Outline. Ionizing vs. Non-Ionizing Energy

Transcription

1 RF BIOEFFECT RESEARCH TO ADDRESS HUMAN SAFETY CONCERNS C-K. Chou, Ph.D. TC 95 Chairman Internationa Committee on Eectromagnetic Safety IEEE Outine RF Safety Research Trend Ionizing vs Non-ionizing Radiation Bioogica Compexity Engineering Compexity Research Update Standards Update Concusions Side 2 2 Side 3 RF Safety Concerns RF Source (years) Body Exposure Radar (50-60 s) Whoe body Broadcasting (60-70 s) Whoe body Microwave Oven (70-80 s) Locaized Poice Radar (80 s) Locaized Mobie Communication (90 s -?) Two -way radios (since 60 s) Locaized Mobie phones Locaized Base stations Whoe body WiFi Whoe body WiMAX Whoe body 3 Number of Pubications RF Bioeffects Pubications Year 4 Side 4 Ionizing vs. Non-Ionizing Energy Ionizing Sufficient energy to ater chemica bonds and atomic structure Confirmed heath effects incude genetic damage Effects can occur from cumuative exposure Non-ionizing (incuding RF) Lower energy, insufficient to cause effects ike those above Ony confirmed RF heath effects reate to tissue heating at eves we above imits No known chronic/cumuative effects Side 5 IEEE Beijing ICES 4/19/2002 Side 4 5 Side 6 6

2 Bioogica Compexity Cataract study In vivo study Species Strain Sex Age Extrapoation from anima to humans In vitro study Monoayer Ce suspension Isoated tissue Extrapoation to human beings Side 7 7 Side 8 8 Ophthamoogist ooking for cataract Microwave induced Cataract In a rabbit eye Side 9 9 Side Facia burns but no cataract Engineering Compexity Far Fied Exposure Near Fied Exposure RF Dosimetry Resonance Moduation CW, Pused AM, FM, TDMA, CDMA Experimenta Artifacts Temperature Contro Side Side 12 12

3 Heath poicy must be science based A singe study can form the basis of an hypothesis, but does not provide the basis for hazard identification. Confirmation of the resuts of any study is needed through repication and/or supportive studies. The resuting body of evidence forms the basis for science-based judgments by defining exposure eves for adverse heath effects no observabe adverse effects Study Type Strengths and Weaknesses Epidemioogica studies: Greatest weighting (WHO, IARC) Distribution of disease in a popuation and factors affecting this BUT can be subject to bias and confounding Vounteer studies: Response of peope to an agent such as RF BUT short-term exposure and seection (of heathy vounteers) Anima studies: Responses of mammas to an agent such as RF BUT differences in metaboism, physioogy, ifespan, etc In Vitro Ce studies: Least weighting Rapid cheap screening for possibe interaction mechanisms BUT simpe systems, may not be appicabe to a whoe organism Side Side Bioogica and Heath Effect Studies of RF Exposure in the WHO Database Mobie Teephony Reated Studies Study Type Ongoing studies Reported but not pubished Peerreviewed papers Study Type/Subtype Epidemioogy Human / Provocation Ongoing Competed w/o Pubication 6 16 Pubished Papers Epidemioogy Human Anima In Vitro Totas In Vitro Long Term Anima Studies Ce Line Injection Tumor Bioassay Chemica-Radiation-Geneticay Initiated Rodent Bioassay A Other Anima Studies Grand Tota Side Side 17 WHO Comment on Database scientific knowedge in this area is now more extensive than for most chemicas. WHO concuded that current evidence does not confirm the existence of any heath consequences from exposure to ow eve eectromagnetic fieds WHO estimated $250 M aready spent on mobie teephony bioeffect research New RF Research Programs Country Austraia Denmark Finand Germany UK: MTHR 1 MTHR 2 France Korea Netherands Switzerand USA/NTP + Japan, China, etc. Time period Tota Budget (M ) est M $130M

4 Genera Concusion from Epi studies To date, epidemioogica studies do not provide guidance for the study of ow-eve non-therma effects and as a whoe do not suggest the existence of ow-eve effects. Anima Cancer Studies The weight of scientific evidence in 43 studies shows that RF exposure up to ifetime exposure (2 years) does not adversey affect carcinogenic processes (initiation, promotion or co-promotion) at whoe-body dose rates up to 4 W/kg. Long term anima studies provide no supportive evidence of ow-eve non-therma effects. Side Side UK MTHR program (2007) The concusion so far from the data obtained within the MTHR programme is that there is no evidence of effects. However, the question remains of the nature of the mechanism of effects due to chronic exposure, if they exist. MTHR: Mobie Teephony Heath Research WHO on Chidren s Exposure (2005) Present scientific evidence does not indicate the need for any specia precautions for the use of mobie phones.. If individuas are concerned, they might choose to imit their own or their chidren's RF exposure by imiting the ength of cas, or by using hands-free devices Side Side Expert Scientific Reviews ( ) Austraian Committee on EM Energy Pubic Heath Issues European Commission Expert Group European Committee on Toxicoogy, Eco -toxicoogy French Environmenta Heath and Safety Agency (AFSSE) Heath Counci of the Netherands - Office of the Teecommunications Authority Internationa Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Internationa Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) Japanese Ministry of Post and Teecommunications New Zeaand Ministry of Heath and Ministry of Environment Nordic Authorities (Denmark, Finand, Iceand, Norway and Sweden) Roya Society of Canada Expert Pane and Heath Canada Singapore Heath Sciences Authority Swedish State Radiation Protection Authority U.K. Advisory Group of Non Ionizing Radiation U.K. Independent Expert Group on Mobie Phones (Stewart Report) U.K. Nationa Radioogica Protection Board U.S. Food and Drug Administration Word Heath Organization Genera Concusion of Expert Scientific Reviews No credibe evidence that RF exposures within internationay accepted imits cause any adverse heath effects, but More research is needed Remarks One can never prove the nu hypothesis and thus one can never prove that something is absoutey safe. There is no known mechanism for adverse heath effects of RF exposure other than therma. Due to the current extensive database, it is unikey that resuts of ongoing studies wi shift the weight of evidence on heath effects. Side Side 24 Page 2 24

5 Future Important Reviews Differences between Science and Media Internationa Agency for Research on Cancer, RF Review ate 2008 Cassification of the carcinogenic potentia of RF exposure WHO RF Environmenta Heath Criteria 2009 Assessment of a heath endpoints Science Consensus Truth Genera Laws Media Conficts News Stories to be continued Side Side Probems in Media Communication Media reports on EME issues often are not verified and reviewed Statements from so caed Experts Sensationaism, must have a hook in each story Misinformation propagates fast and continuousy Corrections do not make the news Genera pubic acquire knowedge from media and NOT from scientific journas Three Types of RF standards Exposure Safety Standards TC95 Internationa Commission on Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Emission Assessment Standards IEEE IECS TC34 Internationa Eectrotechnica Commission (IEC) TC106 Safety Reated Compatibiity Standards Side Side Who Sets RF Safety Standards? ICNIRP guideines deveoped by a reativey sma committee of appointed experts, no industry members cosed meetings Endorsed by WHO ICES arge committee open to anyone with a materia interest open consensus process Nationa agencies and standards bodies IEEE RF Safety Standard History 1960: USASI C95 Radiation Hazards Project and Committee chartered 1966: USAS C mw/cm 2 (10 MHz to 100 GHz) based on simpe therma mode 1974: ANSI C (imits for E 2 and H 2 ) 1982: ANSI C (incorporated dosimetry) 1991: IEEE C (two tiers reaffirmed 1997) 2006: IEEE C pubished on Apri 19, 2006 (comprehensive revision, 250 pages, 1143 ref.) Side Side 30 30

6 ICES as the Foca Point in the Goba Program for EME Safety Standards Exposure Standards Liaison with Internationa Groups: ICNIRP, WHO, IEC, NATO... Liaison with Nationa Groups: NCRP, ACGIH, US Fed. Agencies, Canada, China, Ireand. IEEE SASB Management, Oversight, Fundraising, etc. TC-95 Product TC-34 Environmenta TC-XX Standards Standards? SC-1 SC-2 SC-3 SC-4 SC-5 SC-1 SC-2 SC-3 SC-1: Measurements & Cacuations SC-2: Warning Signs/Hazard Comm SC-3: 0-3 khz SC-4: 3 khz GHz SC-5: EEDs SCC39 ICES (AdCom) SC-1: Marine Radar SC-2: Wireess Phones SC-3: RF-Protective Cothing Side 32 Internationa Committee on Eectromagnetic Safety (ICES) Scope Deveopment of standards for the safe use of eectromagnetic energy in the range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz reative to the potentia hazards of exposure of humans, voatie materias, and exposive devices to such energy. Such standards wi be based on estabished effects and wi incude safety eves for human exposure to eectric, magnetic and eectromagnetic fieds, incuding induced currents from such fieds, methods for the assessment of human exposure to such fieds, standards for products that emit eectromagnetic energy by design or as a byproduct of their operation, and environmenta imits. 32 Internationa Committee on Eectromagnetic Safety TC95 Subcommittee 4: 132 members, 42% from outside the US representing the foowing 23 countries: Austraia 4 Itay 3 Bugaria 2 Japan 3 Canada 4 Korea 2 China 3 Netherands 2 Finand 3 New Zeaand 1 France 1 Poand 2 Germany 1 Sovenia 1 Greece 3 South Africa 2 Hungary 1 Sweden 1 Ireand 3 Switzerand 3 Israe 2 Thaiand 1 United Kingdom 8 Internationa Committee on Eectromagnetic Safety SC4 Membership Composition Academia 36 27% Government 45 34% Industry 22 17% Consutant 27 20% Genera Pubic 2 2% Tota % Side Side Internationa Committee on Eectromagnetic Safety SC4 Membership Composition Bio Sci/Biophy 50 38% Eng/Phys 52 39% Psychoogy 5 4% Medicine 6 5% Env Heath/Risk 11 8% Others 8 6% Tota % SC4 Task for Revision C needs a compete revision ICES is committed to the deveopment of a science-based RF safety standard that is protective of pubic heath, unambiguous, and practica to impement The RF standard shoud be harmonized with other internationa standards to the extent where scientificay defensibe Side Side 36 36

7 Extensive Database C : Definitions The bioogica effects of RF exposure have been studied for more than 50 years. The WHO EMF Project website ( contains more than 2500 entries, of which more than 1400 are reevant to heath effects of RF exposure. At the cose of the evauation by ICES, 1143 studies were isted in the references. Weight of evidence: For purposes of this standard, the outcome of assessing the pubished information about the bioogica and heath effects from exposure to RF energy. This process incudes evauation of the quaity of test methods, the size and power of the study designs, the consistency of resuts across studies, and the bioogica pausibiity of doseresponse reationships and statistica associations. Side Side Definitions Bioogica effect: An estabished effect caused by, or in response to, exposure to a bioogica, chemica or physica agent, incuding eectromagnetic energy. Bioogica effects are aterations of the structure, metaboism, or functions of a whoe organism, its organs, tissues, and ces. Bioogica effects can occur without harming heath and can be beneficia. Bioogica effects can aso incude sensation phenomena and adaptive responses. Definitions Adverse heath effect: A bioogica effect characterized by a harmfu change in heath NOTE 1 Adverse effects do not incude bioogica effects without a harmfu heath effect, changes in subjective feeings of we -being that are a resut of anxiety about RF effects or impacts of RF infrastructure that are not physicay reated to RF emissions, or indirect effects caused by eectromagnetic interference with eectronic devices. NOTE 2 Sensations (perceptions by human sense organs) per se are not considered adverse effects. Thus a sensation of warmth at mii meter and other waveengths and the microwave auditory effect under the underying specia conditions are not recognized as effects to be protected against by this standard. Painfu or aversive eectrostimuation resuting from exposure at frequencies beow 0.1 MHz is treated as an adverse effect. Side Side Definitions C.1.2 Risk profie for adverse effects Estabished effect: An effect is considered estabished when consistent findings of that effect have been pubished in the peer-reviewed scientific iterature, with evidence of the effect being demonstrated by independent aboratories, and where there is consensus in the scientific community that the effect occurs for the specified exposure conditions. 1. RF shocks and burns 2. Locaized RF heating effects 3. Surface heating effects 4. Whoe body heating effects 5. Microwave hearing effects 6. Low-eve effects Side Side 42 42

8 Low-eve effects Despite more than 50 years of RF research, ow -eve bioogica effects have not been estabished. No theoretica mechanismhas been estabished that supports the existence of any effect characterized by trivia heating other than microwave hearing. Moreover, the reevance of reported ow -eve effects to heath remains specuative and such effects are not usefu for standard setting. C95.1 Standard s major revision A notabe revision to the new standard is the recommendation of peak spatia average SAR of 2 and 10 W/kg averaged over 10 g tissue for the ower and upper tier, respectivey. This revision resoves a major harmonization issue with RF standards. Side Side INTERPHONE PROJECT New IEEE Std. C pp Country Pubications (WHO ID#) Muti-country pubication 2570*, 2948* Sweden 2238, 2313, 2769 Denmark 2120, 2385 Germany 2645, 2765, 3155 Norway 2917 Japan 2794 UK 2633 Finand 2570*,2948* France 3201 New Zeaand No report yet Israe No report yet Itay No report yet Austraia No report yet Canada No report yet *Finand, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, UK Side Side Hypersensitivity Epidemioogy: 30-Year Cancer Trends Rubin et a Review of 31 studies found no evidence of an improved abiity to detect EMF in hypersensitive participants This suggests that eectromagnetic hypersensitivity is unreated to the presence of EMF. Eectromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies. Psychosomatic Medicine 67: WHO Fact Sheet 296 (2005): Eectromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS) EHS is characterized by a variety of non -specific symptoms that differ from individua to individua. The symptoms are certainy rea and can vary widey in their severity there is no scientific basis to ink EHS symptoms to EMF exposure. UK Mobie Teecommunications and Heath Research Programme, Report 2007 studies on eectrica hypersensitivity have offered no convincing support for the hypothesis that the unpeasant symptoms experienced by sufferers resut from exposure to signas from mobie phones or base stations. Side Scandinavia: itte evidence that RF exposure has any effect on meningioma risk. Incidence of intracrania meningiomas in Denmark, Finand, Norway and Sweden, , Kaeboeet a. Int J Cancer 117: (2005) United States: Rates did not change during this period despite exponentia incr ease in mobie phone subscribers starting in Anaysis of trends in incidence rate of adut neurona cancers from in U.S., Muscat et a. Neuroepidemioogy 27:55-56 (2006) United States: Despite raised concerns reated to the risk of brain cancer from using ceuar phones, our study fais to find support for this hypoth esis at the popuation eve. Trends in brain cancer incidence and surviva in the United Stat es: Surveiance, Epidemioogy, and End Resuts Program, 1973 to 2001, Deorah et a. Neurosurg Focus 20:1-7 (2006) Switzerand: after the introduction of mobie phone technoogy in Switzerand, brain tumourmortaity rates remained stabe in a age groups. Our resuts suggest that mobie phone use is not a strong risk factor in the short term for mortaity from brain tumours. Ceuar teephone use and time trends in brain tumour mortaity in Switzerand from 1969 to Roosi et a. EurJ Cancer Prev. 16:77-82 (2007)

9 Phone test positions Phone reference marks Touch position Tited position Side Side RF Product Compiance Densitometry For mobie phone or two-way radio Peak SAR determination Measure power density in mw/cm 2 or µw/cm 2 with a survey meter Compare with Reference Limits or MPE Side Side Ceuar Transmission Towers Rooftop Antennas 20 Channes 10 Watts/Channe 10% Exposure Limit 1% Exposure Limit 40 m Distance from 3 m 15 m 30 m 124 m 300 m transmission source Power density mw mw mw mw mw per square centimeter* Number of times beow 13,750 9,167 13,750 27,500 4,230 internationay recognized safety standards** *1 miiwatt (mw) = 1/1,000 watt **The ANSI/IEEE and NCRP safety standards for the genera pubic in the environment depicted above are.550 miiwatts per square centimeter Side 54 Residentia and office buiding RF exposures are in genera ower than 1% of ICNIRP or IEEE imits, simiar to radio and TV broadcast exposure eve. Rooftop antenna instaation is safe. 54

10 Austraian Radiation Protection & Nucear Safety Agency (2003) WHO Fact Sheet #304 (May 2006) AM radio 91.17% FM radio Paging TV VHF TV UHF Anaogue mobie phone Digita mobie phone (GSM) Sum of base stations 4.72% 0.14% 0.83% 1.19% 0.55% 1.4% 1.95% Side 55 Eectromagnetic fieds and pubic heath: Base stations and wireess technoogies Considering the very ow exposure eves and research resuts coected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF signas from base stations and wireess networks cause adverse heath effects Side Concusions RF eectromagnetic waves are not nucear radiation Ony proven RF adverse effect is therma effect Exposure eves near base stations are very ow Both ICNIRP and IEEE standards provide ampe protection for a popuations Thank you Side Side 58 10