Physiology of Parasites
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1 Physiology of Parasites
2 TERTIARY LEVEL BIOLOGY A series covering selected areas of biology at advanced undergraduate level. While designed specifically for course options at this level within Universities and Polytechnics, the series will be of great value to specialists and research workers in other fields who require a knowledge of the essentials of a subject Titles in the series: Experimentation in Biology Methods in Experimental Biology Visceral Muscle Biological Membranes Comparative Immunobiology Water and Plants Biology of Nematodes An Introduction to Biological Rhythms Biology of Ageing Biology of Reproduction An Introduction to Marine Science Ridgman Ralph Huddart and Hunt Harrison and Lunt Manning and Turner Meidner and Sheriff Croll and Matthews Saunders Lamb Hogarth Meadows and Campbell Biology of Fresh Waters An Introduction to Developmental Biology Ede Maitland Physiology of Parasites Chappell
3 TERTIARY LEVEL BIOLOGY Physiology of Parasites Leslie H. Chappell, B.Sc., Ph.D Lecturer in Zoology University of Aberdeen Blackie Glasgow and London
4 Blackie & Son Limited Bishopbriggs Glasgow G64 2NZ Furnival House High Holborn London WC1 V 6BX ISBN / ISBN (ebook) 1979 L. H. Chappell Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1979 First published 1980 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Publishers International Standard Book Number Hardback a
5 Preface THIS BOOK HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FROM A SHORT LECTURE COURSE GIVEN to advanced undergraduate students as part of a general introduction to the subject of parasitology for zoologists. The book is written for the undergraduate who has no previous experience of parasitology and little background in either biochemistry or physiology. It is not a long book, and students will have to consult some of the more detailed textbooks in parasitology and physiology to gain a full understanding of the topics considered here. My objective in writing this book is to introduce the breadth of parasite physiology, leaving the reader to obtain a depth of knowledge by his own library research. Each chapter covers a single topic or related topics in physiological parasitology, and the variable length of the chapters reflects the amount of research interest that has been generated over the last few decades. It is to be hoped that by use of this book students will develop an interest in some of the more neglected areas and be stimulated to make good some of the more glaring deficiencies in our current knowledge. I should like to acknowledge with gratitude the assistance of my colleagues Dr 1. Barrett, Dr R. A. Klein, Dr A. W. Pike and Dr R. A. Wilson for reading various chapters, and for their comments. Sincere thanks are due to Bob Duthie for his excellent line drawings and to Alison Wood for typing part of the manuscript. Special thanks go to Eileen for her typing, her encouragement and her patience. L.H.C. v
6 Contents Chapter l. INTRODUCTION What is a parasite? Historical perspective. Importance of parasitology to man. Chapter 2. FEEDING AND NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY Introduction. I n vitro culture of parasites. The alimentary canal of helminths: Monogenea. The role of external surfaces of parasites in their nutrition: The morphology of the parasite surface. Transtegumentary absorption of nutrients: Mechanisms of solute entry. Transport of molecules into parasites. Bidirectional fluxes of nutrients. Surface enzymes in parasites: Intrinsic surface enzymes. Extrinsic surface enzymes. Inhibition of host enzymes by parasites. 5 Chapter 3. CARBO HYDRA TE METABOLISM AND ENERGY PRODUCTION Stored carbohydrates. Glycolysis. End-products of carbohydrate catabolism. Glycolytic enzymes of parasites. Carbon dioxide fixation. Regulation of carbohydrate catabolism. Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Role of oxygen in parasite energy metabolism. 42 VII
7 Vlll CONTENTS Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Pasteur and Crabtree effects. Electron transport and terminal oxidations. Respiratory pigments in parasites. Pentose phosphate pathway. Glyoxylate pathway. PROTEINS, LIPIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Introduction. Proteins: Protein composition. Amino acid content.. Protein synthesis. Protein and amino acid metabolism. Respiratory proteins. Lipids: Lipid composition. Lipid biosynthesis. Lipid catabolism. Nucleic acids: Nucleic acid composition. Nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic acid catabolism. Extranuclear DNA of trypanosomes. EXCRETORY SYSTEMS, NITROGEN EXCRETION, WATER AND IONIC REGULATION Introduction. Contractile vacuoles in Protozoa. Proto nephridial systems in Platyhelminthes. End-products of nitrogen metabolism. Ionic regulation and water balance. Free amino acids and osmoregulation. REPRODUCTION Introd uction. Asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction: Protozoa. Monogenea. Acanthocephala. Synchronization of parasite and host reproduction
8 Chapter 7. CONTENTS PARASITE TRANSMISSION Introd uction. Mechanisms for locating the host: Monogenea. Mechanisms for penetrating the host: Circadian rhythms and transmission. IX 110 Chapter 8. EST ABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF PARASITES Introduction. Hatching mechanisms: Protozoa. Acanthocephala. Biochemical aspects of establishment: Role of bile salts. Metabolic changes. Migration and site selection: Patterns of migration. Site selection and recognition. Invasion of host tissues. Factors inhibiting parasite growth and establishment: Crowding effect. Interspecific interactions. Labile growth patterns. Moulting in nematodes. 129 Chapter 9. NERVOUS SYSTEMS, SENSE ORGANS AND BEHA VIOURAL COORDINA non Introd uction. Morphology of the parasite nervous system. Sense orga ns: Monogenea. Acanthocephala. Nervous transmission, neuromuscular junctions and neurosecretion. Behavioural coordination. 160
9 x CONTENTS Chapter 10. HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS Introd uction. General principles of cellular and immunological defence systems. Immunity to Protozoa: Blood-dwelling Protozoa Malaria. Babesia. Trypanosoma. Tissue-dwelling Protozoa. Leishmania. Coccidia. Amoebae. Immunity to helminths: Immunisation against parasitic diseases. Pathogenesis of parasitic infections: Immunopathology General pathology: Mechanical injury. Toxic effects. Effects on host cell growth. Effects on host reproductive systems. Metabolic effects. 175 FURTHER READING GLOSSARY APPENDIX INDEX An outline classification
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