Omega-6 Fatty Acids What, Why, Where and How?
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1 Omega-6 Fatty Acids What, Why, Where and How? Peter Lapinskas A Fitter Future for Fats Leatherhead Food RA 6 June 2000
2 What, Why, Where and How? What are Omega-6 fatty acids? Why are they important? Where are they found? How can they be used?
3 Fat is bad for you!
4 are Fat is bad for you! Some types of
5 may be are Fat is bad for you! Some types of
6 Some types of fat may be bad for you on the other hand...
7 Some types of fat may be bad for you on the other hand... Some types of fat are essential for human health
8 Fats and Fatty acids Fats and oils are made of triglycerides (98%+) Each triglyceride molecule contains 3 fatty acids There are a range of different fatty acids The mix of fatty acids determines the properties of the fat or oil Therefore will discuss fatty acids rather than fat
9 Structure of a Triglyceride H H H H C C C Fatty acid Fatty acid Fatty acid H
10 Structure of a Triglyceride Fatty acid Fatty acid Fatty acid
11 Structure of a Fatty Acid COOH CH 3 Linoleic acid cis, cis 9,12 octadecadienoic acid An omega-6 fatty acid
12 Omega-6 Fatty Acid Functions Membrane structure - fluidity, receptors, enzymes and channels Skin permeability Cholesterol movement - ω-6 fatty acid esters are more soluble Precursors for regulatory molecules Control of inflammation Platelet aggregation Vasoconstriction/dilation
13 Omega-6 Pathway Common in healthy diet Linoleic acid (18:2) desaturation γ-linolenic acid (18:3) elongation Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3) desaturation Some available from meat and eggs Arachidonic acid (20:4)
14 Omega-6 Pathway Linoleic acid (18:2) γ-linolenic acid (18:3) Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3) Arachidonic acid (20:4)
15 Omega-6 Pathway Linoleic acid (18:2) γ-linolenic acid (18:3) Anti-inflammatory metabolites Pro-inflammatory metabolites Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3) (Slow) Arachidonic acid (20:4) Meat and eggs Released from stores
16 Omega-6 Pathway Inhibitors: Aging Diabetes Cholesterol Alcohol Eczema Deficiencies Linoleic acid (18:2) γ-linolenic acid (18:3) Anti-inflammatory metabolites Pro-inflammatory metabolites Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3) (Slow) Arachidonic acid (20:4) Meat and eggs Released from stores
17 Omega-6 Pathway Linoleic acid (18:2) GLA-containing oils γ-linolenic acid (18:3) Anti-inflammatory metabolites Pro-inflammatory metabolites Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3) (Slow) Arachidonic acid (20:4) Meat and eggs Released from stores
18 Oils Containing GLA Evening Primrose (Oenothera spp.) Borage (Borago officinalis) Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Fungi (e.g. Mucor javanicus) Others
19 Fatty acid profiles (%) Linoleic GLA ALA Stearidonic Erusic Evening primrose Borage <1 2-3 Blackcurrant Hemp Mucor Echium <1
20 Fatty acid profiles (%) Linoleic GLA ALA Stearidonic Erusic Evening primrose Borage <1 2-3 Blackcurrant Hemp Mucor Echium <1
21 Fatty acid profiles (%) Linoleic GLA ALA Stearidonic Erusic Evening primrose Borage <1 2-3 Blackcurrant Hemp Mucor Echium <1
22 Fatty acid profiles (%) Linoleic GLA ALA Stearidonic Erusic Evening primrose Borage <1 2-3 Blackcurrant Hemp Mucor Echium <1
23 GLA Oils Market Mostly healthfood with some pharmaceutical No reliable volume data because of commercial secrecy Best guesses Evening primrose 1,000-1,500 t/a Borage t/a Remainder t/a
24 Evening primrose market 90% from China Unstable production leading to large price swings 3-15 per kg over a 5-7 year cycle Currently in surplus, prices at bottom of range Some production in Holland, Poland, New Zealand and USA
25 Evening primrose market Cold press vs. solvent extraction Use of press cake New developments: New Chinese joint ventures High GLA varieties
26 Borage market Mostly sold as seed Main producers: UK, Holland, Canada and New Zealand Chinese can t compete Canadian yields unstable - unbalances price New Zealand is 6 months out of phase Price swings much less than EP per kg for seed, not cyclical
27 Concentrated GLA oils Processes avalable for concentrating GLA to various levels up to 95% Evening primrose and borage are best starting materials Not yet commercialised Savings on capsule numbers can offset cost of concentration
28 Other GLA oils Blackcurrant By-product of juice and jam manufacture Mostly UK, some European Prices vary according to availability Hemp Was held back by drug issues Approved varieties now available Major use as fibre, biofuel, animal feed - GLA content not being significantly exploited
29 Potential new uses Alternative presentations Currently soft gel capsules Sachets, oil sprays? New products Salad oils Spreads (butter, margarine) Requirements Avoid high (>100C) temperatures Protect from oxygen
30 Oxidation GLA oils sensitive to oxygen Produce off flavours - go rancid Three stage process: 1) Formation of peroxides 2) Breakdown into aldehydes and other SOP s 3) Polymerisation
31 Measurement of oxidation Peroxide value - measures current oxidation Anisidine value - measures historic oxidation Polymerisation not normally measured Need both PV and AnV to assess an oil batch Can use Totox number where: Totox = AnV + (2 x PV)
32 Control of oxidation Use of inert blanket gas (e.g. Nitrogen) Avoid metal ions, by use of stainless steel or inert linings Add antioxidants (e.g. Vitamin E) Crude evening primrose oil contains high level of endogenous antioxidants
33 Conclusions Omega-6 fatty acids are key in human nutrition Many people suffer from functional deficiency Supplementation with GLA can alleviate this deficiency GLA products sold in healthfood market - well understood by consumers Time may be ripe to extend this market with a wider range of products
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