Two-dimensional crystalline array formations of proteins by use of the self-assembled monolayer at the air/water interface
|
|
- Deborah Norton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Two-dimensional crystalline array formations of proteins by use of the self-assembled monolayer at the air/water interface Noriyuki Ishii 1,2 1 Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central-6, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo , Japan Two-dimensional crystals have been successfully used to obtain protein structural information by electron microscopy in combination with tomography computing and cryogenic methods although the resolution of protein structure obtained by this approach in two-dimensional crystals is often within the medium range. The subsequent combination of the structures derived by electron microscopy combined with X-ray or NMR structures of their components is required for detailed reconstruction. In this chapter, we have assessed the two-dimensional crystallization method using two novel chemical compounds, amphiphilic β-cyclodextrin (β-cd) derivative (C18CD) and lipophilic isologue of oxazine-dye Nile Blue (Chromoionophore I). The lateral diffusion of the monolayer formed at the air/water interface facilitates two-dimensional crystalline array formation with model proteins, ferritin, and catalase. Keywords: monolayer; ferritin; catalase; cyclodextrin derivative; Chromoionophore I; surface pressure; transmission electron microscopy 1. Introduction Crystallization on a monolayer substrate is an elegant method because it is possible to work with very dilute protein solution and still generate a locally high concentration of protein constrained in two dimensions [1]. Amphiphilic monolayer can be spread over the whole air/water interface driven by surface tension to form a flat one-molecule thick film [2, 3]. The monolayer film provides a substrate for protein binding, and the protein retains sufficient mobility leading to a protein molecule in a monolayer of closely packed proteins at the interface [4]. The adsorption of protein to an amphiphilic monolayer limits the protein molecules to a few orientations relative to the monolayer at the interface, which appears to facilitate crystallization. Consequently, the organized two-dimensional crystals are suitable for structure determination by electron crystallography [5, 6]. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are widely known as typical examples of organic host compounds that can include hydrophobic guest molecules in their hydrophobic cavity [7]. The CD molecules are cyclic oligosaccharides containing six (α-cd), seven (β-cd), eight (γ-cd) or more anhydroglucose units joined by α-1,4 glucosidic linkages. Amphiphilic (lipophilic) CD derivatives are usually synthesized by introducing hydrophobic alkyl chains into the CD molecules [8]. In our study, the alkyl chain was linked at the O-6 position, and the resultant S-octadecyl (C18CD) CD derivative was used to assess the adsorption capability as a template for protein two-dimensional array formation at the air/water interface, e.g. by changing various experimental conditions such as the compression rate and the relaxation time after spreading the solution, and so forth. Another candidate for self-assembled protein-adsorption monolayer is Chromoionophore I. Chromoionophore I belongs to a class of proton selective ionophore compounds. The molecule was synthesized as a lipophilic isologue of highly basic oxazine-dye, Nile Blue [9, 10]. The structure formula of Chromoionophore I shows the molecule consists of a C17-alkyl chain, and a hydrophobic benzo[a]phenoxazine moiety. These hydrophobic domains appear to act as a flotage on the water surface, and the diethylamino moiety is expected to act as a potential binding site for substrates. Proteins with net negative surface charge are promising candidates for binding substrates. 2. Materials and methods An amphiphilic heptakis(6-alkylthio-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (CD) derivative, octadecylated CD derivative (C18CD) was synthesized [8] and studied for its monolayer behavior at the air/water interface on the basis of surface pressuremolecular area (π-a) isotherms [11]. In the synthesis of C18CD, the degree of substitution with octadecyl chains was 6.1 on average against 7 candidates of the hydroxyl moieties in the primary face of β-cd. The C18CD was dissolved in chloroform solution to give a concentration of mol/l. Chloroform (spectroscopy grade) was purchased from the Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Chromoionophore I (ETH 5294: [9-(diethylamino)-5- octadecanoilimino-5h-benzo[a]phenoxazine], molecular wt ) was purchased from Fulka (Buchs, Switzerland). Chromoionophore I was dissolved in chloroform solution at a concentration of mol/l. 929
2 Fig. 1 (a) The structure of an amphiphilic β-cd derivative, C18CD. (b) π-a isotherms of C18CD derivative spread on a pure water phase. Following evaporation of the solvent (5 min), the monolayer was compressed at a rate of nm 2 /molecule s. (c) Surface pressure change for the C18CD monolayers. C18CD solution was spread onto the subphase containing ferritin (plain line), and onto the same subphase without ferritin (broken line). The π-a isotherms were recorded using a KSV-Minitrough (KSV Instrument Ltd.) or a laboratory handmade Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trough (surface area, 870 cm 2 ) both with a Wilhelmy type microbalance using a platinum plate. The CD derivative, C18CD was dissolved in chloroform solution with a concentration of mol/l, and was spread on the water subphase (Milli Q water) of KSV-Minitrough, the temperature of which was automatically controlled to 20 C by a temperature controller (TAITEC, Saitama, Japan). The compression rate was fully controlled by the trough system using a microcomputer. A monolayer of Chromoionophore I was spread on the water subphase (Milli Q water) of the handmade trough buffered with Tris-HCl adjusted to the desired ph and salt concentrations, the temperature of which was automatically controlled to 20 C by a temperature controller (TAITEC). The compression rate was controlled so as to be nm 2 /molecule s by the trough operation system using a microcomputer. Ferritin and catalase were used as model proteins in the study. Ferritin from equine spleen was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO) and catalase from beef liver was purchased from Boehringer Mannheim (Germany). They were further purified by gel filtration HPLC (Tosoh TSKgel G3000SWxl ) before the each adsorption experiment at the air/water interface. Ferritin was dissolved in 20 mm Tris-HCl, 100 mm NaCl, ph 7.1, and the concentration was finally adjusted to 20 μg/ml so that it can be used as a subphase for the experiment with C18CD. Conversely, for the experiment with Chromoionophore I, ferritin was dissolved in 20 mm Na-Phosphate, 10 mm NaCl, ph 5.9, and the solution was further diluted when used as a subphase. Catalase was dissolved in 20 mm Tris-H 2 SO 4, 10 mm NaCl, 10 mm CdSO 4, at either ph 6.1 or ph 7.1 with the concentrations of 20 μg/ml used as subphase. The procedure for the protein crystalline array formation at the air/water interface was as follows. The protein solution was introduced to the small Langmuir trough of which diameter and depth were 10 mm and 2 mm, respectively. Onto the surface of each subphase, the chloroform solution containing each amphiphilic compound (C18CD or Chromoionophore I) for adsorption template was gently spread with a Hamilton syringe, with adsorption taking place at room temperature for a desired period. The specimen grid covered with a carbon support film was placed carefully onto the supporting monolayer formed on the subphase after a desired incubation time. As the adsorption of protein molecules to each supporting monolayer from the bulk subphase proceeds, the bound protein molecules were expected to be closely packed by the lateral migration due to the fluidity of the support monolayer. The specimen grid, carefully detached from the surface, was blotted and immediately negatively stained with 1 % uranyl acetate, and then observed on a FEI Tecnai F20 (FEI Company, the Netherlands) operating at an accelerating voltage of 120 kv. TEM images were recorded by making use of the slow scan CCD camera (Gatan Retractable Multiscan Camera) under low electron dose condition at magnification of 11,500, 25,000, and 50,
3 a) b) Fig. 2 Electron micrographs of negatively stained ferritin molecules adsorbed on C18CD monolayer film (a), and enlarged image (b). Scale bars, (a) 100 nm, and (b) 50 nm. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Two-dimensional array formation of ferritin by use of C18CD The structure of β-cd derivative, C18CD is shown in Fig. 1(a). The π-a isotherms recorded for the C18CD derivative at 20 C is shown in Fig. 1(b) [8]. Following the evaporation of the solvent (5 min), the monolayer was compressed at a rate of nm 2 /molecule s. The isotherm indicates that the C18CD derivative is capable of forming monolayers at the air/water interface. The modification of water-soluble CD molecule with the C18 alkyl chains is sufficient to obtain amphiphilic properties to form monolayers. The limiting area per molecule (extrapolation of the linear part on the isotherms to the abscissa) of C18CD is 2.20 nm 2. For reference, the area of the secondary face of native β-cd is 1.86 nm 2 and the calculated area per molecule of native β-cd in the hexagonal closest packed structure is 2.10 nm 2 [12-14]. In Figure 1(c), the plain line shows the surface pressure change when an aliquot of C18CD in chloroform was spread onto the buffered subphase containing ferritin molecules. The broken line is the control without the protein in the subphase [11]. Once there is full coverage on the water surface by the C18CD derivative (surface pressure, 11.5 mn/m), the surface pressure decreased slightly for a while followed by gradual increase to a value of 14.5 mn/m. The adsorption of ferritin molecules (440 kda) from the subphase to the C18CD monolayer is recognizable due to the pressure increase. There are two possible reasons why the surface pressure increases with the adsorption of ferritin molecules onto the C18CD supporting monolayer. One is that the binding of ferritin molecules stabilizes the structural orientation of C18CD molecules in the monolayer [15]. The other one is due to the intermolecular interaction and/or repulsion between the ferritin molecules as their density increases on the supporting monolayer. In the absence of ferritin molecules in the subphase (broken line in Fig. 1(c)), the spread C18CD monolayer was observed as follows; The surface pressure of 11.5 mn/m decreased quickly to the level of 9.0 mn/m and remained at that value. Figure 2 shows electron microscopic images under negative staining of ferritin monolayer arrays adsorbed to the C18CD supporting monolayer after 6-hour incubation at 25 C. The subphase ph was 7.1. The proteinaceous polypeptide shell of ferritin molecules is seen like a doughnut white surrounding the dark colored core consisting of iron oxide in the molecule. Neither dissociation into subunits, nor aggregates were observed by TEM. This means the C18CD derivative forms a better supporting monolayer for subsequent construction of protein monolayer assemblies. The adsorption method using the C18CD as a supporting monolayer would be a promising technique for preparing twodimensional crystalline arrays of proteins, once key-parameters of the preparation conditions such as initial protein concentration, ph and ionic strength (buffer condition) in the subphase, incubation period, temperature, and so forth are optimized for each protein of interest. The synthesized amphiphilic CD derivative, C18CD, revealed that it can be assembled as preformed monolayers for the adsorption of proteins or enzymes. The CD molecules on the water surface interacted favorably with biological macromolecules and provide specific adsorption sites for them. The advantage of using the amphiphilic CD molecules is that they are possibly less toxic and have little denaturation tendency to biological compounds upon adsorption because CD molecules are natural compounds. 931
4 3.2 Two-dimensional array formation of ferritin by use of Chromoionophore I Fig. 3 (a) The structure of Chromoionophore I. (b) π-a isotherms of Chromoionophore I spread on a pure water phase containing 20 mm Tris-HCl, 10 mm NaCl at ph 7.0 (at 20 C). Following evaporation of the solvent (10 min), the monolayer was compressed at a rate of nm 2 /molecule s. (c) Relaxation of Chromoionophore I on a pure water subphase buffered with 20 mm Tris-HCl, 10 mm NaCl, ph 7.0 (at 20 C). Following 10 min after spreading the solution of Chromoionophore I, the monolayer was compressed at a rate of nm 2 /molecule s. Once the surface pressure reached 20 mn/m the barrier was fixed and then the surface pressure was continuously monitored as a function of time. Next, we have examined whether an amphiphilic Chromoionophore I (ETH5294) can be assembled as a preformed monolayer for the adsorption of proteins. The chemical structure of Chromoionophore I used through the study is shown in Fig. 3(a). Therefore, if a monolayer film of Chromoionophore I can be achieved as a Langmuir film on the water surface, it would be expected to work as a supporting film (or template) for the adsorption of a variety of functional protein molecules and for the preparation of two-dimensional array assembly. In other words, a variety of functional molecules such as protein enzymes without any long alkyl chains are expected to be incorporated in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films with an ordered architecture. Such films could also be promising materials for molecular-electronic and bio-electronic devices [16]. The π-a isotherms recorded for Chromoionophore I at subphase ph 7.0 (at 20 C) is shown in Fig. 3(b). Following the evaporation of the solvent (10 min), the monolayers were compressed at a rate of nm 2 /molecule s. The isotherms indicate that Chromoionophore I is capable of forming monolayers at the air/water interface. The hydrophobicity of Chromoionophore I with C17 alkyl chain appears to be sufficient to obtain amphiphilic properties to form monolayers. The limiting area per molecule of Chromoionophore I was nm 2 at ph 7.0. Figure 3(c) shows the relaxation profile of the compressed monolayers of Chromoionophore I after the compression. After the compression, the barrier was fixed once the surface pressure reached 20 mn/m. The surface pressure was then observed continuously as a function of time. The Chromoionophore I molecules on the water surface appeared to interact favorably with biological macromolecules and provide adsorption sites. The advantage of using amphiphilic Chromoionophore I molecules is their lower toxicity and in their property to reduce the tendency of biological compounds to denature upon adsorption because its diethylamino moiety is similar to diethylaminoethyl residue, commonly used in the weak anion exchange column chromatography. In addition, one can recognize that its benzo[a]phenoxazine moiety, which is rich in π- electrons, may interact with biological molecules through hydrophobic interaction, and the protonation of nitrogen atoms may result in electrostatic interactions. Figure 4(a) through (c) show electron microscopic images of a series of ferritin adsorptions to the Chromoionophore I supporting monolayer after 6-hour incubation period at different magnifications. The subphase ph was 7.1. In TEM images, densely packed monolayer arrays of ferritin molecules are dominant, and the iron oxide in the core of each ferritin molecule is observed as dark black dots, surrounded by 24-subunit polypeptides in ferritin molecule. Although the double layer architectures are recognized at around the peripheral regions in Fig. 4(a), neither broken molecules nor unfolded aggregations were observed by TEM (Fig. 4(b), (c)). Therefore, Chromoionophore I is found to be a supporting monolayer for proteins at the interface, suggesting that Chromoionophore I has the potential to act as a template (supporting monolayer) for protein molecules to form a monolayer array at the air/water interface. Further optimization of the experimental parameters is a prerequisite for fabricating extended two-dimensional densely packed and/or crystalline arrays of ferritin using this supporting monolayer. 932
5 Microscopy: advances in scientific research and education (A. Méndez-Vilas, Ed.) a) b) c) Fig. 4 Electron micrographs of negatively stained ferritin molecules adsorbed on Chromoionophore I monolayer film (a), and enlarged images (b, c). Scale bars, (a) 200 nm, (b) 100 nm, and (c) 50 nm. 3.3 Two-dimensional catalase crystalline array formation by use of Chromoionophore I Following the above procedure using ferritin, another enterprise using catalase as another candidate protein was performed to form two-dimensional crystalline array formation of catalase by use of Chromoionophore I monolayer. Catalase mediates decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Catalase is also a large rectangular parallelepiped shaped protein (240 kda) composed of four identical subunits. Figure 5 shows electron microscopic images of a series of catalase adsorptions to the Chromoionophore I supporting monolayer after 3-hour incubation period at different magnifications. The subphase ph was 6.1 for Fig. 5(a) and (b), and ph 7.1 for Fig. 5(c). A close look at the TEM images (Fig. 5) shows that the quasi-rectangular lattice lines are recognized probably due to the initial stage of crystallization and crystal growth phases. Needless to say, further optimization for the above mentioned conditions is required to achieve fruitful results with two-dimensional catalase crystalline array formation. 3.4 Summary discussion In the case of two-dimensional crystallization using amphiphilic monolayers at the air/water interface, measurements for the isothermal surface pressure versus molecular area curve can be performed in order to determine if a monolayer is in a fluid state. At the collapsing point, the collapse pressure is the critical pressure at which the monolayer becomes too compact and unstable. At this surface pressure and higher, the monolayer at the interface collapses in the fluid state. It is clear that the supporting monolayer at the fluid state is the most favorable condition for the growth of two-dimensional protein crystals [17, 18]. a) b) c) Fig. 5 Electron micrographs of negatively stained catalase molecules adsorbed on Chromoionophore I monolayer film (a), and enlarged images (b, c). The subphase phs, (a, b) 6.1, and (c) 7.1. Scale bars, (a) 200 nm, and (b, c) 100 nm. 933
6 One must always keep in mind that the surface crystallization trails generally leads to a closely packed layer of protein molecules, and are prone to produce hexagonally closely packed protein assembly which might be taken to be spontaneously formed protein crystals when observed at low resolution. In order to tell the difference between true twodimensional crystals from the presence of hexagonally closely packed protein molecules, one can further investigate the diffraction patterns. The systematic study and meticulous observation of two-dimensional crystallization process using various kinds of amphiphilic compounds, including diluting lipids exhibiting a variety of fluidity characteristics, will greatly improve our understanding of the different steps involved in self-organization of protein interacting with a monolayer template through adsorption. We have recently recognized the importance of finding a suitable mixture of functional chemical compounds as an amphiphilic substrate and diluting lipids to provide the optimal fluidity properties for two-dimensional protein crystallization. 4. Conclusion Ferritin and catalase molecules were observed in a regularly close-packed arrangement after adsorption to the amphiphilic C18CD or Chromoionophore I monolayer (template) which had been formed at the air/water interface. In protein science, surface denaturation is known for many water-soluble proteins, where proteins can be unfolded and adsorbed on a water surface making insoluble film. In such case the surface pressure increases with the protein unfolding. Conversely, the surface pressure of ferritin solution was retained at 0 mn/m under our experimental condition when the water surface was compressed with the barriers without the amphiphilic supporting monolayer (Ishii and Kobayashi, unpublished observation). Observations with TEM indicate that there were not any broken molecules which correspond to the direct evidence of unfolded or denatured protein molecules. Therefore, the increase in surface pressure can be understood as being caused by the adsorption of protein molecules onto the supporting template without unfolding. A monomolecular layer of ferritin molecules was formed by adsorption from the subphase onto a Langmuir film consisting of an amphiphilic β-cd derivative at the air/water interface. The course of the adsorption of ferritin molecules was monitored, and the resultant two-dimensional crystalline arrays were observed by TEM. The results show the potential of the amphiphilic β-cd derivative, C18CD, to work as a milder adsorbent for protein molecules to dictate two-dimensional protein crystalline arrays at the air/water interface. Next, monolayer formation and behavior on a water surface of Chromoionophore I were studied by analyzing the surface pressure-molecular area (π-a) isotherms. Chromoionophore I formed a Langmuir film, and the stability of the monolayer appeared to depend on the subphase ph as well as the degree of protonation in the Chromoionophore I molecule. Adsorption experiments with ferritin and catalase have demonstrated the utility of Chromoionophore I monolayer as a potential template although parameters which dictate the suitable conditions have to be further optimized to obtain a high densely packed two-dimensional protein crystalline arrays. Thus far, about one thousand different fold have been known on the basis of the stored protein structure elements (Protein Data Bank (PDB)). And it is estimated that there exist mutually different folds of about a few thousand. Structural biologists and crystallographers use tools that have the capacity to solve protein structures at the atomic level e.g. X-ray crystallography of three-dimensional protein crystals and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for concentrated protein solutions. Thus, most of those structures solved are limited to water-soluble proteins [19]. Parallel to those, the two-dimensional crystallization technique has been successfully employed for a variety of different proteins. These are mainly water-soluble proteins, but our recent studies in progress have shown that this technique is also applicable to membrane proteins. Although membrane proteins are widely recognized as target molecules for innovative drug development leading to pharmaceutical and clinical use, membrane proteins as well as large proteinaceous macromolecular complexes are mostly excluded from recent high-through put approach for protein structure determination [20, 21]. Two-dimensional membrane protein crystals obtained by this elegant technique on monolayer substrate will be essentially useful in transmission electron crystallography and further in combination with X-ray crystallography at high resolutions. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr. K. Kobayashi for providing the C18CD derivative and suggestions with the initial stage results during the study and Dr. K.S. Kim for proofreading of the draft stage of the article. 934
7 References [1] Dietrich J, Vénien-Bryan C. Strategies for two-dimensional crystallization of proteins using lipid monolayers. London: Imperial College Press; [2] Fromherz P. Electron microscopic studies of lipid protein films. Nature. 1971; 231: [3] Uzgiris EE, Kornberg RD. Two-dimensional crystallization technique for imaging macromolecules, with application to antigenantibody-complement complexes. Nature. 1983; 301: [4] Furuno T, Sasabe H. Two-dimensional crystallization of streptavidin by nonspecific binding to a surface film: study with a scanning electron microscope. Biophysical Journal. 1993; 65: [5] Fujiyoshi Y. The structural study of membrane proteins by electron crystallography. Advances in Biophysics. 1998; 35: [6] Glaeser RM. Limitation to significant information in biological electron microscopy as a result of radiation damage. Journal of Ultrastructure Research. 1971; 36: [7] Bender ML, Komiyama M. Cyclodextrin Chemistry. New York: Springer-Verlag; [8] Kobayashi K, Kajikawa K, Sasabe H, Knoll W. Monomolecular layer formation of amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivatives at the air/water interface. Thin Solid Films. 1999; 349: [9] Wang K, Seiler K, Morf WE, Spichiger UE, Simon W, Lindner E, Pungor E. Characterization of potassium-selective optode membranes based on neutral ionophores and application in human blood plasma. Analytical Science. 1990; 6: [10] Jose J, Burgess K. Benzophenoxazine-based fluorescent dyes for labeling biomolecules. Tetrahedron. 2006; 62: [11] Kobayashi K, Ishii N, Sasabe H, Knoll W. Monomolecular layer formation of ferritin molecules on amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivative at the air/water interface. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001; 65: [12] Ling C-C, Darcy R. 6-S-hydroxyethylated 6-thiocyclodextrins: expandable host molecules. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. 1993; 1993: [13] Kawabata Y. Development of materials for molecular organizates. 7th Symposium on Future Electron Devices p [14] Jabbari A, Sadeghian H. Amphiphilic cyclodextrins, synthesis, utilities and application of molecular modeling in their design. In: Sezer AD, editor. Recent advances in novel drug carrier systems. Croatia: InTech; p [15] Petty MC. Langmuir-Blodgett films: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; [16] Ishii N. Monomolecular layer formation of amphiphilic Chromoionophore I at the air/water interface. Transaction of the Materials Research Society of Japan. 2009; 34:1-8. [17] Darst SA, Ahlers M, Meller PH, Kubalek EW, Blankenburg R, Ribi HO, Ringsdorf H, Kornberg RD. Two-dimensional crystals of streptavidin on biotinylated lipid layers and their interactions with biotinylated macromolecules. Biophysical Journal. 1991; 59: [18] Mosser G, Brisson A. Condition of two-dimensional crystallization of cholera toxin B-subunit on lipid films containing ganglioside GM1. Journal of Structural Biology. 1991; 106: [19] Ishii N. Crystallization, structure and functional robustness of isocitrate dehydrogenases. In: Chandrasekaran A, editor. Current Trends in X-Ray Crystallography. Croatia: InTech; p [20] Ishii N. Observation by transmission electron microscopy of organic nano-tubular architectures. In: Méndez-Vilas A, editor. Current Microscopy Contributions to Advances in Science and Technology. Spain: Formatex; p [21] Ishii N. Image analyses of two-dimensional crystalline arrays of membrane proteins and protein supramolecular complexes. In: Echon RM, editor. Advances in Image Analysis Research. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; p
Chemical Surface Transformation 1
Chemical Surface Transformation 1 Chemical reactions at Si H surfaces (inorganic and organic) can generate very thin films (sub nm thickness up to µm): inorganic layer formation by: thermal conversion:
More informationElectronic Supporting Information
Modulation of raft domains in a lipid bilayer by boundary-active curcumin Manami Tsukamoto a, Kenichi Kuroda* b, Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy* c, Kazuma Yasuhara* a Electronic Supporting Information Contents
More informationProteins. Amino acids, structure and function. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz Brian K. Kobilka
Proteins Amino acids, structure and function The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz Brian K. Kobilka O O HO N N HN OH Ser65-Tyr66-Gly67 The Nobel prize in chemistry 2008 Osamu Shimomura,
More informationInteractions between Bisphosphate. Geminis and Sodium Lauryl Ether
Chapter 5 Interactions between Bisphosphate Geminis and Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate 110 5.1 Introduction The physiochemical and surface active properties of mixed surfactants are of more interest and
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Sample preparation schematic. First (Stage I), square islands of MoO 3 are prepared by either photolithography followed by
Supplementary Figure 1. Sample preparation schematic. First (Stage I), square islands of MoO 3 are prepared by either photolithography followed by thermal evaporation and liftoff or by a process where
More informationUltrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x
J. gen. Virol. (1972), I6, 215-22I Printed in Great Britain 2I 5 Ultrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x By JUDY BRUCE, R. N. GOURLAY, AND D. J. GARWES R. HULL* Agricultural Research Council,
More informationSelf-Assembly. Lecture 3 Lecture 3 Surfactants Self-Assembly
Self-Assembly Lecture 3 Lecture 3 Surfactants Self-Assembly Anionic surfactants unsaturated omega-3 3 fatty acids rd carbon from the metyl end has double bond saturated Non-ionic surfactants Cationic surfactants
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Communications. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Electronic Supplementary Information Enzymatic Synthesis and Post-Functionalization
More information130327SCH4U_biochem April 09, 2013
Option B: B1.1 ENERGY Human Biochemistry If more energy is taken in from food than is used up, weight gain will follow. Similarly if more energy is used than we supply our body with, weight loss will occur.
More informationSurfactants. The Basic Theory. Surfactants (or surface active agents ): are organic compounds with at least one lyophilic. Paints and Adhesives
Surfactants Surfactants (or surface active agents ): are organic compounds with at least one lyophilic ( solvent-loving ) group and one lyophobic ( solvent-fearing ) group in the molecule. In the simplest
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Absorption 4 3 2 1 Intensity Energy U(R) relaxation ~~~ ~~~~~~ 2 3 4 1 S S 1 2 3 4 1 Fluoescence 4 3 2 1 Intensity H-aggregation ~~~~ J-aggregation Absorption Emission Vibrational
More informationChapter 3. Protein Structure and Function
Chapter 3 Protein Structure and Function Broad functional classes So Proteins have structure and function... Fine! -Why do we care to know more???? Understanding functional architechture gives us POWER
More informationEH1008 Biomolecules. Inorganic & Organic Chemistry. Water. Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry.
EH1008 Biomolecules Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry: generally, substances that do not contain carbon Inorganic molecules:
More informationEDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The lectures and reading assignments of BIS 2A are designed to convey a large number of facts and concepts that have evolved from modern studies of living organisms. In order to
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION. Characterization of Aqueous Oleic Acid/Oleate Dispersions by
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Characterization of Aqueous Oleic Acid/Oleate Dispersions by Fluorescent Probes and Raman Spectroscopy Keishi Suga, Dai Kondo, Yoko Otsuka, Yukihiro Okamoto, and Hiroshi Umakoshi*
More informationPlasmonic blood glucose monitor based on enzymatic. etching of gold nanorods
Plasmonic blood glucose monitor based on enzymatic etching of gold nanorods Xin Liu, Shuya Zhang, Penglong Tan, Jiang Zhou, Yan Huang, Zhou Nie* and Shouzhuo Yao State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
More informationElectron-Transfer Properties of Cytochrome c Langmuir-Blodgett Films and Interactions of Cytochrome c with Lipids
Langmuir 1998, 14, 6215-6219 6215 Electron-Transfer Properties of Cytochrome c Langmuir-Blodgett Films and Interactions of Cytochrome c with Lipids S. Boussaad, L. Dziri, R. Arechabaleta, N. J. Tao,*,
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationGlobular proteins Proteins globular fibrous
Globular proteins Globular proteins Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form in a biologically functional way. Globular
More informationPaper No. 01. Paper Title: Food Chemistry. Module-16: Protein Structure & Denaturation
Paper No. 01 Paper Title: Food Chemistry Module-16: Protein Structure & Denaturation The order of amino acids in a protein molecule is genetically determined. This primary sequence of amino acids must
More informationH 2 O. Liquid, solid, and vapor coexist in the same environment
Water H 2 O Liquid, solid, and vapor coexist in the same environment WATER MOLECULES FORM HYDROGEN BONDS Water is a fundamental requirement for life, so it is important to understand the structural and
More informationSDS-Assisted Protein Transport Through Solid-State Nanopores
Supplementary Information for: SDS-Assisted Protein Transport Through Solid-State Nanopores Laura Restrepo-Pérez 1, Shalini John 2, Aleksei Aksimentiev 2 *, Chirlmin Joo 1 *, Cees Dekker 1 * 1 Department
More informationEngineering the Growth of TiO 2 Nanotube Arrays on Flexible Carbon Fibre Sheets
Engineering the Growth of TiO 2 Nanotube Arrays on Flexible Carbon Fibre Sheets Peng Chen, a Li Gu, b Xiudong Xue, a Mingjuan Li a and Xuebo Cao* a a Key Lab of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province and
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES REVIEW-UNIT 1 1. The factor being tested in an experiment is the A. data. B. variable. C. conclusion. D. observation. 2.
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES REVIEW-UNIT 1 1. The factor being tested in an experiment is the A. data. B. variable. C. conclusion. D. observation. 2. A possible explanation for an event that occurs in nature is
More informationBio 12 Chapter 2 Test Review
Bio 12 Chapter 2 Test Review 1.Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds In order to complete outer shells in electrons bonds can be Ionic; one atom donates or receives electrons Covalent; atoms
More information2. Which is likely to be a nonpolar solvent? A. B. B shows a carboxyl group, while A is only carbons and hydrogens.
An organic chemistry lab uses thin layer chromatography to determine the relative polarity of different molecules. The molecules are added to the bottom of a glass plate covered with polar silicone gel
More informationChapter 7: Membranes
Chapter 7: Membranes Roles of Biological Membranes The Lipid Bilayer and the Fluid Mosaic Model Transport and Transfer Across Cell Membranes Specialized contacts (junctions) between cells What are the
More informationthe nature and importance of biomacromolecules in the chemistry of the cell: synthesis of biomacromolecules through the condensation reaction lipids
the nature and importance of biomacromolecules in the chemistry of the cell: synthesis of biomacromolecules through the condensation reaction lipids and their sub-units; the role of lipids in the plasma
More informationThe Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationBiological Molecules
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may
More informationPractice Questions for Biochemistry Test A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Practice Questions for Biochemistry Test 1. The quaternary structure of a protein is determined by: A. interactions between distant amino acids of the same polypeptide. B.interactions between close amino
More informationBiochemistry 15 Doctor /7/2012
Heme The Heme is a chemical structure that diffracts by light to give a red color. This chemical structure is introduced to more than one protein. So, a protein containing this heme will appear red in
More informationAFM In Liquid: A High Sensitivity Study On Biological Membranes
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2006 AFM In Liquid: A High Sensitivity Study On Biological Membranes Michael J. Higgins
More informationInfluence of active sites organisation on calcium carbonate formation at model biomolecular interfaces
Applied Surface Science 246 (2005) 362 366 www.elsevier.com/locate/apsusc Influence of active sites organisation on calcium carbonate formation at model biomolecular interfaces S. Hacke a, *,D.Möbius b,
More informationCS612 - Algorithms in Bioinformatics
Spring 2016 Protein Structure February 7, 2016 Introduction to Protein Structure A protein is a linear chain of organic molecular building blocks called amino acids. Introduction to Protein Structure Amine
More informationMechanochemical Dry Conversion of Zinc Oxide to Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework
Mechanochemical Dry Conversion of Zinc Oxide to Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Shunsuke Tanaka, *a,b Koji Kida, a Takuya Nagaoka, a Takehiro Ota a and Yoshikazu Miyake a,b a Department of Chemical, Energy
More informationKEY NAME (printed very legibly) UT-EID
BIOLOGY 311C - Brand Spring 2007 KEY NAME (printed very legibly) UT-EID EXAMINATION II Before beginning, check to be sure that this exam contains 7 pages (including front and back) numbered consecutively,
More informationHeparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム
Heparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム Add the following next to Description: Identification Dissolve 1 mg each of Heparin Sodium and Heparin Sodium Reference Standard for physicochemical test in 1 ml of water, and
More informationIntroduction of emulsions Effect of polysaccharides on emulsion stability Use of polysaccharides as emulsifier. Polysaccharides in Food Emulsions
1 Introduction of emulsions Effect of polysaccharides on emulsion stability Use of polysaccharides as emulsifier 2 Basic concepts of emulsions Interfacial tension (): the force that operates on an interface
More informationThis week s topic will be: Evidence for the Fluid Mosaic Model. Developing theories, testing hypotheses and techniques for visualizing cells
Tutorials, while not mandatory, will allow you to improve your final grade in this course. Thank you for your attendance to date. These notes are not a substitute for the discussions that we will have
More informationH C. C α. Proteins perform a vast array of biological function including: Side chain
Topics The topics: basic concepts of molecular biology elements on Python overview of the field biological databases and database searching sequence alignments phylogenetic trees microarray data analysis
More informationIntroduction to proteins and protein structure
Introduction to proteins and protein structure The questions and answers below constitute an introduction to the fundamental principles of protein structure. They are all available at [link]. What are
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY & MEDICINE:
BIOCHEMISTRY & MEDICINE: INTRODUCTION Biochemistry can be defined as the science of the chemical basis of life (Gk bios "life"). The cell is the structural unit of living systems. Thus, biochemistry can
More informationAmino Acids and Proteins Hamad Ali Yaseen, PhD MLS Department, FAHS, HSC, KU Biochemistry 210 Chapter 22
Amino Acids and Proteins Hamad Ali Yaseen, PhD MLS Department, FAHS, HSC, KU Hamad.ali@hsc.edu.kw Biochemistry 210 Chapter 22 Importance of Proteins Main catalysts in biochemistry: enzymes (involved in
More informationNeutron reflectivity in biology and medicine. Jayne Lawrence
Neutron reflectivity in biology and medicine Jayne Lawrence Why neutron reflectivity studies? build up a detailed picture of the structure of a surface in the z direction n e u tro n s in n e u tro n s
More informationReconstruction of a transmembrane protein tetraspanin (CD9) into lipid bilayer by interaction of ganglioside GM3 and tetraspanin
Reconstruction of a transmembrane protein tetraspanin (CD9) into lipid bilayer by interaction of ganglioside GM3 and tetraspanin Glycobiology World Congress August 12, 2015 Tokyo University of Science,
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Wiley-VCH 2006 69451 Weinheim, Germany Stepwise Directing Nanocrystals to Self-Assemble at Water/Oil Interfaces Jing Wang, Dayang Wang, Nelli S. Sobal, Michael Giersig, Ming Jiang,
More informationBiochemical Techniques 06 Salt Fractionation of Proteins. Biochemistry
. 1 Description of Module Subject Name Paper Name 12 Module Name/Title 2 1. Objectives Understanding the concept of protein fractionation Understanding protein fractionation with salt 2. Concept Map 3.
More informationStructure and Properties of Cellulose
Structure and Properties of Cellulose David Wang s Wood Chemistry Class Wood Polysaccharides Biosynthesis Cellulose is synthesized from UDP-D-glucose, the energy content of which is used for the formation
More informationNanostructured ZnO as a solution-processable transparent electrode material for low-cost photovoltaics
Nanostructured ZnO as a solution-processable transparent electrode material for low-cost photovoltaics Investigators P.I: Alberto Salleo, Assistant Professor, Materials Science and Engineering Dr. Ludwig
More informationThe main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
More informationImaging streptavidin 2D-crystals on biotinylated lipid monolayers at high resolution with the atomic force microscope
Imaging streptavidin 2D-crystals on biotinylated lipid monolayers at high resolution with the atomic force microscope SIMON SCHEURING, DANIEL J. MÜLLER, PHILIPPE RINGLER, J. BERNARD HEYMANN, ANDREAS ENGEL*
More informationModel for measurement of water layer thickness under lipid bilayers by surface plasmon resonance
Model for measurement of water layer thickness under lipid bilayers by surface plasmon resonance Koyo Watanabe Unit of Measurement Technology, CEMIS-OULU, University of Oulu, PO Box 51, 87101 Kajaani,
More informationPROCEEDINGS OF THE YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY
PROCEEDINGS OF THE YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY Physical and Mathematical Sciences 2018, 52(3), p. 217 221 P h y s i c s STUDY OF THE SWELLING OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE
More informationChapter 12: Membranes. Voet & Voet: Pages
Chapter 12: Membranes Voet & Voet: Pages 390-415 Slide 1 Membranes Essential components of all living cells (define boundry of cells) exclude toxic ions and compounds; accumulation of nutrients energy
More informationSupplementary Materials for
advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/4/e1500980/dc1 Supplementary Materials for The crystal structure of human dopamine -hydroxylase at 2.9 Å resolution Trine V. Vendelboe, Pernille Harris, Yuguang
More informationIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
CHAPTER 3 TEST Cell Structure Circle T if the statement is true or F if it is false. T F 1. Small cells can transport materials and information more quickly than larger cells can. T F 2. Newly made proteins
More informationPaper 4. Biomolecules and their interactions Module 22: Aggregates of lipids: micelles, liposomes and their applications OBJECTIVE
Paper 4. Biomolecules and their interactions Module 22: Aggregates of lipids: micelles, liposomes and their applications OBJECTIVE The main aim of this module is to introduce the students to the types
More informationImaging of Chromosomes at Nanometer-Scale Resolution, Using Soft X-Ray Microscope
Imaging of Chromosomes at Nanometer-Scale Resolution, Using Soft X-Ray Microscope K. Takemoto, A. Yamamoto 1, I. Komura 2, K. Nakanishi 3, H. Namba 2 and H. Kihara Abstract In order to clarify the process
More informationA look at macromolecules (Text pages 38-54) What is the typical chemical composition of a cell? (Source of figures to right: Madigan et al.
A look at macromolecules (Text pages 38-54) What is the typical chemical composition of a cell? (Source of figures to right: Madigan et al. 2002 Chemical Bonds Ionic Electron-negativity differences cause
More informationInteraction of pulmonary surfactant protein A with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein A with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol at the air/water interface Shou-Hwa Yu 1, *, and Fred Possmayer*,, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,*
More informationMBB 694:407, 115:511. Please use BLOCK CAPITAL letters like this --- A, B, C, D, E. Not lowercase!
MBB 694:407, 115:511 First Test Severinov/Deis Tue. Sep. 30, 2003 Name Index number (not SSN) Row Letter Seat Number This exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions
More informationBiomolecules. Unit 3
Biomolecules Unit 3 Atoms Elements Compounds Periodic Table What are biomolecules? Monomers vs Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Minerals Vitamins Enzymes Triglycerides Chemical Reactions
More informationinduced inactivation of lung surfactants
Albumin-induced induced inactivation of lung surfactants RET Intern: Danielle Petrey,, funded by NSF Mentor: Patrick Stenger PI: Joe Zasadzinski Funding: NIH What is lung surfactant? Lipid and protein
More informationZoltán Szabó. Synthesis and characterisation of zinc-oxide thin films and nanostructures for optoelectronical purposes
PHD theses Synthesis and characterisation of zinc-oxide thin films and nanostructures for optoelectronical purposes Zoltán Szabó Supervison: Dr. János Volk Consultant: Dr. György Hárs HAS Centre for Energy
More informationThe source of protein structures is the Protein Data Bank. The unit of classification of structure in SCOP is the protein domain.
UNIT 14 PROTEINS DEFINITION A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order; the order is determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the gene that codes for the
More information2.1.1 Biological Molecules
2.1.1 Biological Molecules Relevant Past Paper Questions Paper Question Specification point(s) tested 2013 January 4 parts c and d p r 2013 January 6 except part c j k m n o 2012 June 1 part ci d e f g
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More information<Supplemental information>
The Structural Basis of Endosomal Anchoring of KIF16B Kinesin Nichole R. Blatner, Michael I. Wilson, Cai Lei, Wanjin Hong, Diana Murray, Roger L. Williams, and Wonhwa Cho Protein
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationReading. Learning Objectives. How are macromolecules assembled? 8. Macromolecules I. Contents
Contents 1 Reading 2 Learning Objectives 3 How are macromolecules assembled? 4 Carbohydrates 4.1 Structural Carbohydrates 5 Lipids 5.1 Fats/Triglycerides 5.1.1 Saturated versus Unsaturated fats 5.2 Phospholipids
More informationInvestigating Lipids
Investigating Lipids In today s culture, there is a stigma associated with the word fat. While it is true that too much fat can lead to health problems, fats (or lipids) play very important roles in biology.
More informationProtein Structure and Function
Protein Structure and Function Protein Structure Classification of Proteins Based on Components Simple proteins - Proteins containing only polypeptides Conjugated proteins - Proteins containing nonpolypeptide
More informationSelf-organized Structures of Polynucleotides on the Stearic Acid Monolayers
WDS'05 Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part III, 535 539, 2005. ISBN 80-86732-59-2 MATFYZPRESS Self-organized Structures of Polynucleotides on the Stearic Acid Monolayers S. Staritsyn and E. Dubrovin
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds.
BIOLOGY 12 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES NAME: Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds. ORGANIC MOLECULES: Organic molecules
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationSupporting Information
Notes Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, Vol. 34, No. 1 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.xxx Supporting Information Chemical Constituents of Ficus drupacea Leaves and their α-glucosidase Inhibitory
More informationDIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CHOLESTEROL DERIVATIVES
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CHOLESTEROL DERIVATIVES ATHAR JAVED 1, MUHAMMAD AKRAM 2, MUHAMMAD IMTIAZ SHAFIQ 3 1 Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590-PAKISTAN,
More informationReview of Biochemistry
Review of Biochemistry Chemical bond Functional Groups Amino Acid Protein Structure and Function Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acids in a protein contains a amino group, - NH 2,
More informationTest Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson
Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-forlehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-5th-edition-by-nelson/ Chapter
More informationChapter 3. Structure of Enzymes. Enzyme Engineering
Chapter 3. Structure of Enzymes Enzyme Engineering 3.1 Introduction With purified protein, Determining M r of the protein Determining composition of amino acids and the primary structure Determining the
More informationChapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function Architecture of Membranes Subcellular fractionation techniques can partially separate and purify several important biological membranes, including the plasma and
More informationCHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF OXALIC ACID ON THE OPTICAL, THERMAL, DIELECTRIC AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ADP CRYSTALS
67 CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF OXALIC ACID ON THE OPTICAL, THERMAL, DIELECTRIC AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ADP CRYSTALS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Oxalic acid is a hydrogen-bonded material. It is the only possible compound
More informationPhysical Pharmacy. Interfacial phenomena. Khalid T Maaroof MSc. Pharmaceutical sciences School of pharmacy Pharmaceutics department
Physical Pharmacy Interfacial phenomena Khalid T Maaroof MSc. Pharmaceutical sciences School of pharmacy Pharmaceutics department 1 Introduction The boundary between two phases is generally described as
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Spatial arrangement Variation in the morphology of central NCs (shape x size) x Variation in the morphology of satellite NCs (shape x size) x Variations in the spatial arrangement
More informationBiochemistry 1 Recitation1 Cell & Water
Biochemistry 1 Recitation1 Cell & Water There are several important themes that transcends the chemistry and bring the importance of understanding the cell biological differences between eukaryotes and
More informationPhysical Cell Biology Lecture 10: membranes elasticity and geometry. Hydrophobicity as an entropic effect
Physical Cell Biology Lecture 10: membranes elasticity and geometry Phillips: Chapter 5, Chapter 11 and Pollard Chapter 13 Hydrophobicity as an entropic effect 1 Self-Assembly of Lipid Structures Lipid
More informationAdsorption and Dehydration of Water Molecules from α, β and γ Cyclodextrins-A study by TGA analysis and gravimetry
Adsorption and Dehydration of Water Molecules from α, β and γ Cyclodextrins-A study by TGA analysis and gravimetry Alfred A. Christy, Department of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University
More informationاالمتحان النهائي لعام 1122
االمتحان النهائي لعام 1122 Amino Acids : 1- which of the following amino acid is unlikely to be found in an alpha-helix due to its cyclic structure : -phenylalanine -tryptophan -proline -lysine 2- : assuming
More informationA. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
Biological Substances found in Living Tissues Lecture Series 3 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Lipids can form large biological molecules, but these aggregations
More informationOPTION GROUP: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 3 PROTEINS WORKBOOK. Tyrone R.L. John, Chartered Biologist
NAME: OPTION GROUP: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 3 PROTEINS WORKBOOK Tyrone R.L. John, Chartered Biologist 1 Tyrone R.L. John, Chartered Biologist 2 Instructions REVISION CHECKLIST AND ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Regular
More informationLesson 5 Proteins Levels of Protein Structure
Lesson 5 Proteins Levels of Protein Structure Primary 1º Structure The primary structure is simply the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Chains of amino acids are written from the amino terminus (N-terminus)
More informationNOTE: For studying for the final, you only have to worry about those with an asterix (*)
NOTE: For studying for the final, you only have to worry about those with an asterix (*) (*)1. An organic compound is one that: a. contains carbon b. is slightly acidic c. forms long chains d. is soluble
More informationb = (17) Å c = (18) Å = (4) = (4) = (4) V = (3) Å 3 Data collection Refinement
organic compounds Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online ISSN 1600-5368 (Z)-N-tert-Butyl-2-(4-methoxyanilino)- N 0 -(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylacetimidamide Sue A. Roberts, a * Biswajit
More informationCellular Neurophysiology I Membranes and Ion Channels
Cellular Neurophysiology I Membranes and Ion Channels Reading: BCP Chapter 3 www.bioelectriclab All living cells maintain an electrical potential (voltage) across their membranes (V m ). Resting Potential
More informationBIOPHYSICS II. By Prof. Xiang Yang Liu Department of Physics,
BIOPHYSICS II By Prof. Xiang Yang Liu Department of Physics, NUS 1 Hydrogen bond and the stability of macromolecular structure Membrane Model Amphiphilic molecule self-assembly at the surface and din the
More informationAssignment #1: Biological Molecules & the Chemistry of Life
Assignment #1: Biological Molecules & the Chemistry of Life A. Important Inorganic Molecules Water 1. Explain why water is considered a polar molecule. The partial negative charge of the oxygen and the
More informationLipids and Membranes
Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Biological membranes are composed of lipid bilayers
More informationLife Sciences 1a. Practice Problems 4
Life Sciences 1a Practice Problems 4 1. KcsA, a channel that allows K + ions to pass through the membrane, is a protein with four identical subunits that form a channel through the center of the tetramer.
More informationOrganic Chemistry Diversity of Carbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry Diversity of Carbon Compounds Hydrocarbons The Alkanes The Alkenes The Alkynes Naming Hydrocarbons Cyclic Hydrocarbons Alkyl Groups Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naming Complex Hydrocarbons Chemical
More information