Química Orgânica I. Hidrocarbonetos insaturados. Ciências Farmacêuticas Bioquímica Química. Terpenes: antiviral, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory.
|
|
- Theresa Baldwin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Química Orgânica I Ciências Farmacêuticas Bioquímica Química AFB QO I 2007/08 1 idrocarbonetos insaturados Terpenes: antiviral, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory. OLEFINS oil-forming gas AFB QO I 2007/08 2 1
2 first algal pheromone (Müller DG et al., Science 1971, 171, 815). 117 y AFB QO I 2007/08 3 Adaptado de: Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition; L. G. Wade, Jr. Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition; McMurry s AFB QO I 2007/08 4 2
3 Functional Group Pi bond is the functional group. More reactive than sigma bond. Bond dissociation energies: C=C BDE 146 kcal/mol C-C BDE -83 kcal/mol Pi bond 63 kcal/mol AFB QO I 2007/08 5 Bond Lengths and Angles ybrid orbitals have more s character. Pi overlap brings carbon atoms closer. Bond angle with pi orbital increases. Angle C=C- is Angle -C- is AFB QO I 2007/08 6 3
4 Pi Bond Sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals. No rotation is possible without breaking the pi bond (264 kj/mole). Cis isomer cannot become trans without a chemical reaction occurring. AFB QO I 2007/08 7 Elements of Unsaturation A saturated hydrocarbon: C n 2n+2 Each pi bond (and each ring) decreases the number of s by two. Each of these is an element of unsaturation. To calculate: find number of s if it were saturated, subtract the actual number of s, then divide by 2. AFB QO I 2007/08 8 4
5 6.2 Degree of Unsaturation AFB QO I 2007/08 9 Propose a Structure: for C 5 8 First calculate the number of elements of unsaturation. Remember: A double bond is one element of unsaturation. A ring is also one element of unsaturation. A triple bond is two elements of unsaturation. AFB QO I 2007/
6 Propose a Structure: for C 5 8 Isopreno n saturado, C n 2n+2 ; neste caso é = 4 elementos de insaturação 4/2 =2 AFB QO I 2007/08 11 eteroatoms alogens take the place of hydrogens, so add their number to the number of s. Oxygen doesn t change the C: ratio, so ignore oxygen in the formula. Nitrogen is trivalent, so it acts like half a carbon. C C N C AFB QO I 2007/
7 Structure for C 6 7 N? Since nitrogen counts as half a carbon, the number of s if saturated is 2(6.5) + 2 = 15. Number of missing s is 15 7 = 8. Element of unsaturation is 8 2 = 4. e.g. anilina AFB QO I 2007/08 13 Cycloalkene nomenclature 1 C 3 3 C 3 C methylcyclohexene 3-methylcyclohexene 4-methylcyclohexene AFB QO I 2007/
8 Name These Alkenes C 2 C C 2 C 3 C 3 1-butene but-1-ene C C C 3 C 3 2-methyl-2-butene 2-methylbut-2-ene CC 2 C 3 3 C 2-sec-butyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 2-sec-butylcyclohexa-1,3-diene C 3 3-methylcyclopentene AFB QO I 2007/ vinyltridecane 4-isopropyldecane 4-vinyloctane AFB QO I 2007/
9 Alkene Substituents = C 2 methylene (methylidene) - C = C 2 vinyl (ethenyl) - C 2 - C = C 2 allyl (2-propenyl) methylenecyclohexane ethenylbenzene Name: AFB QO I 2007/08 17 In a ring, the double bond is assumed to be between carbon 1 and carbon 2. Br (Z)-7-bromo-4-ethyl-3-methylcyclohept-1-ene AFB QO I 2007/
10 Common Names Usually used for small molecules. Examples: C 3 C 2 C 2 ethylene C 2 C C 3 propylene C 2 C C 3 isobutylene AFB QO I 2007/08 19 AFB QO I 2007/
11 Name these: C 3 Br C C C C C 3 C 2 Br trans-2-pentene trans-pent-2-ene cis-1,2-dibromoethene AFB QO I 2007/08 21 Example, E-Z 1 3 C C C 2 2Z 1 2 Cl Cl 1 C C 3 C C C E 3,7-dichloro-(2Z, 5E)-2,5-octadiene 3,7-dichloro-(2Z, 5E)-octa-2,5-diene AFB QO I 2007/
12 Commercial Uses: Ethylene AFB QO I 2007/08 23 Commercial Uses: Propylene AFB QO I 2007/
13 Other Polymers AFB QO I 2007/08 25 Stability of Alkenes Measured by heat of hydrogenation: Alkene + 2 Alkane + energy More heat released, higher energy alkene. AFB QO I 2007/
14 Substituent Effects More substituted alkenes are more stable. 2 C=C 2 < R-C=C 2 < R-C=C-R < R-C=CR 2 < R 2 C=CR 2 unsub. < monosub. < disub. < trisub. < tetrasub. Alkyl group stabilizes the double bond. Alkene less sterically hindered. AFB QO I 2007/08 27 Disubstituted Isomers Stability: cis < geminal < trans isomer Less stable isomer is higher in energy, has a more exothermic heat of hydrogenation. Cis-2-butene C 3 C C 3 C Isobutylene (C 3 ) 2 C=C kj -117 kj Trans-2- butene C 3 C C C kj AFB QO I 2007/
15 Relative Stabilities AFB QO I 2007/08 29 yperconjugation Electrons in neighboring filled σ orbital stabilize vacant antibonding π orbital net positive interaction Alkyl groups are more stabilizing than AFB QO I 2007/
16 Bond strengths/hybridization effects sp 3 -sp 3 bond is weaker than sp 3 -sp 2, sp 2 - sp 2 AFB QO I 2007/08 31 Cycloalkene Stability Cis isomer more stable than trans. Small rings have additional ring strain. Must have at least 8 carbons to form a stable trans double bond. For cyclodecene (and larger) trans double bond is almost as stable as the cis. AFB QO I 2007/
17 Bredt s Rule A bridged bicyclic compound cannot have a double bond at a bridgehead position unless one of the rings contains at least eight carbon atoms. Examples: Unstable. Violates Bredt s rule Stable. Double bond in 8-membered ring. AFB QO I 2007/08 33 AFB QO I 2007/
18 Physical Properties Low boiling points, increasing with mass. Branched alkenes have lower boiling points. Less dense than water. Slightly polar Pi bond is polarizable, so instantaneous dipoledipole interactions occur. Alkyl groups are electron-donating toward the pi bond, so may have a small dipole moment. AFB QO I 2007/08 35 Polarity Examples 3 C C 3 C C cis-2-butene, bp 4 C C 3 C C 3 C trans-2-butene, bp 1 C µ = 0.33 D µ = 0 AFB QO I 2007/
19 Alkene Synthesis Overview E2 dehydrohalogenation (-X) E1 dehydrohalogenation (-X) Dehalogenation of vicinal dibromides (- X 2 ) Dehydration of alcohols (- 2 O) AFB QO I 2007/08 37 Removing X via E2 Strong base abstracts + as X - leaves from the adjacent carbon. Tertiary and hindered secondary alkyl halides give good yields. Use a bulky base if the alkyl halide usually forms substitution products. AFB QO I 2007/
20 Some Bulky Bases 3 C C 3 C O C 3 _ tert-butoxide C(C 3 ) 2 N C(C 3 ) 2 diisopropylamine 3 C N C 3 2,6-dimethylpyridine (C 3 C 2 ) 3 N : triethylamine AFB QO I 2007/08 39 ofmann Product Bulky bases abstract the least hindered + Least substituted alkene is major product. AFB QO I 2007/
21 E2: Diastereomers Ph Br C 3 Ph Br C 3 Ph Ph Ph Ph C 3 Br Ph Ph C 3 Stereospecific reaction: (S, R) produces only trans product, (R, R) produces only cis. AFB QO I 2007/08 41 E2: Cyclohexanes Leaving groups must be trans diaxial. AFB QO I 2007/
22 E2: Vicinal Dibromides Remove Br 2 from adjacent carbons. Bromines must be anti-coplanar (E2). Use NaI in acetone, or Zn in acetic acid. I - Br C 3 Br C 3 3 C C C C 3 AFB QO I 2007/08 43 Removing X via E1 Secondary or tertiary halides Formation of carbocation intermediate May get rearrangement Weak nucleophile Usually have substitution products too AFB QO I 2007/
23 Dehydration of Alcohols Reversible reaction Use concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid, remove low-boiling alkene as it forms. Protonation of O converts it to a good leaving group, O Carbocation intermediate, like E1 Protic solvent removes adjacent + AFB QO I 2007/08 45 Dehydration Mechanism AFB QO I 2007/
24 Industrial Methods Catalytic cracking of petroleum Long-chain alkane is heated with a catalyst to produce an alkene and shorter alkane. Complex mixtures are produced. Dehydrogenation of alkanes ydrogen ( 2 ) is removed with heat, catalyst. Reaction is endothermic, but entropy-favored. Neither method is suitable for lab synthesis AFB QO I 2007/
Chapter 7 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes. Introduction
Chapter 7 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes Introduction ydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds Sometimes called olefins, oil-forming gas Planar Pi bond is the functional group. More reactive than
More informationFunctional Group. Chapter 7 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes. Bond Lengths and Angles. Orbital Description. Pi Bond. Elements of Unsaturation
Organic hemistry, 5 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. hapter 7 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes Jo Blackburn Richland ollege, Dallas, TX Dallas ounty ommunity ollege District 2003, Prentice all Functional Group
More informationStructure of Alkenes In ethene (ethylene) each carbon is bonded to 3 other atoms, with zero nonbonding electrons => sp 2 hybridization.
Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes Alkenes (olefins) are hydrocarbons which have carbon carbon double bonds. A double bond is a bond and a bond. Double bond B.D.E. bond B.D.E. = 146 kcal/mol = 83 kcal/mol
More information13. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. ORGANIC EMISTRY III) ALKENES SYNOPSIS Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. These contain a C =C. They contain two hydrogens less than corresponding alkanes. Double bonded carbon undergoes hybridisation.
More information10/29/ Stability of Alkenes. Stability of Alkenes. Stability of Alkenes
7.5 Stability of cis and trans isomers Interconversion does not occur spontaneously Cis isomers are less stable than trans isomers because of the steric strain between the two larger substituents on the
More informationChapter 05 Structure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions part 01
hapter 05 Structure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions part 01 EM 341: Spring 2012 Prof. Greg ook 2012 Gregory R ook Alkenes ompounds that contain double bonds. Ethylene (Ethene) 2 2012
More informationC. Correct! A compound that consists only of hydrogen and carbon is termed a hydrocarbon.
Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 06: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes No. 1 of 10 1. What is a hydrocarbon? (A) A compound that consists of only carbon. (B) A compound that consists of nonmetals. (C) A compound
More informationChapter 7- Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity. Ashley Piekarski, Ph.D. Alkene
Chapter 7- Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity Ashley Piekarski, Ph.D. Alkene What is an alkene func
More informationChapter 12 Alkenes & Alkynes. Organic and BioChem
hapter 12 Alkenes & Alkynes Organic and Biohem Section 12.1 Introduction Unsaturated ydrocarbons ontain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds 3 6? 2 2? Three lasses of Unsaturated ydrocarbons
More informationAlkenes. Isomerism in the alkenes
Alkenes Alkenes are a family of hydrocarbons (compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only) containing a carbon-carbon double bond. The first two are: ethene 2 4 propene 3 6 You can work out the formula
More information3/14/2011. Worked Example Stability of Alkenes. 7.4 Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation
7.4 Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation E,Z system Sequence rules used to assign priorities to the substituent groups on the double-bond carbons (alkenes) E double bond For German entgegen meaning
More informationUNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
hemistry 52 hapter 20 UNSATURATED YDROARBONS The unsaturated hydrocarbons consist of three families of homologous compounds that contain multiple bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes contain carbon carbon
More informationAlkenes and Alkynes: Structure and Nomenclature
hapter 3 3 : Structure and Nomenclature APTER SUMMARY 3.1 Introduction to Alkenes are hydrocarbons in which there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond; alkynes have at least one carbon-carbon triple
More informationChapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes. Classification Review. Alkenes: Structure and Stereochem Slide 3-2
hapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes lassification Review Alkenes: Structure and Stereochem Slide 3-2 1 Alkane Structural Formulas All - single bonds Saturated with hydrogens (no pi bonds)
More information4 Types of Organic Polar Reactions
Objective 12 Apply Reactivity Principles to Electrophilic Addition Reactions 1: Alkenes Identify structural features (pi bond) and electrophiles Use curved arrows to predict product 4 Types of Organic
More informationFuels. 1. Combustion is an example of an exothermic reaction which will give out energy, endothermic reactions are the opposite
Fuels 1. ombustion is an example of an exothermic reaction which will give out energy, endothermic reactions are the opposite overed ( ) ow well can you do this? 2. The energy given out by a fuel can be
More informationS4 Chemistry National 5
S4 hemistry National 5 Nature s hemistry Unit ourse Notes- ydrocarbons and onsumer Products Name lass 1 ydrocarbons ydrocarbons can be categorised into family groups known as OMOLOGOUS SERIES. A homologous
More informationTEST-7/11 th, 12 th & 12 th Passed /Set-P
III-A/172, Nehru Nagar Ghaziabad. Ph : 9811212090, 9868502091. email : bmcchemistry@gmail.com, website : www.bmcchemistry.com Type : JEE MAIN 2015-16 TEST-7/11 th, 12 th & 12 th Passed /Set-P Topic : rganic
More informationCHEM 261 Mar 9, same
93 EM 261 Mar 9, 2017 Review: ydrogenation The addition of 2 to an alkene Example: cyclohexene 2 Pd same or stereochemistry: 3 4 2 1 S R Aside: = deuterium = 2 (1 p + and 1 e - ) Product is a meso compound
More informationCarbon s unique bonding pattern arises from the hybridization of the electrons.
Unit 8 Neptune, the 8 th planet of our solar system Organic Chemistry Organic: compound containing carbon, excluding oxides and carbonates Carbon is an allotrope, meaning it has different bonding patterns.
More informationUnsaturated Hydrocarbons
Interchapter G Unsaturated ydrocarbons FPO aption TK. G. unsaturated ydrocarbons G1 In this Interchapter, we shall continue our introduction to organic chemistry by discussing unsaturated hydrocarbons.
More information4 Types of Organic Polar Reactions
Objective 10 Apply Reactivity Principles to Elimination Reactions: identify structural features (alpha C, H on beta C, LG) Use curved arrows to predict product. Compare E1 vs. E2 mechanisms. 4 Types of
More informationAlkane C-C single bond (propane) Alkene C=C double bond (propene) Alcohol - OH group (1-propanol) major. minor
Functional group* and name? Alkane - single bond (propane) *alkanes not really regarded as a functional group Alkene = double bond (propene) Addition of an unsymmetrical reagent to unsymmetrical alkene
More informationChem 105X Friday, Dec. 2, Chapter 10, Kotz Organic Chemistry
our Exam 4 (Chap 9, 10, 11) will be given in this room Friday, Dec. 9. A practice exam is posted on the course website. Review for the exam will occur Wednesday, Dec. 7 in class. Chem 105X Friday, Dec.
More information6.1 Cis Trans Isomers
6.1 CIS TRANS ISMERS 179 two dimensions on the pages of a book. The use of models is an invaluable aid in understanding the material presented in this chapter. You are strongly encouraged to build models
More informationCHEM 203 HOMEWORK 4 Chemistry of Alkenes - II. Answer the above questions by writing a detailed mechanism for the conversion of A into lanosterol.
EM 203 MEWK 4 hemistry of Alkenes - II 1. The following questions may have occurred to you: (i) do carbocations occur in living systems? (ii) an an olefin (a Lewis base) react with a carbocation (a Lewis
More informationAlkenes. IB Chemistry Topic 10.2
Alkenes IB Chemistry Topic 10.2 What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes? Which do you think would be more reactive? The relationship between the number of bonds, bond length and bond strength
More information3/27/2011. Chapter 8 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkene Addition Reactions. 8.1 Preparing Alkenes: A Preview of Elimination Reactions
John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 8 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Richard Morrison University of Georgia, Athens Alkene Addition Reactions Alkene addition reactions Addition
More informationChapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2
Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition The
More informationRadicals. Structure and Stability of Radicals. Radicals are formed from covalent bonds by adding energy in the form of heat (Δ) or light (hν).
Radicals Chapter 15 A small but significant group of reactions involve radical intermediates. A radical is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond.
More informationA general depiction of olefin metathesis is shown below, where you have two olefins that literally switch partners:
Class 6 This starts the second 1/3 of our semester, where we talk in detail about a few select reactions. We will spend two classes talking about OLEFIN METATHESIS, mostly because it is a fairly important
More informationTeacher s Tools Chemistry Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature and Isomerism
1. Hydrocarbons: a) Naming of hydrocarbons is done based on the number of carbons. 1 = meth 6 = hex 2 = eth 7 = hept 3 = prop 8 = oct 4 = but 9 = non 5 = pent 10 = dec b) Alkanes are hydrocarbons without
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Chapter 23. Hill, Petrucci, McCreary & Perry 4 th. Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane CH 4 methyl CH 3
hapter 23 rganic hemistry ill, Petrucci, Mcreary & Perry 4 th Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane 4 methyl 3 ethane 3 3 ethyl 3 2 propane 3 2 3 propyl 3 2 2 isopropyl ( 3 ) 2 or 3 3 butyl 3 2 2 2 butane
More informationThis is an addition reaction. (Other types of reaction have been substitution and elimination). Addition reactions are typically exothermic.
Reactions of Alkenes Since bonds are stronger than bonds, double bonds tend to react to convert the double bond into bonds + X-Y X Y This is an addition reaction. (Other types of reaction have been substitution
More informationNational 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry
National 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry Fuels A fuel is a chemical which burns, giving off energy. Combustion is a reaction of a substance with oxygen giving off energy. The test for oxygen is it relights
More informationTopic 6 : Structures and Reactions of Hydrocarbons Revised April Alkanes (General formula : C x H 2x+2 )
6/1 Topic 6 : Structures and Reactions of ydrocarbons Revised April 1995 ydrocarbons all contain arbon and ydrogen only. There are various families of hydrocarbons (subsets of the set of hydrocarbons)
More informationAlehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid
Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction Aldedydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain carbon-oxygen doule bonds. The general formula for aldehydes is O C R
More informationAlkenes. Question Paper 1. Chemistry (0620/0971) Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Topic. Organic chemistry Sub-Topic. Alkenes.
or more awesome resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ lkenes Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic Organic chemistry
More informationCH [2] (ii) Give the structural formula of another hydrocarbon which is isomeric with the above.
1 The alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They form a homologous series, the members of which have the same chemical properties. They undergo addition reactions and are easily oxidised. (a) The following
More informationLecture 10. October 18, We are going to spend the first part of today s class going over the test.
Lecture 10 We are going to spend the first part of today s class going over the test. ctober 18, 2011 In the second half of the class we will talk about LEFIN METATHESIS, mostly because it is a fairly
More informationChapter 4 - Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds Carbon compounds organic compounds are tied up with living organisms. So much so, that as we have seen, the presence of methane might be considered an indicator of life. Methane
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives. Acyl chloride Acid anhydride Ester Amide Nucleophilic acyl substitution 19.1 Nomenclature
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Carey/Giuliano 10th edition. Chapter 10
Organic Chemistry Carey/Giuliano 10th edition Chapter 10 Copyright 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
More informationEsters of Carboxylic Acids These are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group.
Carboxylic acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives are described as compounds that can be converted to carboxylic acids via simple acidic or basic hydrolysis. The most important acid derivatives are
More informationOrganic. Carbon Chemistry
Today Organic Carbon Chemistry Organic You know more than you think already What you will need Lewis dot, VSEPR VB, hybrid orbitals, MO electronegativity intermolecular forces Two hurdles we will deal
More informationCarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Chapter 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 17 suggested problems: 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70 Class Notes I. Carboxylic acids (organic acids) and their derivatives A.
More information11/5/ Oxidation of Alkenes: Cleavage to Carbonyl Compounds. Oxidation of Alkenes: Cleavage to Carbonyl Compounds
8.8 Oxidation of Alkenes: Cleavage to Carbonyl Compounds Ozone (O 3 ) is useful double-bond cleavage reagent Ozone is generated by passing a stream of oxygen through a highvoltage electrical discharge
More informationChemistry 261 Homework 3: Chapters 5, 6 Out: 11/20/17 Due: 11/30/17 Point Value: 9 points (7 EC points possible when combined with part I)
Chemistry 261 omework 3: Chapters 5, 6 ut: 11/20/17 Due: 11/30/17 Point Value: 9 points (7 EC points possible when combined with part I) The following homework assignment contains 28 questions valued at
More informationChapter 8 Lecture Reactions of Alkenes
Organic Chemistry, 9 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 8 Lecture Reactions of Alkenes 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes Hydrogen (H 2 ) can be added across the double bond
More informationName the ester produced when methanol and pentanoic acid react. methyl pentanoate. Name the type of reaction used to make an ester
1 Name the ester produced when methanol and pentanoic acid react methyl pentanoate 2 Name the type of reaction used to make an ester condensation reaction 3 Name the by-product of the reaction used to
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1)
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 7. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR
More informationChapter 15. Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols. B. Sources: there are two principal sources of simple aliphatic alcohols
Chapter 15 Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols Chapter 15 suggested problems: 17, 19, 24, 28, 37, 39 I. Introduction A. The relevance of alcohols (from M&B: 497): "If an organic chemist were allowed to choose
More informationCarboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I
2302272 Org Chem II Part I Lecture 5 Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I Instructor: Dr. Tanatorn Khotavivattana E-mail: tanatorn.k@chula.ac.th Recommended Textbook: Chapter 20 in Organic Chemistry,
More informationChapter 2 MASS SPECTROMETRY
Chapter 2 MASS SPECTMETY The mass spectrometer is an instrument that utilizes a variety of methods to ionize organic and biological compounds into simple cations and cationic species containing one unpaired
More informationR O R' Acid anhydride. Acid halide. Carboxylic acid. Ester O O O O. Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester. Amide
Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic acid X Acid halide ' Acid anhydride Ester ' P N 2 C N S' Amide Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester The common structural feature of all these compounds
More informationChap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols
Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols Objectives: Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols (Chapter 7 and pages 283-285 & 296-297, A-1 & A-2 in lab manual) 1. Identify molecules as an alcohol, phenol, glycol,
More information7.6 BICYCLIC AND POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. A. Classification and Nomenclature 290 CHAPTER 7 CYCLIC COMPOUNDS. STEREOCHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS
290 CAPTER 7 CYCLIC CMPUNDS. STERECEMISTRY F REACTINS 105 C 60 C C Figure 7.12 The orbitals that overlap to form each C C bond in cyclopropane do not lie along the straight line between the carbon atoms.
More informationEXPERIMENT 8 (Organic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives
EXPERIMENT 8 (rganic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives Pahlavan/Cherif Materials Medium test tubes (6) Test tube rack Beakers (50, 150, 400 ml) Ice Hot plate Graduated cylinders
More informationAlcohols and Ethers. Alcohols
Alcohols and Ethers A patient does not experience pain during surgery when given a general anesthetic. The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called
More informationOregon State University
H 223 Worksheet 9 Notes Oregon State University 1. Draw a primary alcohol and name it. OH 1-propanol Note: A primary alcohol has the form RH 2 OH; a secondary alcohol has the form R 2 H OH; and a tertiary
More informationChapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H)
Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids: RCH (RC 2 H) The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group (carbonyl & hydroxyl group)
More informationChapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds characterized by their acidity Contains COOH group (must be at
More informationunit 9 practice test (organic and biochem)
Name: Class: Date: unit 9 practice test (organic and biochem) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What s the correct formula for the simplest
More informationCarboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H)
Carboxylic Acids The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Starting materials for acyl derivatives (esters, amides, and acid chlorides) Abundant in nature from oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols in
More information13. Carboxylic Acids (text )
2009, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western ntario 13.1 13. Carboxylic Acids (text 14.1 14.9) A. Structure and Nomenclature The carboxylic acid functional group results from the connection
More informationFunctional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids are compounds in which the OH of a carboxyl group has been replaced by CI, OOCR, NH2, or OR'to convert acid chlorides,anhydrides,
More informationPaper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-II CHEMISTRY
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 9: ORGANIC -III (Reaction Mechanism-2) 17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-1I CHE_P9_M17 Table of Contents 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More informationChapter 24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry. Lecture Presentation. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT
Lecture Presentation Chapter 24 The of Life: James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Organic and Biochemistry Chapter focus: the molecules that bridge chemistry & biology Most common elements:
More informationCHM 424L Organic Laboratory, Dr. Laurie S. Starkey Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
CM 424L rganic Laboratory, Dr. Laurie S. Starkey Introduction to Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry is used to determine a sample's molecular mass and molecular formula. Some structural information can
More informationSORACHAI SAE-LIM SORACHAI SAE-LIM
1 Alkenes 2 1.Dehydrohalogenation ของ alkyl halide ซ งเก ดปฏ ก ร ยาผ าน ซงเกดปฏกรยาผาน E2 ซ งปฏ ก ร ยาด งกล าวเก ดข นโดยใช เบส 3 Ex 1. H 3 C H C CH 3 C Br C 2 H 5 ONa / C 2 H 5 OH H CH 3 C 2 H 5 O CH 3
More informationSave My Exams! The Home of Revision For more awesome GCSE and A level resources, visit us at Alkenes.
Save My Exams! The ome of Revision For more awesome GSE and A level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Alkenes Question Paper 3 Level IGSE Subject hemistry ExamBoard IE Topic Organic hemistry
More informationALCOHOLS, ETHERS, PHENOLS, AND THIOLS
C22 09/17/2013 11:27:34 Page 319 APTER 22 ALCLS, ETHERS, PHENLS, AND THILS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The question allows great freedom of choice. These shown here are very simple examples of each type.
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading: Wade chapter 21, sections 21-1- 21-16 Study Problems: 21-45, 21-46, 21-48, 21-49, 21-50, 21-53, 21-56, 21-58, 21-63 Key Concepts and Skills: Interpret the spectra of
More information4/7/2011. Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry. Structural Formulas. 3. Petroleum Products
Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry 13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13-7. Benzene 13-9. 13-10. Polymers 13-11. Carbohydrates 13-12. Photosynthesis
More informationRevision Sheet Final Exam Term
Revision Sheet Final Exam Term-1 2018-2019 Name: Subject: Chemistry Grade: 12 A, B, C Required Materials: Chapter: 22 Section: 1,2,3,4 (Textbook pg. 669-697) Chapter: 23 Section: 1,2 (Textbook pg. 707-715)
More informationChapter 20 Carboxylic Acids. Introduction
hapter 20 arboxylic Acids Introduction arbonyl (-=) and hydroxyl (-H) on the same carbon is carboxyl group. arboxyl group is usually written -H or 2 H. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to -H.
More informationAlcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3 The word alcohol refers to a class of compounds that contain an group called a hydroxyl or hydroxyl group, bounded to an alkyl group. Alcohols can be viewed as
More informationOrganic Chemistry. AQA Chemistry topic 7
rganic hemistry AQA hemistry topic 7 7.1 arbon ompounds as fuels and feedstock rude il rude oil is a finite resource found in rocks. It s the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton
More informationPlease read and sign the Honor Code statement below:
CHEM 3311 Exam #1 Name Dr. Minger June 6, 2016 Please read and sign the Honor Code statement below: I pledge that on my honor, as a University of Colorado at Boulder student, I have neither given nor received
More informationProperties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3
Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Objectives: To observe the solubility of alcohols relative to their chemical structure, to perform chemical tests to distinguish primary, secondary and
More information1. The compound which reacts fastest with Lucas reagent at room temperature is
1. The compound which reacts fastest with Lucas reagent at room temperature is (a) butan-1-ol (b) butan-2-ol (c) 2-methylpropan-1-ol (d) 2-methylpropan-2-ol 2. Chlorination of toluene in the presence of
More informationChemicals Based on Ethylene
Chemicals Based on Ethylene Ethylene is sometimes known as the king of petrochemicals because more commercial chemicals are produced from ethylene than from any other intermediate. This unique position
More informationStereochemistry: biological significance of isomerism
S Stereochemistry: biological significance of isomerism Craig Wheelock October 17 th, 2008 craig.wheelock@ki.se http://www.metabolomics.se/ (copies of slides can be downloaded from my homepage) Learning
More informationcyclobutane Benzene Ring phenyl
ow many carbons and hydrogens in the following? More rganic Today eview hydrocarbons Functional Groups Condensation eaction Biopolymers A. 6 C, 14 B. 6 C, 15 C. 6 C, 16 3 1 2 D. 7 C, 15 3 1 1 3 E. 7 C,
More informationOrganohalides and Applications of Free Radical Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta
Organohalides and Applications of Free Radical Reactions Dr. Sapna Gupta Applications of Radical Reactions Since these reactions are hard to control they have few practical applications. This does not
More informationProblem 19: Lipids CH 2 OH N + CH 3 CH 3 H C H 2 C CH 2 O CH O P O - OH O
Problem 19: Lipids Lipids are important components of our nutrition, and they fulfill a variety of important roles in the body - although we do not always want to be reminded of their presence! Lipids
More informationwhere R doesn t have to equal R or R
hem 263 Nov 24, 2016 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives arboxylic acids are very important compounds in nature and serve as building blocks for preparing related derivatives such as esters and amides. The
More information1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C
I. Carbon atoms form an enormous variety of structures A. Carbon has 4 valence electrons in the outer shell and therefore may form up to 4 covalent bonds B. Carbon tends to bond to C, H, O, N, S, and P
More informationOCR A GCSE Chemistry. Topic 6: Global challenges. Organic chemistry. Notes.
OCR A GCSE Chemistry Topic 6: Global challenges Organic chemistry Notes C6.2a recognise functional groups and identify members of the same homologous series Prefixes (beginning of the name) o remember
More information10. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 10.1 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 10.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 10.
BOOKS 1) Organic Chemistry Structure and Function, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil Schore, 6th Edition 2) Organic Chemistry, T. W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle 3) Organic Chemistry: A Short Course, H.
More informationPRACTICE PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY
PRATIE PRBLEMS EMISTRY G ame: Batch: Date: 1. Which nitrogen in LSD is most basic: 1 2 3 3 ( 2 5 ) 2 (A) 1 2 () 3 All are equally basic 2. Which of the following statement for 2 = 2, 2 = 3 2 is / are correct.
More informationChapter 13: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Chapter 13: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS Hydroxy group the OH functional group An alcohol has an OH group attached to an aliphatic carbon. General formula: R-OH A phenol
More informationANSWERS: Isomers. 2) A and F
NSWERS: Isomers 1) For cis and trans isomers to occur a carbon-carbon double bond must be present as this prevents any rotation about this bond, and the atoms or groups of atoms attached to the two carbon
More informationChapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Dr. Ayad Kareem Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Collage of Pharmacy Al-Mustansiriyah University (2017-2018). Closely related
More informationORGANIC SYNTHESIS VIA ENOLATES
1 ORGANIC SYNTHESIS VIA ENOLATES Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reaction at the carbonyl group. Further, α-hydrogen containing compounds are acidic in nature. In addition to carbonyl
More informationOrg/Biochem Final Lec Form, Spring 2012 Page 1 of 6
Page 1 of 6 Missing Complete Protein and Question #45 Key Terms: Fill in the blank in the following 25 statements with one of the key terms in the table. Each key term may only be used once. Print legibly.
More information(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) 5. When (R)-butan-2-ol is treated with TsCl in pyridine, the product formed is.
零 不 不 (A) 1. What is the carbon nucleophile which attacks molecular bromine in the acid-catalyzed α-bromination of a ketone? (A) an enol (B) a Grignard reagent (C) an acetylide (D) a carbocation (E) an
More informationOrganic Chemistry Diversity of Carbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry Diversity of Carbon Compounds Hydrocarbons The Alkanes The Alkenes The Alkynes Naming Hydrocarbons Cyclic Hydrocarbons Alkyl Groups Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naming Complex Hydrocarbons Chemical
More information