ME 411 / ME 511. Biological Frameworks for Engineers
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1 ME 411 / ME 511 Biological Frameworks for Engineers
2 Class Organization HW 1 due on Friday HW 2 available online Grad project available online
3 What are Cells? Sea Urchin Mouse Seaweed
4 Robert Hooke
5 Prokaryotic Cells
6 Eukaryotic Cells
7 Cell Function Follows Form Cell types: motor neuron osteocyte hair cell adipocyte rods and cones endothelials skeletal muscle smooth muscle RBC lymphocyte epithelial (separated) fibroblasts sperm and egg cells (Drawn to scale)
8 Central Dogma
9 68 Basic Building Blocks Nucleic Acids 8 nucleosides Glycans 32+ sugars Proteins 20 amino acids Lipids 8 types From the construction, modification, and interaction of these components, the cell develops and functions. James Marth J. Marth Nature Cell Biology, 2008,10(9):
10 Nucleic Acids DNA (genetic storage) RNA (data transfer) ATP (energy unit) GTP (protein function)
11 Proteins Cytoskeletal proteins (structure) Enzymes (reactions) Surface receptors (function) Regulatory (activity maintenance)
12 Lipids Fatty Acids (energy storage) Hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl Saturated (no C=C bonds) Unsaturated (more than one C=C bond)
13 Lipids Fatty Acids (energy storage) Phospholipids (membranes) 2 chains + glycerol + phosphate + polar group Non-covalent bonding to form sheets
14 Glycans Saccharides (energy) Simple sugars Hydrated carbons (C, H, O)
15 Glycans Saccharides (energy) Glycoprotein (receptors) Protein with a covalently attached sugar α unit (14 glycosylation sites) β unit (12 glycosylation sites) Integrin Membrane
16 Glycans Saccharides (energy) Glycoprotein (receptors) Proteoglycan (extracellular matrix) Protein with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
17 Glycans Saccharides (energy) Glycoprotein (receptors) Proteoglycan (extracellular matrix) Glycolipid (identification) Sugar + lipid
18 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework b. Doors c. Internal walls d. The machines that make products e. The central computer f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
19 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors c. Internal walls d. The machines that make products e. The central computer f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
20 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls d. The machines that make products e. The central computer f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
21 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls cell membrane, organelle membranes d. The machines that make products e. The central computer f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
22 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls cell membrane, organelle membranes d. The machines that make products enzymes, ribosomes e. The central computer f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
23 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls cell membrane, organelle membranes d. The machines that make products enzymes, ribosomes e. The central computer DNA/chromosomes/genome f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
24 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls cell membrane, organelle membranes d. The machines that make products enzymes, ribosomes e. The central computer DNA/chromosomes/genome f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) nucleus g. The combustion engine h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
25 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls cell membrane, organelle membranes d. The machines that make products enzymes, ribosomes e. The central computer DNA/chromosomes/genome f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) nucleus g. The combustion engine mitochondria (cell membrane) h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms)
26 Cells Factory Parallels with Cells a. The building framework cell wall, cytoskeleton, cell membrane b. Doors pumps, transporters, vesicles, pores c. Internal walls cell membrane, organelle membranes d. The machines that make products enzymes, ribosomes e. The central computer DNA/chromosomes/genome f. The central computer room (eukaryotic cells only) nucleus g. The combustion engine mitochondria (cell membrane) h. Solar cells (photosynthetic organisms) chloroplasts
27 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = c. Protein + Glycan = d. Lipid + Glycan = e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
28 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = c. Protein + Glycan = d. Lipid + Glycan = e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
29 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = d. Lipid + Glycan = e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
30 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = glycoprotein d. Lipid + Glycan = e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
31 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = glycoprotein d. Lipid + Glycan = glycolipid e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
32 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = glycoprotein d. Lipid + Glycan = glycolipid e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = polysaccharide f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
33 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = glycoprotein d. Lipid + Glycan = glycolipid e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = polysaccharide f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = glycoaminoglycan, GAG g. Protein + (Part f) = h. Lipid + Protein =
34 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = glycoprotein d. Lipid + Glycan = glycolipid e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = polysaccharide f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = glycoaminoglycan, GAG g. Protein + (Part f) = proteoglycan h. Lipid + Protein =
35 Building Blocks What do you get when you combine? a. Glycan + Glycan = disaccharide b. Glycan + an amino Glycan = disaccharide c. Protein + Glycan = glycoprotein d. Lipid + Glycan = glycolipid e. Glycan + Glycan + + Glycan = polysaccharide f. (Part b) + (Part b) + + (Part b) = glycoaminoglycan, GAG g. Protein + (Part f) = proteoglycan h. Lipid + Protein = lipid-anchored protein (prenylation)
36 Questions?
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