Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-induced Tumours

Transcription

1 Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-induced Tumours

2 LEUKAEMIA AND LYMPHOMA RESEARCH Vaccine Intervention against Virus-induced Tumours Edited by J. M. Goldman Consultant Physician Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith Hospital London W12 OHS, UK and M. A. Epstein Professor of Pathology University of Bristol Medical School Bristol BS8 ltd, UK M MACMILLAN

3 The Leukaemia Research Fund 1986 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1986 Published in Great Britain by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and Lond~n Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Vaccine intervention against virus-induced tumours.-(leukaemia and lymphoma research) 1. Viral carcinogenesis 2. Tumors- Preventive inoculation I. Goldman, John M. II. Epstein, M. A. III. Series 614.5'999 RC ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

4 Contents The Contributors Preface The Leukaemia Research Fund vi vii xi 1. Hepatitis B Virus and Primary Cancer of the Liver Baruch S. Blumberg 2. Vaccination against Marek's Disease L. J. N. Ross and P. M Biggs 3. Studies on the Prevention ofebv-induced Malignancies by a Subunit Antiviral Vaccine M. A. Epstein 4. Prevention of Primary Liver Cancer by Hepatitis B Vaccines Arie J. Zuckerman 5. Human Papillomavirus Infections and Prospects for Vaccination Harald zur Hausen 6. Vaccine Strategies against the Human Retroviruses Associated with AIDS Robert C. Gallo, Peter J. Fischinger and Dani P. Bolognesi The Role of Cytomegalovirus in Kaposi's Sarcoma and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Gaetano Giraldo and Elke Beth-Giraldo 93 Index

5 The Contributors E. Beth-Giraldo Division of Viral Oncology Pascale Institute Naples Italy R. C. Gallo Building 37, Rm 6A09 NIH, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland USA P.M. Biggs Houghton Poultry Research Station Houghton, Huntingdon Cambs PEl 7 2DA UK G. Giraldo Division of Viral Oncology Pascale Institute Naples Italy B. S. Blumberg Institute for Cancer Research 7701 Burholme Avenue, Fox Chase Philadelphia, P A USA H. zur Hausen Cancer Research Centre Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 D-6900 Heidelberg l West Germany D. P. Bolognesi Building 37, Rm 6A09 NIH, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland USA L. J. N. Ross Houghton Poultry Research Station Houghton, Huntingdon Cambs PE17 2DA UK M. A. Epstein Department of Pathology University of Bristol Medical School Bristol BS8 1 TD UK A. J. Zuckerman Department of Medical Microbiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London WClE 7HT P. J. Fischinger Building 37, Rm 6A09 NIH, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland USA

6 Preface This volume is the third in the series entitled Leukaemia and Lymphoma Research, which was initiated in The Annual Guest Lecture, around which the volume was constructed, was delivered by Professor M. A. Epstein, and reviewed his work culminating in the development of a vaccine that can prevent virus-induced lymphomas in tamarin monkeys. Thus he and the other contributors to this volume describe, in varying degrees of detail, the progress of efforts to prevent selected malignant diseases in man and animals by use of purpose-made vaccines. To the newcomer, the surprise might be not so much that viruses can cause (or be co-factors in causing) leukaemias, lymphomas and solid tumours in man, but that it took so long for the general principle to be acknowledged by the scientific community. The history is long enough. Viruses, of course, are a comparatively recent concept, but filterable agents (ill-defined agents smaller than the smallest known bacteria that could traverse asbestos filter pads or unglazed porcelain filter candles) were known since the end of the last century. In 1908 Ellermann and Bang in Copenhagen succeeded in transmitting erythromyeloblastic leukaemia in chickens by transfer of mterable material from affected birds; three years later, Peyton Rous at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, transmitted the first solid tumour (a sarcoma) from diseased chickens to normal recipients. (He received a Nobel prize for this work only in 1965.) There then followed a long interval during which there were no further reports of leukaemia or solid tumours transmitted by filterable agents. In the early 1930s, however, Richard Shope in New Jersey reported the transmission of rabbit fibroma by filtrates, and subsequently transmission of rabbit papillomas. In 1936 John Bittner at Bar Harbor reported that an agent capable of causing mouse mammary carcinoma could be transmitted through the milk of nursing female mice. Two years later Baldwin Lucke in Philadelphia provided evidence that a kidney carcinoma of frogs was caused by a transmissible virus. In the 1950s much evidence accumulated linking various RNA-containing viruses with tumours and leukaemias in rodents. Ludwig Gross reported in 1951 that filtrates from 'infected' animals could transmit leukaemia in mice, and in

7 X PREFACE 1957 Stewart and Eddy at the National Cancer Institute defined an agent (a polyoma virus) capable of causing parotid tumours in new-born mice. In 1957, Charlotte Friend at the Sloan Kettering Institute in New York, isolated a filterable agent that could induce an erythroblastosis-like syndrome in weanling mice. In 1960 Eddy and Girardi separately reported that a simian virus (SV40) could cause sarcomas in new-born hamsters. In 1962 John Trentin showed that an adenovirus could also induce sarcomas in hamsters. In 1964 William Jarrett reported the transmission by a virus of leukaemia/lymphoma in cats. This is a very incomplete catalogue of the landmarks of the first fifty-odd years of viral oncology, but it serves to illustrate how spasmodic was the progress. Initially the concept that viruses could cause malignant disease was discounted by almost all; subsequently many accepted that viruses could, in isolated or experimental situations, cause tumours in animals, but they believed that the examples were irrelevant to man. Much has now changed over the last 20 years. Perhaps the new era dawned with the demonstration in 1964 of a new herpes-like virus (now named EBV) associated with characteristic lymphoma described originally by Denis Burkitt in East African children. Though rigorous proof that this agent causes Burkitt's lymphoma is not yet available, the circumstantial evidence in favour is compelling. In the 1970s, one of the causative agents of infectious hepatitis (the hepatitis B virus) was identified and this now seems to be a major co-factor in the aetiology of hepatocarcinoma in many parts of the world, perhaps less so in Europe and North America. One of the later pieces of the jigsaw is the recognition of a distinctive RNA virus, termed ATV or HTLV-1, as a probable cause of adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma in Japan and the Caribbean. Though one must immediately concede that the evidence linking viruses with the bulk of common human tumours is weak or non-existent, it is now clear nonetheless that some tumours would almost certainly not have occurred if a specific cofactor, in this case the virus, were deleted from the environment or at least eradicated from the body. This then is the background for attempts to immunise susceptible humans against the potentialleukaemogenic or carcinogenic effects of different viruses. To my knowledge this is the first attempt to assemble under one cover details of the various vaccinal approaches to the prevention of human and animal tumors. I hope the reader will find this volume informative and to some extent also entertaining. I hope it points the way to important therapeutic advances in the future. I thank all the authors for their contributions. They were all delivered before or very soon after the specified date. Editors are always very grateful when the targets are achieved by all. London, April1986 J.M.G. M.A. E.

8 The Leukaemia Research Fund The Leukaemia Research Fund is the only national charitable foundation in Britain devoting all its resources to research and patient care in leukaemia and the related blood diseases. Founded in 1960, it is the third largest cancer organisation in Britain and is a member of the United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research. The Fund is advised by a distinguished Medical and Scientific Advisory Panel. The Fund finances an expanding programme of research and has recently set up the Leukaemia Research Fund Centre at the Institute of Cancer Research in London for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of human leukaemia. It has also introduced a large-scale progressive aetiology study in Britain with particular emphasis on the biology of the diseases, and has funded pioneering work in Britain on bone-marrow transplantation. In addition, the Fund is involved in the clinical support of patients and provides a full information service. Its academic work, including international symposia, workshops and lectures, is complemented by an active policy of world-wide collaboration. The Leukaemia Research Fund Annual Guest Lecture is delivered by a scientist or doctor who has made a major contribution to knowledge of leukaemia and lymphomas.