Antonymy in Persian Language: a Cognitive Approach

Transcription

1 Intrnational Rsarch Journal of Applid and Basic Scincs. Vol., 3 (6), , 2012 Availabl onlin at www. irjabs.com ISSN X 2012 Antonymy in Prsian Languag: a Cognitiv Approach Nda Gharagozloo 1* 1- Faculty Mmbr of Islamic Azad Univrsity, English Translation Dpartmnt, Varamin (Pishva) Branch, Thran, Iran. *Corrsponding Author garfild3327@yahoo.com Abstract In this papr th author is concrnd with th rol of cognitiv and mntal abilitis of humans in th formation of antonymy sns rlation at th lvl of words of Prsian languag. Th findings ar as follows: Th spakrs of Prsian languag caus th formation of antonymy sns rlation at lvl of words by using thir mntal and cognitiv abilitis, and mainly th xprinc thy gt from th nvironmnt. Th spakrs of Prsian languag mak construals by th us of analytic-cognitiv factors which consist of prspctiv, profil, and scanning for th formation of antonymy. Th data collctd from Prsian, involving antonymy sns rlation, can b analyzd on th basis of layrd schmas program, and th contxtual maning intrprtation of words has a vry important rol in th formation of antonymy sns rlation at word lvl. Kywords: cognitiv factors, dvlopd imag schmas, layrd schmas program. Introduction In this papr th author aims to invstigat antonymy sns rlation at th lvl of words of Prsian languag on th basis of cognitiv linguistics and xplain th rol and ffct of spakr's mntal and cognitiv abilitis to mak such sns rlation btwn th words, manwhil th rol of imag schmas, which ar th body of abstract and complx informational knowldg in th minds of spakrs, is mostly mphasizd. Th mphasis of th author is on th formation of dvlopd imag schmas, and thir rol in th formation of antonymy sns rlation. Yt, all of th analytical-cognitiv tools activ in th formation of dvlopd imag schmas in th minds of Prsian spakrs ar rcognizd. Finally th procss of th formation of antonymy is analyzd on th basis of layrd schmas program (LSP), and its diffrnt stags shown through som cognitiv figurs, which dfinitly can b usful in consistncy and supporting th rol of cognitiv and mntal abilitis of spakrs through ths procsss. Th mthod of doing this rsarch is thortical on th basis of purpos, and dscriptiv on th basis of data collction, furthrmor, this rsarch is programmatic. Gnrally th author invstigats four hypothss in this articl: A) th spakrs of languag caus th formation of antonymy sns rlation at th lvl of words of Prsian languag, according to thir cognitiv and mntal abilitis, and th xprinc thy gain from th outsid world. B) Spakrs of Prsian languag prov th fundamntal rol of cognitiv factors such as construal including prspctiv (forgrounding, backgrounding and rfrnc point), profil and scanning in th formation of dvlopd imag schma, by giving diffrnt construals from th scns and phnomna of th outsid world. C) antonymy sns rlation at th lvl of words of Prsian languag can b analyzd by using layrd schmas program (LSP), and also th activation of various schmatic lvls on th basis of linguistic and non-linguistic contxt, and intractions btwn complx schmas in highr lvls as wll. D) Maning intrprtation of words is accomplishd on th basis of linguistic and non-linguistic contxt, and lads to th activation of som parts of th maning potntial of words in various schmatic lvls. Additionally; w hav to tak into considration that concptual rlations btwn th words of languag, is a kind of rlation btwn th diffrnt contxtual intrprtations of words, not a rlation btwn th words thmslvs. Thrfor, th contxtual intrprtation of words, has a vry significant rol in crating a concptual rlationship among th words of languag (Croft, 2004).

2 Formation of Imag Schmas Rlatd to Antonymy on th basis of Cognitiv Linguistics Th spakrs of Prsian languag obsrv a scn in which an insct is dadly on th ground and in anothr contxt s that insct aliv. Thn thy start to intrprt that scn. Firstly, w hav to s which lmnt is put in th forgrounding in this intrprtation by languag spakrs. Th author blivs that th opposition charactristic btwn th two phnomna is focusd by th languag spakrs. It mans on of ths phnomna is "aliv" and th othr on is "dad", and this charactristic is put in th forgrounding. Morovr; both of thm can't b usd in comparativ and suprlativ forms, and both ar unmasurabl and absolut as wll. Othr analytical-cognitiv tool is rfrnc point which is th point with which th position of othr lmnts in th scn is compard. So, rfrnc point in th construal rlatd to antonymy is considrd as a passiv cognitiv factor bcaus no point is assignd as a point for comparing th position of othr lmnts with it. Finally; th profil of this scn is prsntd as follow: This insct is dad and th othr on is aliv. This kind of construal is calld absolut construal bcaus as mntiond bfor, non of ths two charactristics can b usd in comparativ and suprlativ structurs. Th last stag is scanning this construal in th minds of languag spakrs. Th absolut construal is scannd in th mind bsid th othr cognitiv abilitis and causs th formation of absolut antonymy schma. This abstract schma provid th ability for languag spakrs to crat and rcogniz antonymy sns rlation btwn th words of th Prsian languag. Dad Aliv Figur 1. Imag of th absolut antonymy schma Layrd Schmas Program Th author has rprsntd th thortical constructs of layrd schmas modl, and namd this modl as layrd schmas program (LSP). Accordingly, this program consists of i) th lvl of lxical concpts ii) primary layr of imag schmas consists of xprintial modls iii) scondary layr of imag schmas consists of various sub-modls and vi) dvlopd layr of imag schmas containing mor abstract and complx schmas. Thus th maning of an intndd word in an uttranc ariss by virtu of languag usrs forming intrprtations basd on th lxical concpts mployd, and th activation of diffrnt parts of xprintial modls, and sub-modls. Morovr, th intrprtations ar always guidd by background knowldg and xtralinguistic contxt. Hr th author is concrnd with introducing and dscribing th construct of xprintial modls (primary layr). His claim is that xprintial modls, ar rlatd to th notion of fram (Barsalou, 1999) smantic fram (Fillmor, Fillmor and Atkins, 1992) and domain (Langackr, 1987). Th main claim is that lxical concpts provid sits of accss to xprintial modls and ar rlativisd with rspct to thm. Th rason for prfrring this trm ovr th rlatd notions of domain/bas or smantic fram, is that an xprintial modl is a cohrnt, non-linguistic knowldg structur, similar to what Langackr and Fillmor sm to hav in mind. That is, it is a richly spcifid concptual ntity, akin to what Barsalou (1999) rfrs to by his us of th trm fram. But an xprintial modl is accssd at various points by distinct lxical concpts, which ar thus rlativisd to it, and in part, collctivly constitut it. In othr words, an xprintial modl rprsnts an intrfac btwn richlyspcifid concptual knowldg and nods of accss at particular points in th xprintial modls providd by spcific lxical concpts. Additionally, lxical concpts ar concptual units spcializd for symbolic rprsntation in languag, but xprintial modls (primary layr) according to th author can b usd as a basis for prcptual simulations, and consists of som sub-modls (scondary layr) with mor spcific informational knowldg (Barsalou Prinz, 2002; Zwaan, 2004). Ths sub-modls togthr mak th xprintial sub-modls. Morovr, it is too important to add th point that in layrd schmas program (LSP), all of th schmas ar arrangd from th most primitiv ons to th most dvlopd schmas in a hirarchical position. In lxical concpt slction and intrprtation procss, linguistic or xtra-linguistic contxt is ndd for a particular lxical concpt. Intrprtation procss is basd on th corrct lxical concpt which is slctd. During maning construction various procsss occur simultanously, and it dosn t show that ths procsss ar squntial (Gibbs, 1994). Intrprtation taks part in activating som parts of th smantic potntial that ach lxical concpt has accssd. It is a consqunc of intrprtation that a concpt is formd. 1199

3 Evaluation of Antonymy on th basis of (LSP) Hr w considr som poms of Prsian in which antonymy sns rlation has bn usd: Dræxt dusti bnân k kâm Dl b bâr âræd [tr of frindship plant that wish of hart crats] næhâl domæni bærkæn k ræn biomâr âræd (Hafz,[Ovysi M, t al 2007]) [Nwly born tr nmy uproot that pain countlss bring]âdæmi hær tævângær bâæd [human bing whatvr powrful b] on bdin noqt rsæd mskin (Parvin Etsami, 2006) [whn to this point arrivs unlucky is] Væfâ nækærdio kærdæm æfâ nædidi o didæm [faithfulnss did not do I did unfaithfulnss did not s I saw] kio nækæm boridio næboridæm (Mhrdad Avsta, [Ovysi M, t al 2007]) [You brok I did not brak you cut I did not cut] xændo gr oâq z âi dgær [laugh cry lovrs from somwhr ls is] Mæn sorâæm bæbo væqt sæhær mimuæm (Hafz, [Ovysi M, t al 2007]) [I say poms at night during dawn I cry] hær mæb duxtæm bkâftæm [whatvr tonight I swd I unfoldd] in noxostin mæbhæs nâdidæn (Parvin Etsami, 2006) [This first part of not sing is] Lt's considr on xampl of antonymy from Prsian poms to b analyzd according to (LSP): Xændo gr oâq z âi dgær [laugh cry lovrs from somwhr ls is] mæn sorâæm b æbo væqt sæhær mimuæm (Hafz,[Ovysi M, t al 2007] [I say poms at night during dawn I cry] Firstly, th author shows th rlationship btwn lxical concpt laugh [xænd], it's xprintial modls (primary layr of imag schmas), sub-modls (scondary layr of imag schmas), and dvlopd layr of imag schmas: Dvlopd imag schma Exprintial sub-modls For mocking Excssiv happinss Exprintial modls a phnomnon in th world Lxical concpt Xændo gr oâq z âi dgær [Laugh cry lovrs from somwhr ls is] Figur2.Formation of concpt laugh Hr th author shows th rlationship btwn lxical concpt cry [gr], its xprintial modls (primary layr of imag schmas), sub-modls (scondary layr of imag schmas), and dvlopd layr of imag schmas. As you s in figur 2, lxical concpt laugh [xænd] has occurrd in an uttranc. Bfor th us of this concpt in contxt, that spcial lxical form provids accss to its smantic potntial within xprintial modls and sub-modls. Whn it is usd in linguistic contxt (uttranc), and also by considring xtralinguistic contxt, som parts of th smantic potntial which wr accssd bfor, bcom activatd. Evntually, it causs th simulation of som parts of xprintial modls (primary schmas) which contain gnral information about concpt laugh [xænd]. Thrfor, primary schmas ar activatd to crat a vry simpl and lmntary concpt of laugh [xænd]. Thn, in th scond layr which is th lvl of xprintial sub-modls, th concpt laugh [xænd] provids accss to th mor dtaild and spcific body of knowldg in th form of som scondary schmas, so sub-modls ar activatd in th scond lvl as wll. As a rsult of th activation of primary and scondary schmas, th intndd concpt ariss prtnd Excssiv

4 Dvlopd imag schma Exprintial sub-modls Exprintial modls Lxical concpt [laugh cry lovrs from somwhr ls is] Figur 3. Formation of concpt cry In figur 3, th procss of th formation of concpt cry [gr] has bn shown in this cognitiv modl. Th lxical form cry [gr] has occurrd in an uttranc which is considrd as linguistic contxt, and by considring th xtralinguistic contxt, som parts of th smantic potntial of th spcial lxical concpt ar activatd. Put it anothr way, som parts of th xprintial modls (primary schmas) ar simulatd, and som parts of th xprintial sub-modls (scondary schmas) ar activatd as wll to add mor dtails and information knowldg to th concpt cry [gr] Manwhil, th two concpts activat th compltly diffrnt parts of th xprintial modls and sub-modls bcaus thy ar atonyms. Finally, at th last lvl, namd dvlopd layr of imag schmas, a kind of rlationship is mad btwn th dvlopd imag schma rlatd to th concpt laugh [xænd] and th on rlatd to th concpt cry [gr]. This sort of connctdnss btwn th schmas which blongs to th two concpts lads to th formation of antonymy sns rlation at th lvl of th two intndd words of Prsian languag. In figur 4, this whol procss has bn dmonstratd compltly. For mocking Excssi v Happins s Prtnd Excssiv happinss Sadns s Phnomnon in th world Phnomnon in th world Xændo gr oâq z âi dgær Xændo gr oâq z âi dgær Figur 4. Modl of formation of antonymy sns rlation at word lvl Conclusion As th findings of this study showd mntal and cognitiv abilitis of th spakrs of Prsian languag, and also th xprinc thy rcivd from th nvironmnt playd a significant rol in th formation of antonymy sns rlation at th lvl of words of Prsian. Manwhil, imag schmas wr mad on th 1201

5 basis of knowldg of outsid world. As I proposd in this papr, on dvlopd schma namd absolut antonymy imag schma, and primary-scondary layrs of schmas wr involvd in th formation of antonymy sns rlation. All togthr wr mad in th spakr's minds on th basis of som cognitiv and mntal factors and tools. As provd and shown in th papr, factors lik prspctiv (forgrounding, backgrounding and rfrnc point), profil and scanning, totally known as construal, had th main rol of making dvlopd imag schmas in th minds of spakrs. Finally, I analyzd on Prsian xampl according to layrd schmas program (LSP) proposd hr. By th us of (LSP) w wr abl to mov towards a cognitiv intr-lxical smantics, bcaus it playd th rol of an intrfac btwn lxical concpts and cognitiv principls and factors. Th contxtual maning intrprtation of words has a vry important rol in th formation of antonymy sns rlation at lvl of words. Morovr, th rsarch prsntd hr was programmatic. As th mntiond modls wr psychological rathr than linguistic ntitis. Additionally, I hav prsntd no xprimntal vidnc for th diffrnt cognitiv and mntal procsss involvd hr. Clarly, psycholinguistic vidnc will b rquird to support th proposd and usd thoris in this papr. Rfrncs Ovysi M Slction of Prsian Words. Univrsity Pamphlt, Say Gostar, Ghazvin. Barsalo L Prcptual symbol systm. Bhavioural and Brain scincs, 22: Croft W, Crus DA Cognitiv linguistics. Cambridg, Cambridg Univrsity Prss. Etsami P Potical of Parvin Etsami. Payam copy, 9 th dn. Sahl. Fillmor C Fram smantics. In Th Linguistics Socity of Kora (d.) Linguistics in th Morning Calm Soul, South Kora, Hanshin Publishing Co. Fillmor C Frams and th smantics of undrstanding. Quadrni di Smantica, 6: Fillmor C, Atkins B.1992.Toward a fram-basd lxicon: Th smantics of risk and its nighbors. In Lhr, Adrinn and Eva Fdr kitty (ds.) Frams, Filds and Contrasts Hillsdal, NJ, Lawrnc Erlbaum. Gibbs R Th potics of mind. Cambridg, Cambridg Univrsity Prss. Langackr R Foundations of cognitiv grammar. vol I. Thortical prrquisits. Stanford, Stanford Univrsity Prss. Prinz J Furnishing th mind: Concpts and thir prcptual basis. Cambridg, MA. MIT Prss. Zwaan R Th immrsd xprincr: Toward an mbodid thory of languag comprhnsion. In Ross, Brian H. (d.) Th Psychology of Larning and Motivation, 44: Nw York, Acadmic Prss. 1202