Shiva: the god oj destruction and of creativity symbolizes both the destructive power of schizophrenia and the creativity of many of its sufferers.

Transcription

1 Shiva: the god oj destruction and of creativity symbolizes both the destructive power of schizophrenia and the creativity of many of its sufferers.

2 The Biological Basis of Schizophrenia

3 The Biological Basis of Schizophrenia Edited by Gwynneth Hemmings The Schizophrenia Association of Great Britain and W. A. Hemmings University College of North Wales Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales ~ MTPPRESS LIMITED Intemational Medical Publishers

4 Published by MTP Press Limited Falcon House Lancaster, Copyright 1978 MTP Press Limited Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1978 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission from the publishers. ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn -13: The Blackburn Times Press, Northgate, Blackburn, Lanes. B82 lab IV

5 Contents List of Contributors Preface ix xi SECTION 1: STRUCTURE 1 The brain stem reticular formation K. E. Webster 3 SECTION 2: GENETICS 2 Clinical and biochemical manifestations of acute intermittent porphyria: a working model for schizophrenia as an inborn error of metabolism L. Wetterberg 27 SECTION 3: PATHOGENESIS 3 Psychoses from digestive origins H. Baruk 4 The amino hepato-entero-toxic theory of schizophrenia: an historical evaluation G. A. Buscaino 5 Clues to the causation of schizophrenia D. Richter 6 An evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia T. J. Crow 7 The dopamine hypothesis revisited M. Sandler Tryptophan and serotonin in schizophrenia: a clue to biochemical defects 1 D. A. Bender 9 Neurochemical findings in the post-mortem schizophrenic brain E. D. Bird 10 The pineal gland: its possible significance in schizophrenia J. A. Smith v

6 CONTENTS SECTION 4: TREATMENT 11 Rational drug treatment in schizophrenia T. J. Crow Investigations into serum folate and ~2 concentrations in psychiatric in-patients with particular reference to schizophrenia M. W. P. Carney Propranolol and schizophrenia: objective evidence of efficacy J. Gruzelier and N. J. Yorkston 127 SECTION 5: DIETARY FACTORS 14 The effect of diet on brain neuro-transmitters R. J. Wurtman Schizophrenia: Are some food-derived polypeptides pathogenic 1 Coeliac dis.. se as a model F. C. Dohan Some insights into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia M. M. Singh Nutrition and schizophrenia: implications and problems J. W. T. Dickerson The cytotoxic properties of wheat proteins D. A. Hudson 19 5-Hydroxytryptamine metabolism in coeliac disease D. N. Challacombe 20 A preliminary investigation of dietary constituents and amphetamine-induced abnormal beheviour M Taylor VI

7 CONTENTS SECTION 8: IMMUNOLOGICAL FACTORS 21 Immunobiological approaches to the study of gut function w. P. Faulk Nutrition and immunity: possible new approaches to research in schizophrenia W. P. Faulk and J. R. Cockrell The absorption of large breakdown products of dietary proteins into the body tissues including brain W. A. Hemmings Antibodies to gliadin in serum of normals, coeliac patients and schizophrenics W. Th. J. M. Hekkens 259 SECTION 7: ALCOHOLISM 26 Screening tests for alcoholism S. 8. Rosalki Index VII

8 List of Contributors H.BARUK 5 Quai de la Republique, Saint-Maurice, Paris, France D.A. BENDER Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, london, E. D. BIRD Department of Neuropathology, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02178, G. A. BUSCAINO Universita' di Napoli, 2a Faculta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Clinica Neurologica, Napoli, Italy M. W. P. CARNEY Northwick Park Hospital. Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, D. N. CHALLACOMBE Children's Research Unit, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, Somerset, J. R. COCKRELL Department of Basic and Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charlestown, S. Carolina 29403, T. J. CROW Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, J. W. T. DICKERSON Department of Human Nutrition, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, F. C. DOHAN Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, Henry Avenue and Abbotsford Road, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, W. P. FAULK Department of Basic and Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charlestown, S. Carolina 29403, J. GRUZELIER Department of Psychiatry, Charing Cross Hospital, london, W. Th. J. M. HEKKENS Academische Zeinkenhuis, laboratorium voor Gastroenterologie, gebouw 26 Rijnburgerse, 10 leiden, Holland W. A. HEMMINGS ARC Immunology Group, Zoology Department, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales IX

9 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS D.A. HUDSON Institute of Child Health, Virology Department, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, D. RICHTER IBRO Secretariat, 41 Queen's Gate, London, S. B. ROSALKI St. Mary's Hospital, Harrow Road, London, M. SANDLER Bernhard Baron Memorial Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Pathology, Queen Charlotte's Hospital for Women, Goldhawk Road, London, M. M. SINGH University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Schizophrenia Research Programme, Veterans Administration Hospital, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, J. A. SMITH Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, M. TAYLOR Department of Psychology, Ulster College, The Northern Ireland Polytechnic, Jordanstown, Newtown Abbey, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland K. E. WEBSTER Department of Anatomy, King's College, London, L. WETTERBURG Department of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, St Garan's Hospital, Box 12500, S Stockholm, Sweden R. J. WURTlltlAN Laboratory of Neuro-endocrine Regulation, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, N. J. YORKSTON Bethlem Royal, Maudsley and Friern Hospitals, London, x

10 Preface For years lip service has been paid to a belief in a biological basis for schizophrenia, but,nevertheless psychosocial and psychodynamic "theories" of schizophrenia have been promulgated, and these have detracted from the all important biological work, Eclecticism has ruled the day and has caused considerable confusion, As a result research in schizophrenia has not progressed as fast as it should have done and treatment has been less effective than it could otherwise have been. This book is devoted to a wholly biological approach to the problem of schizophrenia, in the hope that many more workers will enter this exciting field of research. A wide variety of topics is covered, including brain structure; the genetics, pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia; a consideration of dietary and immunological factors and finally a chapter on alcoholism as it seems possible that the problems of schizophrenia and addiction are linked. We are grateful to all our contributors and to MTP Press for their enthusiasm for this book. Gwynneth P Hemmings William A Hemmings XI