From Bench to Cageside: Immunology of Humanizing Mice. Zachary T Freeman

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1 From Bench to Cageside: Immunology of Humanizing Mice Zachary T Freeman

2 Goals Understand relevant immunology related to humanized mice Understand three main components that contribute to formation of humanized mice Clinical management of severely immunodeficient mice

3 Goals Understand relevant immunology related to humanized mice Understand three main components that contribute to formation of humanized mice Clinical management of severely immunodeficient mice

4 Dranoff, G Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2004

5 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) Are a Novel Cell Type for Immune Responses Shortman K, et al Nat Rev Imm2002

6 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) Are a Novel Cell Type for Immune Responses Spits H, Nat Rev Imm, 2013

7 Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity Kumar et al. Robbins Basic Pathology, 8 edn. 2007, pp. 109, Copyright Elsevier.

8 B Cells Produced Antibodies as the Main Mediator of Humoral Immunity Cooper MD, Nat Rev Imm, 2015

9 CD4 T Cells Coordinate and Modulate Cellular Immune Responses Zou W, Nat Rev Imm, 2010

10 CD8 T Cells Mediate Effector Portion of Cellular Immunity Restifo NP, Nat Rev Imm, 2012

11 Goals Understand relevant immunology related to humanized mice Understand three main components that contribute to formation of humanized mice Clinical management of severely immunodeficient mice

12 Crotty S, Nat Rev Imm, 2015 T and B cell Interactions are Important for Protective Immunity

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14 What is an NSG mouse? NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1wjl /SzJ

15 Non Obese Diabetic Mice Have Altered Innate and Adaptive Immunophenotype T cell mediated islet destruction/diabetes Defective NK cell function Defective macrophage cytokine production Altered immunoregulatory functions of antigen presenting cells Calis JJA, Trends in Imm, 2014

16 What is an NSG mouse? NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1wjl /SzJ

17 Antigen Specificity Defines B and T cells Calis JJA, Trends in Imm, 2014

18 B and T cell Receptors Share Common Features Calis JJA, Trends in Imm, 2014

19 Deletion of Prkdc Leads to Defect in DNA Repair Mechanisms in All Cells Lymphoid Specific General Villartay, JP, Nat Rev Imm, 2003

20 What is an NSG mouse? NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1wjl /SzJ

21 IL-2 Receptor Gamma is Essential B, T, NK and DC Function Rochman Y, Nat Rev Imm, 2009

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23 Ionizing Radiation Has Variable Effects on Immune Cells Finkelstein SE, et al Frontiers in Oncology, 2012

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25 Origins of Humanizing Component Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC/PBL) CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) Bone marrow, liver, thymus (BLT mice)

26 CD34+ Cells Serve as Total Precursor to Immune System Sharpless NE et al, Nat Rev Mol Cell Bio, 2007

27 Unknown Cross talk between Mouse and Human Cytokines Shultz LD, Nat Rev Imm, 2012

28 Human Cytokines Enhance Innate Cell Engraftment in NSG-SGM3 Mice S: Human Stem Cell Factor (SCF) gene maintains normal basal hematopoiesis. GM: Human Granulocyte/Macrophage-colony stimulating factor 2 (GM-CSF) Innate cell numbers and function 3: Human interleukin-3 (IL-3) multipotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into myeloid progenitor cells myeloid lineage to proliferate

29 Shultz LD, Nat Rev Imm, 2012 Human Cytokines Enhance Innate Cell Engraftment in Humanized Mice

30 Goals Understand relevant immunology related to humanized mice Understand three main components that contribute to formation of humanized mice Clinical management of severely immunodeficient mice

31 Immunology Problems Underlying Clinical Disease in Humanized Mice Increased susceptibility to commensal/opportunisitc organisms Cornybacterium bovis Klebsiella oxytoca Pasturella pneumonia Pseudomonas sp Staphlococcus sp Pneumocystis murina Graft Versus Host Disease Limited resources for the immune system Risk of anthropozoonosis

32 Human Immune Cells Do No Recognize Murine Immune Cells Kobayashi KS, Nature Reviews Immunology, 2012

33 Human Immune Cells Do No Recognize Murine Immune Cells Bleakley M, Nature Reviews Cancer, 2004

34 Limited Host Resources Alter Immune Cell Expansion and Homeostasis Badovinac VP, Immunity 2007

35 Unknown Risk of Anthropozoonosis? Human immune cells host to many infectious pathogens HIV, EBV, CMV, HTLV Unknown risk of infection for severely immunodeficient mouse Unclear if murine immune system responds to these organisms

36 Management of Humanized Mice Barrier housing Air locks/showers Designated clothing PPE PAPRs Individually ventilated cages HEPA filtered air Automated water

37 Management of Humanized Mice Vary levels of sterilization Cages Food Bedding Laminar flow hoods Food/water practices Acidification of water Prophylactic antibiotics not recommended

38 Management of Humanized Mice Infectious Agent Surveillance Sentinel selection Age? Immune status? Direct vs. indirect Agent exclusion Testing methodology/frequency Limited information about efficacy of treatment Rederivation to clean up infections

39 Management of Humanized Mice

40 Basic immunology of humanizing mice is important for clinical management and use of the model. Questions?

41 Acknowledgements Jessica Xu DVM ULAM faculty and residents

42 References 1.Badovinac, V.P., Haring, J.S. & Harty, J.T. Initial T cell receptor transgenic cell precursor frequency dictates critical aspects of the CD8(+) T cell response to infection. Immunity 26, (2007). 2.Bleakley, M. & Riddell, S.R. Molecules and mechanisms of the graft-versus-leukaemia effect. Nat Rev Cancer 4, (2004). 3.Calis, J.J. & Rosenberg, B.R. Characterizing immune repertoires by high throughput sequencing: strategies and applications. Trends Immunol 35, (2014). 4.Cooper, M.D. The early history of B cells. Nat Rev Immunol 15, (2015). 5.Crotty, S. A brief history of T cell help to B cells. Nat Rev Immunol 15, (2015). 6.de Villartay, J.P., Fischer, A. & Durandy, A. The mechanisms of immune diversification and their disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 3, (2003). 7.Dranoff, G. Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 4, (2004). 8. Finkelstein, S.E. & Fishman, M. Clinical opportunities in combining immunotherapy with radiation therapy. Front Oncol 2, 169 (2012). 9. Kobayashi, K.S. & van den Elsen, P.J. NLRC5: a key regulator of MHC class I-dependent immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 12, (2012). 10. Restifo, N.P., Dudley, M.E. & Rosenberg, S.A. Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: harnessing the T cell response. Nat Rev Immunol 12, (2012). 11. Rochman, Y., Spolski, R. & Leonard, W.J. New insights into the regulation of T cells by gamma(c) family cytokines. Nat Rev Immunol 9, (2009). 12. Sharpless, N.E. & DePinho, R.A. How stem cells age and why this makes us grow old. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8, (2007). 13. Shortman, K. & Liu, Y.J. Mouse and human dendritic cell subtypes. Nat Rev Immunol 2, (2002). 14. Spits, H. et al. Innate lymphoid cells--a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nat Rev Immunol 13, (2013). 15. Walsh, N.C. et al. Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease. Annu Rev Pathol 12, (2017). 16. Zou, W. & Restifo, N.P. T(H)17 cells in tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 10, (2010). 17. Kumar et al. Robbins Basic Pathology, 8 edn. 2007, pp. 109, Copyright Elsevier