs after expiration ml Vital capity (VC) is the sum of the TV+IRV+ERV. About 4800 ml Dead space volume is the amount of air that enters respiratory trace remains in the conducting zona passageway. 150 ml

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31 Respiratory sound Bronchial sound are produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageway (trachea and bronchi) Vesicular breathing sound occur as air fills the alveoli. It s soft and resemble a muffled breeze.

32 External Respiration, Gas Transport, And Internal Respiration

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34 Hypoxia Homeostatic Imbalance anemia, pulmonary disease, blocked blood circulation, and CO poisoning

35 control of respiration the medulla and pons are the neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth the activity of respiratory muscles, the diaphragm and external intercostal, is regulated by nerve impulses transmitted to them from the brain by the phrenic ans intercostal nerves. in addition, the bronchioles and alveoli have stretch receptor that respond to extreme overinflation (which might damage the lungs) the normal of respiratory rate (eupnea) is about or x/mnt.

36 Intercostal nerves Phrenic nerves

37 factor influencing respiratory rate and depth physical factor exercise, high body temperature volition (conscious control) emotional factors chemical factor the level of CO2 and O2

38 Respiratory Disorders

39 choronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Chronic bronchitis Irritation and inflammation, the mucos produces excessive. Emphysema The alveoli enlarge as the walls of adjacent chambers break through, as the lung becomes less elastic, the air ways collapse during expiration. Lung cancer If COPD is not cured, it will cause lung cancer.

40 The cause of COPD and lung cancer These diseases have certain features in common Patient almost always have a history of smoking Dyspnea often reffered to as "air hunger" occurs and becomes more severe Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common Most COPD victim are hypoxic, retain CO2 and have respiratory acidosis Over 90 % of lung cancer patients were smoker