Open chain structures, and lithium ions, 6, 7 Ouabain, 10, 52 lithium transport and, ouabain insensitive systems, 48-49

Transcription

1 Index Acne, effect of lithium, 160, 161 Adeny1cyclase activity, 94, 95, 98 effect of lithium, 86-87, ADFX-116, seizure blockage, 99 Affective disorders, and eicosanoids, See also Bipolar illness; Manic depression. AIDS future use of lithium, 90 lithium in treatment of, 151, 156 Amiloride, 53 AMP and lithium, 122 Animal studies animal behavior, and lithium, dietary studies, with lithium waters, lymphoid cell studies, 67-72, Anti-inflammatory effects of lithium, and skin disorders, 137, 146 Anxiety, hypomagnesemia and, 126 Aplastic anemia, lithium treatment, 87 Arachidonic acid (AA), 8-9, 139, 141, 142, 143 Arfwedson, la., 16, 25 Atherosclerotic heart disease, lithium waters and, 19 Biperiden, seizure blockage, 99 Bipolar health, 9 homeostasis, 9-10 Bipolar illness characteristics of, 8, 9 ionic equilibrium and, Blood cells and lithium bone marrow cells, future research direction, 90 granulopoiesis, leukemia induction, neutrophil production, 83, 85 red blood cell transport, Brain enzymes. See Magnesium, magnesium-dependent enzymes and lithium Buffalo Lithia Waters, 17 Ca2 + -ATPase, effect of lithium, Carbamazepine (CBZ), side effects, 88 Cardiovascular mortality, and lithium waters, 19 Cation distributions, changes in lithium therapy, 49 Cell growth, effects of lithium, , Cell membrane, lithium transport, 48, 49 (Fig. 4.1) Chelation theory, 6, 10, 12, Chemotherapy, lithium and granulopoiesis recovery, 88, 89-90

2 170 Index Choline transport, 49 Clenbuterol, effects in rats, 95, 96 Cortical effects in vitro studies, in vivo studies, Crown ethers, 6 Cytotoxic drugs, lithium and granulopoiesis recovery, 88, Dental caries, and lithium waters, Di homo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), 8, 139, 141, 142, 143 DNA polymerase, effect of lithium, 131 DNA synthesis, effects of lithium, 122 DNA viruses, effect of lithium, 151 Dosage average dosage, 3 concentration ranges, distribution throughout body, 4, 5 effective dosage, 59 lethal concentration, 4-5 maintenance level, 4, 5 retention/clearance issue, 4 Ecosystem, lithium in, 40 Eicosanoids affective disorders and, effect of lithium, eicosanoid precursors, 141 formation of, functions of, 139 Erythrocytes, lithium ratio between serum and, 3 Erythropoiesis, inhibition and lithium, 87 Essential fatty acids eicosanoids and, functions of, 139 manic depression and, 144, 145 Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) enhancement of inhibition of HSV by lithium, 153, 155 Fatty acids, 8-9 See also Essential fatty acids. Febrile episodes, future use of lithium, 90 Felty's syndrome, lithium treatment, 88 Fibroblasts, lithium transport, Folliculitis, effect of lithium, Forskolin, reversal of lithium toxicity, 97,98 (Table 7.2) Fungal infections, plants and lithium, 29 Glucose transport, effects of lithium, 123 Gout, lithium carbonate and, G-proteins, 48, 138 behavioral correlates with lithium on, 95 characteristics of, 94 effects of lithium on, Granulocytes, effect of lithium, Granulopoiesis cancer therapy, lithium and granulopoiesis recovery, 88, dcamp and, 87 lithium and faulty granulopoiesis, lithium induced leukemia, lithium stimulation of colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), lithium stimulation of granulocytemacrophage (CFU-GM), mechanism of action, 84 (Fig. 6.1) microenvironment studies, 86 sodium permeability factor, Growth stimulation, plants and lithium, 30-31, 32 GTP-activity, Guinea pigs, lymphoid cell studies, 65-66

3 Index 171 Hamsters, lymphoid cell studies, 67-72,73-76 Hematopoiesis, 51 faulty, and lithium treatment, Hemispherand, 7 Herpes virus, effects of lithium, 5, 137, 150, , Hibernating animals, effect of lithium on cells of, Host-guest complexation, 7-8 Hyperventilation, hypomagnesemia and, 126 Immune system and lithium future research direction, 76 lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes, mast cells, 62 natural killer cells, 62, 72 PMN and PMN precursors, responses to lithium, affecting factors, Industrial uses, lithium, 26 Inositol, reversal of lithium toxicity, 97, 98 (Table 7.2) Inositol phosphatase, 97, 105 inhibition by lithium, inositol monophosphatase, , 114 ins (1,4)P2/Ins (1,3,4)P3 I-phosphatase, Insomnia, hypomagnesemia and, 126 Leukemia, induced by lithium, Leukocytosis, 82 transport mechanism and, Lithium anti-inflammatory effects, 145, 146 antiviral action, 4-5, bonding system, 1 chemical forms of, 47 discovery, 16, 25 dosage, 3-4 effects on ecoseptem, 40 essentiality in body, 2-3 G-proteins and, hematopoietic stem cells (Fig. 6.1),84 historical view, industrial uses, 26 inhibitory action, 94, 95 measurements of, 1, mode of action, theories of, natural level in blood, 2 natural presence of, 1-3,4,25,58 phototoxicity, plant growth stimulation, 30 physiochemical properties, 126 prostaglandin and, 8-9 release as waste, 26 seizures induced by, 98 stimulatory action, 94 therapeutic efficacy, biochemical bases, 59 unique properties of, 94 Lithium bromide, 47 Lithium carbonate, 47, 83 Lithium chloride, 47 Lithium ions fibroblast transport, host-guest complexation, 7-8 ionic size versus cavity of host, 6-7 ionophore, 5-9 leukocytosis and, magnesium ion cofactor, 10-11, 47 neuroblastoma cell transport, 51 open chain structures and, 6, 7 penetration of phospholipid membrane, 10 plant physiology and, 34 red blood cell transport, transport of, 5-8, transport pathways, 10 Lithium isotope natural occurrence, 58 and NMR analysis, Lithium-sodium transport, 48, 50, Lithium waters animal dietary studies, cardiovascular mortality and, 19

4 172 Index Lithium waters (cont.) chemical extraction, 17 dental caries and, discovery of, 16 gout treatment, teratogenic effects, 20 water lithium levels and mental hospital admission, Lymphocytes effects of lithium, finding involving animals, 65-72, finding involving humans, Macrocyclic compounds, 7-8 Macrophages/monocytes, effects of lithium, Maculopapular rashes, effect of lithium, Magnesium abnormal mood changes and, 125 alterations in manic depressives, 125 brain enzymes and, 127 hypomagnesemia and psychiatric disturbances, lithium/magnesium competition, 10 magnesium-dependent enzymes and lithium adenylate cyclase, 10, Ca2+ -ATPase, DNA polymerase, 131 Mg2+ -ATPase, 130 myoinositol phosphatase, Na+/K+-ATPase, 129 pyruvate kinase, 130 tryptophan hydroxylase, 131 physiochemical properties, 126 similarity of lithium to, 47 Maintenance level, 4, 5 Mania lithium action and, 97 PGEllevels and, 8, 143, 145 Manic depression alternatives to lithium, 88 blood lithium ratios of, 49-50, 51 cation distribution changes, 49 and essential fatty acids, 144, 145 hypomagnesemia and, and prostaglandin E, 143, 145 Mast cells, effects of lithium, 62 Measurement of lithium levels limitation of, 54 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Membranes, passage of Li+ through, 11 Mental hospital admission, water lithium levels and, Methixen, seizure blockage, 99 Mice, lymphoid cell studies, Mood regulation, and prostaglandin E,142 Muscarinic-cholinergic receptors, SUbtypes of, Myo-inositol phosphatase, effect of lithium, Natural killer cells, effects of lithium, 62, 72 Neuroblastoma, lithium transport, 51 Neutropenia, lithium treatment, 88 Neutrophils, effect of lithium, 83, 85 Na+/K+-ATPase, effect of lithium, 129 Nobel Prize, 8 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), measurement of lithium levels, Open chain structures, and lithium ions, 6, 7 Ouabain, 10, 52 lithium transport and, ouabain insensitive systems, Petalite rock, 16 PGE1, 10 mania and, 8 Phloretin, 53, 85 Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, 98

5 Index 173 Phosphoinositide cycle inositol monophosphatase, , 114 inositol phosphatase, Ins (1, 4, 5)P 3, 114 lithium effects in vitro, in vivo, normal cycle, 102, 103 (Fig. 8.1), Phytotoxicity, lithium in plants, Pilocarpine, 107 Pilocarpine seizures, 98, 99 Plants and lithium, 3 differential accumulation by species, fungal infections and lithium, 29 growth stimulation, 30-31, 32 lithium in ecosystem, 40 physiological and biochemical effects, phytotoxicity, sensitivity to lithium in air/soil, 30, (Table 3.3) transport of lithium, 33 PMN and PMN precursors, effects of lithium, Procyclidine, seizure blockage, 99 Prostacyclin, 142 Prostaglandin, and lithium, 8-9 Prostaglandin E alcohol consumption and, 142 effects of, 141 eicosanoids and, l39, 140 manic-depression and, 143, 145 mood regulation and, 142 Psoriasis, effect oflithium, Pyruvate kinase, effect of lithium, 130 Radiation, lithium and granulopoiesis recovery, 88, Rats, lymphoid cell studies, 65 Red blood cells, lithium transport, Retention/clearance issue, 4 Rheumatoid arthritis, 9 Salbutamol, effects in rats, 95 Sea water, lithium in, 1 Seborrhoeic dermatitis, effect of lithium, Seizures blockage, agents used, 99 lithium induced, 98 pilocarpine seizures, 98, 99 Side effects carbamazepine (CBZ), 88 leukocytosis, organs involved in, 59 Skin disorders and lithium acne, 160, 161 dual effect of lithium, 158, 163 folliculitis, herpes virus, l37, 150, , limitations of research, lithium/skin disorder relationship research requirements, 159 maculopapular rashes, oral lithium and, , 163 prevalence of, 158 psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, topical lithium and, l37, 148, 154, Sodium and granulopoiesis, lithium-sodium transport, 48, 50, sodium-potassium pump, 48, 51 Spherands, 6 Teratogenic effects, lithium waters, 20 Tetany, hypomagnesemia and, 126 Therapeutic efficacy, lithium, 59 Topical lithium, skin disorders, 137, 148, 154, Toxicity, 59 lethal concentration, 4-5 reversal of, 97

6 174 Index Toxicity (cont.) symptoms of, 97 Tryptophan hydroxylase, effect of lithium, 131 Urate crystals, lithium carbonate and, 16 U.S. vs. Buffalo Springs, 17 Varicella-zoster virus, 152 Viral infection and lithium, 4-5 AIDS patients, early reports, 150 herpes virus, 137, 150, in vitro effect, mechanisms of action, 150,