Introduction Biological charge transport Genetic code; Mutations Mitochondrial metabolic machines
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2 Introduction Biological charge transport Genetic code; Mutations Mitochondrial metabolic machines Hole migration & mutations in DNA Hole on base Tautomerization Mutation Guanine mutations enhanced Mitochondrial charge transport ATP Water channels; ATP synthase Mutations Impaired transport Diseases Complex I physics (known & unknown) jhmiller@uh.edu 2
3 Ion channels > 300 types Often gated Ions: Cl -, K +, Na +, Ca 2+, H +, etc. Drive action potentials (brain, heart, muscles, etc.) Hole migration in DNA Role in mutations Mitochondrial electron transport chain Electron tunneling Proton transport Effects of mutations jhmiller@uh.edu 3
4 Purines: Guanine & Adenine Pyrimidines: Cytosine & Thymine Under normal circumstances: G pairs with C; A pairs with T. 4 jhmiller@uh.edu
5 Image from: Replication & repair enzymes : Part of double helix splits 2 strands; Complementary bases pair w/ parent strand bases. jhmiller@uh.edu 5
6 y/transcription aspx Translation_(biology) Transcription: DNA sequence portion (gene) mrna. Translation: mrna amino acid sequence = protein. Proteins fold. What dictates higher level assembly? Transcription factors + regulatory RNA s + interactions +???. jhmiller@uh.edu 6
7 Biofundamentals mrna 3-letter code amino acid, start, or stop. 64 combinations, 21 amino acids; Encoded by original DNA bases. 7 jhmiller@uh.edu Copying error Mutation!
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9 Mitochondrial DNA high mutation rate. Oxidative damage Few repair mechanisms Many copies mtdna point mutations are implicated in: Neurodegenerative disorders LHOP, NARP, Leigh syndrome, ALS, MELAS, AD/PD, etc. Age-related illnesses (somatic mutations) Cancer Type 2 diabetes Heart disease jhmiller@uh.edu Physical mechanisms are largely unknown. 9
10 Guanine base substitutions most common in cancer. Larman, PNAS 109, (2012): G A (60%) in mtdna, cancer. Guanine sites act as potential wells for holes. Tanaka, Nature Nanotechnology 4, 518 (2009). at ggacagact ct t t t act cggt ggcct cact gat t at aaaaacact t ct caagat t ct ggcgt accgt t cct gt ct aaaat ccct t t aat cggcct cct gt t t agct cccgct ct gat t ccaacgaggaaagcacgt t a Above effects appear causally related Bacolla, Guanine holes are prominent targets for mutation. PLoS Genetics 9, e (2013). jhmiller@uh.edu 10
11 Possible mechanism Tautomerization mispair Cerón-Carrasco, J. Phys. Chem. B 114, (2010). Hole on guanine Shift in hydrogen ion: G G*. G* incorrectly pairs w/ T G*:T. G*:T replicates to correct but mutated pairing, A:T. jhmiller@uh.edu 11
12 Martha Suárez Villagrán cmσ hole destruction operator; N-N hopping: t x = 1.0 ev, t y = 0.5 ev. E G =7.75 ev, E C = 8.87 ev, E T = 9.14 ev & E A =8.24 ev Diagonalize Hamitonian using actual mtdna sequence Eigenenergies & eigenfunctions. jhmiller@uh.edu 12
13 before G A mutation after G A mutation Hole probabilities mtdna locus 3378 (cancer-implicated) Which mutations survive? Perverse Darwinian natural selection Mutation survival in tumor Amino acid replacement jhmiller@uh.edu effects. 13
14 mtdna base substitution Amino acid replacement in respiratory chain Altered function of mitochondrial machinery Altered function of mitochondrial machinery (e.g., impaired electron or proton transport) Reduced oxidative ATP production Increased ROS Upregulation of key enzymes Growth advantage Enhanced tumorigenesis Metastatic potential In the case of cancer. 14
15 Some mtdna mutations disrupt proton or electron transport by altering water channels. mtdna mutations in cancer optimally affect charge transport: reactive oxygen species certain enzymes (e.g. HK2). 15
16 NADH NAD + Inside the matrix ADP + P i ATP Complex I Complex III Peter Mitchell Complex IV F 1 mitochondrion e - Quinone pool Cytochrome c H + H + H + O 2 H 2 O Courtesy of Peter L. Pedersen (Johns Hopkins, 2007) ATP Synthase (F 0 F 1 ) H + F 0
17 17
18 Miller et al., PLoS ONE 8, e74978 (2013). 18
19 (Wallace, DC. Annu. Rev. Genet : ) HMRI Meeting 19
20 20
21 21
22 Sladja Maric 22
23 Normal (wild-type) Mutated (8993 T G) Leucine 207 S. Maric 23
24 Normal (wild-type) Mutated (8993 T G) Leucine 207 S. Maric 24
25 8993 T C mutation: NARP, Leigh syndrome 25
26 Wild Type L207R mutant L207P mutant 26
27 L207R Wild Type L207P 27
28 Electron transport in respirasome Speculative model of complex I function Water channel formation in complex I Quantum Goldilocks effect for electron transport? jhmiller@uh.edu 28
29 29
30 I 1 III 2 IV 1 Genova et al., BBA 1777, 740 ( 08) Lenaz et al., AJP-Cell Physiol. 292, C1221 ( 07) EM database EMD jhmiller@uh.edu 30
31 Moser et al., BBA 1757, 1096 ( 06) jhmiller@uh.edu 31
32 Theory (state 3): Diffusion of CoQ e - carriers. Theory (state 3): Channeling of e - s: I III via CoQ. Lenaz et al., AJP-Cell Physiol. 292, C1221 ( 07) Genova et al., BBA 1777, 740( 08) Complex I & Complex III behave as a single enzyme jhmiller@uh.edu 32
33 Lenaz & Genova, Antioxid. Redox Signal. 12, 961 ( 10) jhmiller@uh.edu 33
34 Hayashi & Stuchebrukhov, PNAS,
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36 36
37 Why is optimum body temperature in narrow range ~ 37 C? Perhaps to optimize electron transport rates: thermal fluctuations overcome localization w/o destroying quantum coherence. Interplay between coherence & decoherence just right. (Seth Lloyd) Huelga, Contemporary Physics 54, 181 (2013). jhmiller@uh.edu 37
38 38
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