Cells & Cell Organelles

Transcription

1 Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work

2 Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote no organelles animal cells Eukaryotes organelles plant cells 2

3 Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most bacteria 1 10 microns eukaryotic cells microns micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns 3

4 Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life! 4

5 The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live breathe gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out eat take in & digest food make energy ATP build molecules ATP proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids remove wastes control internal conditions homeostasis respond to external environment build more cells growth, repair, reproduction & development 5

6 The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need energy for all activities ATP need to clean up waste produced while making energy make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells Our organelles do all these jobs! 6

7 Organelles Organelles do the work of cells each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They re like mini-organs! Model Animal Cell 7

8 ATP 1. Cells need power! Making energy to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste organelles that do this work cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria 8

9 Cell membrane Function separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure double layer of fat phosphat e lipid tail 9

10 cytoplasm jelly like material holding cell membrane cell boundary controls movement 10

11 Vacuoles & vesicles small food particle vesicle Function moving material around cell storage Structure membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients 11

12 Sep 18 8:55 AM 12

13 Food & water storage plant cells central vacuole food vacuole animal cells contractile vacuole 13

14 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside cell membrane cell boundary controls movement 14

15 Lysosomes Function digest food used to make energy clean up & recycle digest broken organelles Structure membrane sac of digestive enzymes small food particle vacuole lysosomes digesting food digesting broken organelles 15

16 Sep 18 9:06 AM 16

17 A Job for Lysosomes 6 weeks 15 weeks 17

18 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside lysosome food digestion garbage cell membrane cell boundary controls movement 18

19 Mitochondria Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life Structure ATP in both animal & plant cells 19

20 Sep 18 9:10 AM 20

21 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside lysosome food digestion garbage mitochondria make ATP energy cell membrane cell boundary controls movement 21

22 Sep 18 9:15 AM 22

23 Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria ATP make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sugar sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy build leaves & roots & fruit 23

24 Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast 24

25 Sep 18 9:16 AM 25

26 cytoplasm jelly like material mitochondria make ATP in cell membrane cell boundary controls movement lysosome digestion & central vacuole cell chloroplast make ATP & 26

27 2. Cells need workers = proteins! Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors organelles that do this work nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus 27

28 Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because DNA proteins do all the work! proteins structural enzymes signals receptors cells 28

29 Nucleus Function control center of cell protects DNA instructions for building proteins Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus ribosome factory chromosomes DNA 29

30 Sep 18 9:19 AM 30

31 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside mitochondria make ATP energy cell membrane cell boundary controls movement lysosome food digestion nucleol us nucleus protect chromos omes 31

32 Sep 18 9:24 AM 32

33 Ribosomes Function protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA Structure some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER 33

34 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside lysosome food digestion nucleol us nucleus protect mitochondria make ATP energy cell membrane cell boundary controls movement ribosome s 34

35 Endoplasmic Reticulum Function works on proteins helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes Structure rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins smooth ER makes membranes 35

36 Sep 18 9:32 AM 36

37 Sep 18 9:37 AM 37

38 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside lysosome food digestion nucleus protect mitochondria make ATP energy cell membrane cell boundary controls movement ER works on proteins ribosome s 38

39 Golgi Apparatus Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department ships proteins in vesicles UPS trucks Structure membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport 39

40 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside lysosome food digestion nucleus protect mitochondria make ATP energy cell membrane cell boundary controls movement ER helps finish proteins ribosome s Golgi apparatus 40

41 nucleus DNA RNA endoplasmic reticulum vesicle protein on its way! TO: TO: ribosomes TO: vesicle Making Proteins protein Golgi apparatus TO: finished protein 41

42 nucleus control cell protects cytoplasm jelly like material Golgi apparatus finish & mitochondria make ATP in cell membrane cell boundary controls movement nucleolus make lysosome digestion & endoplasmic reticulum ribosome s central vacuole cell chloroplast make ATP & 42

43 3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells to replace, repair & grow, the cell must copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new daughter cells organelles that do this work nucleus centrioles 43

44 Centrioles Function help coordinate cell division only in animal cells Structure one pair in each cell 44

45 cytoplasm jelly like material holding vacuole & vesicles transport inside centrioles cell mitochondria make ATP energy cell membrane cell boundary controls movement lysosome food digestion ER helps finish proteins nucleus protect ribosome s Golgi apparatus 45

46 Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & finish Our organelles do all those jobs! & ship the protein make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells 46

47 That s my cellular story Any Questions?