MUTATION Dr.H.B.Mahesha Associate Professor and Head Department of Sericulture Yuvaraja s College University of Mysore, India.
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1 MUTATION Dr.H.B.Mahesha Associate Professor and Head Department of Sericulture Yuvaraja s College University of Mysore, India. Sunday, December 30,
2 Significance of Mutations Sunday, December 30,
3 Mutation is an abrupt qualitative or quantitative change in the genetic material/ Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which gives rise to a mutant genotype The organism which undergoes mutation is known as mutant Sunday, December 30,
4 History Seth Wright, 1791 Mutation-Coined by Hugo de Vrisin1900 to explain the heritable changes in evening primrose Oenothera lamrckiana Mutagenesis - Process of producing mutations Mutagen - A physical/chemical/biological agent that causes mutations Sunday, December 30,
5 T.H.Morgan 1910 Drosophila melanogaster Sunday, December 30,
6 Classification Based on the origin: Natural / Artificial (induced) Based on the cells: Somatic/Gametic Based on chromosomes: Autosomal/ Allosomal Based on direction: Forward/Reverse Based on size: Point/Gross Silent Mutations. Leaky mutations. Nonsense Mutations or Chain termination Mutation etc., Sunday, December 30,
7 Natural Mutation Frequency of total mutations to /organism (i.e., ) Frequency of detectable mutations 1 in 10 6 (i.e., ) Eg., Tautomerism:-The ability of a molecule to exist in more than one chemical form Sunday, December 30,
8 Tautomerism Sunday, December 30,
9 Induced Mutation Induced artificially by exposing them (organisms) to abnormal environment. Sunday, December 30,
10 Mutagens Physical Radiations: i. Ionizing-X-rays, gamma, Alpha, Beeta, protons, nutrons etc., ii. Non Ionizing -UV Temperature- Chemical Auerbach& Robson 1947 Base Analogues: 2,aminopurine, 5-bromourasil etc., Base Modifying agents: Nitrous acid, Hydroxylamine etc., Distortion producing agents: Proflavin, acridine orange etc., Sunday, December 30,
11 Biological Mutagens: H. Pylori Hepatitis virus H. papiloma virus Sunday, December 30,
12 Point Mutation / Gene Mutation A mutation that changes only one small area or one nucleotide in a gene Earliest record of point mutation dates back to 1791 by Seth Wright. Since then mutations have been reported in E. coli, Neurospora, Pea, Maize, Rodents, Fowls, Man, etc., Sunday, December 30,
13 Frame Shift Mutation A mutation that inserts or deletes a single base (normally single rarely more)will change the reading frame for the entire subsequent sequence. A change of reading frame is called Frame shift mutation. Sunday, December 30,
14 Sunday, December 30,
15 Frame Shift Mutation may be Deletion Insertion Sunday, December 30,
16 Substitution:- 1. Transition 2. Transversion Sunday, December 30,
17 Transversion Sunday, December 30,
18 Chemical Mutagenesis Morgan 1934 Drosophila with Alcohol Chemicals: Activity can not be guessed based on Types: structure Copy Errors by Base Analogues Direct Effect on DNA Agents Producing Distorsions in DNA Sunday, December 30,
19 Copy Errors by Base Analogues Eg., Thymine 5 Bromouracil Sunday, December 30,
20 Sunday, December 30,
21 Direct Effect on DNA eg., Nitrous acid (HNO2), Hydroxylamine (NH2OH),Alkylating agents Guanine Uracil =Adenine Sunday, December 30,
22 Cytocin (NH2OH) Modified Base=Adenine Alkylating Agents: EMS, EES, DES, etc., are extensively used in genetic research. Sunday, December 30,
23 Agents Producing Distortions in DNA Eg., Acridine Orange & Proflavin Sunday, December 30,
24 Sunday, December 30,
25 Intercalation resulting in addition of the base Sunday, December 30,
26 Intercalation resulting in deletion of the base Sunday, December 30,
27 RADIATION MUTAGENESIS Ionizing radiations:- High-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes. Ionization:-Any process that leads to the dissociation of a neutral atom, molecule or other species into ions; the state of being ionized. Eg., X-rays, α, β, gamma rays, fast moving particles etc., Non Ionizing radiations:-uv, Radio waves, Visible Light Sunday, December 30,
28 Effect of radiation on DNA molecule Sunday, December 30,
29 Thymine Dimers T=T 50% T=C 40% C=C 10% Sunday, December 30,
30 Sunday, December 30,
31 Ionizing Sunday, December 30,
32 Acknowledgements to INTERNET FOR PICTURES Sunday, December 30,
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