Fatty Acid Desaturation
|
|
- Marsha Gallagher
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Fatty Acid Desaturation Objectives: 1. Isolation of desaturase mutants 2. Substrates for fatty acid desaturation 3. ellular localization of desaturases References: Buchanan et al Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville MD. hapter 10. Wallis and Browse (2002) Progress in Lipid Research 41,
2 Glycerolipid Synthesis 16:3 plants Arabidopsis, spinach ER PA 16:0 18:2 18:2 18:2 18:2 16:0 18:2 Plastid Where does come from?
3 Fatty Acid Synthesis FAS hloroplast lipids 16:0 AT AT 16:0AP 18:0AP DES AP FATB FATA LAS LAS 16:0oA oa FAS = fatty acid synthesis FAT = acylap thioesterase LAS = acyloa synthetase AT = acyl transferase DES = stearoylap desaturase Main products of FAS are 16:0 and
4 Fatty Acid Desaturation Where does come from? It is made in the plastid stroma by the only known soluble desaturase enzyme in eukaryotes Fig. 1018
5 Plant Membrane Lipids are ighly Unsaturated The fatty acid compositions of the major leaf glycerolipids from wild type Arabidopsis Fatty acid Lipid P PE PI SL DGD PG MGD
6 Plant Membrane Lipids are ighly Unsaturated In all plant tissues the first synthesized glycerolipids PA and DAG contain only 16:0 and fatty acyl groups. is made in the plastid stroma by the stearoylap desaturase Where does desaturation beyond occur? Where does desaturation of 16:0 to 16:1, 16:2 and 16:3 occur? Prediction: Desaturase enzymes must exist in both the plastid and the ER to carry out desaturation of to 18:2 and 18:3 Unique desaturase enzymes must exist in the plastid to carry out desaturation of 16:0 to 16:1, 16:2 and 16:3
7 Approaches to Identification and haracterization of Membrane Bound Plant Desaturase Enzymes 1. Traditional biochemical approach: Detergent solubilization results in loss of enzyme activity > isolation and characterization were unsuccessful! 2. Genetic approach: Requires isolation of mutants an we isolate mutants deficient in fatty acid unsaturation? What kind of phenotype would such mutants have?
8 Glycerolipid Synthesis 16:3 plants Arabidopsis, spinach ER PA 16:0 18:2 18:2 18:2 18:2 16:0 18:2 Plastid Marker for prokaryotic pathway
9 Identification of Plant Fatty Acid Unsaturation Mutants ow many mutants would you expect to find? 16:0 t16:1 16:0 c16:1 16:1 16:2 16:2 16:3 18:0 Plastid 18:2 18:2 18:3 ER 18:2 18:2 18:3
10 Identification of Plant Fatty Acid Unsaturation Mutants What types of mutants have we isolated? Fatty acid WT JB60 JB27 JB67 LK3 JB1 LK9 JB12 JB25 LK8 16: :1 cis :1 trans : : : : :
11 Identification of Plant Fatty Acid Unsaturation Mutants What types of mutants have we isolated? SUBSTRATE MUTANT GENE 16:0 t16:1 on sn2 of PG JB60 and JB27 FAD4 16:0 c16:1 on sn2 of MGD JB67 FAD5 16:1 16:2 and 18:2 LK3 FAD6 16:2 16:3 and 18:2 18:3 JB1 and LK9 FAD7 PLASTID Mutations in FAD4, FAD5, FAD6 and FAD7 affect plastid lipids 18:2 on sn1 and sn2 of P JB12 FAD2 ER Mutations in FAD2 affect extraplastidial lipids and plastid lipids
12 Glycerolipid Synthesis 16:3 plants Arabidopsis, spinach ER fad2 fad3 PA act1 fad4 fad5 16:0 fab2 fab1 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 18:2 18:2 18:2 18:2 16:0 18:2 fad7 fad8 Plastid Marker for prokaryotic pathway
13 Identification of Plant Fatty Acid Unsaturation Mutants What types of mutants have we isolated? SUBSTRATE MUTANT GENE 16:0 t16:1 on sn2 of PG JB60 and JB27 FAD4 16:0 c16:1 on sn2 of MGD JB67 FAD5 16:1 16:2 and 18:2 LK3 FAD6 16:2 16:3 and 18:2 18:3 JB1 and LK9 FAD7 SUBSTRATE SPEIFI SUBSTRATE NONSPEIFI PLASTID Mutations in FAD4, FAD5, FAD6 and FAD7 affect plastid lipids 18:2 on sn1 and sn2 of P JB12 FAD2 18:2 18:3 on sn1 and sn2 of P FAD3 ER Mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 affect extraplastidial lipids and plastid lipids
14 Glycerolipid Synthesis 16:3 plants Arabidopsis, spinach ER fad2 fad3 PA act1 fad4 fad5 16:0 fab2 fab1 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 18:2 18:2 18:2 18:2 16:0 18:2 fad7 fad8 Plastid
15 JB1 (Fad7) Story Fatty acid WT JB60 fad4 JB27 fad4 JB67 fad5 LK3 fad6 JB1 fad7 LK9 fad7 JB12 fad2 JB25 act1 16: :1 cis :1 trans : : : : : LK8 act1
16 JB1 (Fad7) Phenotype The Fad7 phenotype is apparent only when plants are grown at temperatures greater than 18 o
17 JB1 (Fad7) Phenotype Effect of temperature on the proportion of trienoic fatty acids (16:3 + 18:3) in leaves WT JB1 ypothesis: This effect is due to a temperature sensitive mutation
18 JB1 (Fad7) Phenotype ypothesis: This effect is due to a temperature sensitive mutation Several additional alleles of fad7 were isolated. They were all temperature sensitive!!! What does that suggest about our hypothesis? It is likely not correct. Why? Temperature sensitive mutations are very rare! Alternate hypothesis: There must be a second plastidial 16:2, 18:2 desaturase in addition to FAD7 that functions at low temperature
19 Isolation of the Low Temperature ow? Desaturase Mutant (Fad8) 1. Mutagenize the Fad7 mutant 2. Grow M 2 population at low temperature 3. Screen for alterations in leaf fatty acid composition by gas chromatography Which phenotype would you look for? 4. Identify mutants with lower 16:3 and 18:3 content than that found in the Fad 7 mutant
20 Isolation of the FAD8 gene FAD8 gene was cloned by heterologous hybridization using FAD3 ER Δ15 desaturase gene as a probe. FAD8 gene is not linked to the FAD7 gene. FAD7 and FAD8 genes share about 75% nucleotide identity. The FAD8 gene functionally complements the fad7 mutation when expressed using the FAD7 promoter. This demonstrates that FAD7 and FAD8 gene products are functionally equivalent. fad81 mutation created a premature stop codon 149 amino acids from the aminoterminal end of the 435 amino acid long predicted polypeptide, suggesting that this mutation results in a complete loss of FAD8 activity.
21 Summary of Plant Fatty Acid Unsaturation Mutants SUBSTRATE MUTANT GENE 16:0 t16:1 on sn2 of PG JB60 and JB27 FAD4 16:0 c16:1 on sn2 of MGD JB67 FAD5 SUBSTRATE SPEIFI 16:1 16:2 and 18:2 LK3 FAD6 16:2 16:3 and 18:2 18:3 JB1 and LK9 FAD7 16:2 16:3 and 18:2 18:3 FAD8 (Low temperature inducible) PLASTID SUBSTRATE NONSPEIFI Mutations in FAD4, FAD5, FAD6, FAD7 and FAD8 affect plastid lipids 18:2 on sn1 and sn2 of P JB12 FAD2 18:2 18:3 on sn1 and sn2 of P FAD3 ER Mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 affect extraplastidial lipids and plastid lipids
22 Isolation of the other FAD genes All seven genes identified by mutation in the seven classes of fad mutants have been cloned and all encode desaturase enzymes: FAD2 cloned by two research teams by TDNA tagging and mapbased cloning FAD3 cloned by mapbased cloning FAD4 cloned by mapbased cloning FAD5 cloned by mapbased cloning FAD6 cloned by heterologous hybridization using FAD2 ER Δ12 desaturase gene as a probe FAD7,8 cloned by heterologous hybridization using FAD3 ER Δ15 desaturase gene as a probe
23 ontributions of Plant FAD Mutants to Understanding of the Fatty Acid Unsaturation Process 1. Substrates of all membranebound FAD enzymes are lipidbound fatty acids 2. Fatty acid unsaturation is a sequential process insertion of the first double bond is required (16:1 or ) before the next desaturase can use this fatty acid chain as a substrate for insertion of the second double bond
24 Fatty Acid Unsaturation Where does come from? It is made in the plastid stroma by the only known soluble desaturase enzyme in eukaryotes which acts on a soluble 18:0AP substrate Fig. 1018
25 Glycerolipid Synthesis 16:3 plants Arabidopsis, spinach ER fad2 fad3 PA act1 fad4 fad5 16:0 fab2 fab1 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 18:2 18:2 18:2 18:2 16:0 18:2 fad7 fad8 Plastid
26 ontributions of Plant FAD Mutants to Understanding of the Fatty Acid Unsaturation Process 1. Substrates of all membranebound FAD enzymes are lipidbound fatty acids 2. Fatty acid unsaturation is a sequential process insertion of the first double bond is required (16:1 or ) before the next desaturase can use this fatty acid chain as a substrate for insertion of the second double bond 3. Because some desaturases can use both 16 and 18 fatty acid substrates, they must determine the site of double bond insertion relative to an existing double bond or relative to the methyl end of the fatty acyl chain
27 Δ9 > 18:2Δ9, 12 > 18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 >16:3 Δ7, 10, 13 > 16:2Δ7, 10 arboxyl end Methyl end O O O O O O O O 16:1Δ7 O O O O O O
28 ontributions of Plant FAD Mutants to Understanding of the Fatty Acid Unsaturation Process 1. Substrates of all membranebound FAD enzymes are lipidbound fatty acids 2. Fatty acid unsaturation is a sequential process insertion of the first double bond is required (16:1 or ) before the next desaturase can use this fatty acid chain as a substrate for insertion of the second double bond 3. Because some desaturases can use both 16 and 18 fatty acid substrates, they must determine the site of double bond insertion relative to an existing double bond or relative to the methyl end of the fatty acyl chain 4. fad mutants made it possible to clone the FAD genes and characterize FAD enzymes biochemically
29 Biological Roles of Fatty Acid Unsaturation Objectives: 1. Analysis of the role of Δ3 trans16:1 (Tutorial) 2. Determining the role of trienoic fatty acids (16:3 and 18:3) using the Fad3, Fad7, Fad8 triple mutant (Tutorial) 3. The importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids for photosynthesis References: Lightner et al. (1994) Altered body morphology is caused by increased stearate levels in a mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 6, Mconn and Browse (1998) Polyunsaturated membranes are required for photosynthetic competence in a mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 15,
30 Thylakoid Membranes are the Most ighly Unsaturated Membranes in Eukaryotes Thylakoid membrane glycerolipids from wild type Arabidopsis hloroplast Fatty acid Lipid Lipid SL DGD Lipid PG MGD Thylakoid Thylakoid membranes are 7580% polyunsaturated Are such high levels of thylakoid membrane unsaturation critical for photosynthesis?
31 None of the Isolated Unsaturation Mutants Displays a Visible Phenotype SUBSTRATE MUTANT GENE 16:0 t16:1 on sn2 of PG JB60 and JB27 FAD4 16:0 c16:1 on sn2 of MGD JB67 FAD5 SUBSTRATE SPEIFI 16:1 16:2 and 18:2 LK3 FAD6 16:2 16:3 and 18:2 18:3 JB1 and LK9 FAD7 16:2 16:3 and 18:2 18:3 FAD8 (Low temperature inducible) PLASTID SUBSTRATE NONSPEIFI Mutations in FAD4, FAD5, FAD6, FAD7 and FAD8 affect plastid lipids 18:2 on sn1 and sn2 of P JB12 FAD2 18:2 18:3 on sn1 and sn2 of P FAD3 ER Mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 affect extraplastidial lipids and plastid lipids
32 an we conclude that unsaturation is irrelevant to membrane functions? Why or why not? ypothesis: More substantial changes in membrane unsaturation are probably required to affect membrane functions. Tutorial: Fad3 Fad7 Fad8 triple mutant is not impaired in photosynthesis Under normal growth conditions indicating that 16:3 and 18:3 are not essential for this process Which double/triple mutant would you try to make?
33 The Fad2Fad6 Story ER fad2 fad3 PA act1 fad4 fad5 16:0 fab2 fab1 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad6 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 fad7 fad8 18:2 18:2 18:2 18:2 16:0 18:2 fad7 fad8 Plastid
34 Generation of the Fad2Fad6 Double Mutant Fad2 x Fad6 F 1 x F 1 (selfing) F 2 No Fad2Fad6 double mutant was found ypotheses: 1. Double mutant failed to germinate 2. Double mutant could not get established autotrophically
35 Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment
36 Fad2Fad6 Double Mutant Grows on Sucrose F 2 population Fad2Fad6 double mutants are chlorotic and contain only 10% of WT chlorophyll levels WT Fad2Fad6 When maintained on sucrose medium Fad2Fad6 double mutants develop relatively normal shoots and roots, but no flowers When transplanted into soil, Fad2Fad6 double mutants die within 7 days onclusion: Fad2Fad6 double mutant is not capable of autotrophic growth (photosynthesis)
37 Fad2Fad6 Phenotype 77% polyunsaturated fatty acids 6% polyunsaturated fatty acids The observation that growth and organ development of Fad2Fad6 plants is almost normal on sucrose medium indicates that: 1. The majority of membrane functions required for these processes is not compromised; 2. Photosynthesis is the only function that requires high levels of membrane polyunsaturation.
Lipids and Fatty Acids
Lipids and Fatty Acids Objectives: 1. What are Lipids? properties glycerolipids vs. isoprenoids glycerolipid structure glycerolipid nomenclature 2. Fatty acid biosynthesis ellular localization Substrate
More informationA mutant in Arabidopsis Lacking a Chloroplast Specific Lipid. Lewis Kurschner and Karen Thulasi Masters in Botany
A mutant in Arabidopsis Lacking a Chloroplast Specific Lipid Lewis Kurschner and Karen Thulasi Masters in Botany Fatty acid nomenclature Fatty acyl composition Chain length Degree of unsaturation and position
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationDisruption of the FATB Gene in Arabidopsis Demonstrates an Essential Role of Saturated Fatty Acids in Plant Growth
The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 1020 1033, April 2003, www.plantcell.org 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists Disruption of the FATB Gene in Arabidopsis Demonstrates an Essential Role of Saturated Fatty
More informationVery-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Very-Long Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Objectives: 1. Review information on the isolation of mutants deficient in VLCFA biosynthesis 2. Generate hypotheses to explain the absence of mutants with lesions
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM. Fatty Acid Elongation and Desaturation
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM I. Fatty acid elongation A. General 1. At least 60% of fatty acids in triacylglycerols are C18. 2. Free palmitic acid (16:0) synthesized in cytoplasm is elongated
More informationLIPID METABOLISM
LIPID METABOLISM LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS DE NOVO FFA in the blood come from :- (a) Dietary fat (b) Dietary carbohydrate/protein in excess of need FA TAG Site of synthesis:-
More informationacyltransferase activity
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 4143-4147, June 1988 Biochemistry Altered regulation of lipid biosynthesis in a mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in chloroplast glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
More informationTesting the ABC floral-organ identity model: expression of A and C function genes
Objectives: Testing the ABC floral-organ identity model: expression of A and C function genes To test the validity of the ABC model for floral organ identity we will: 1. Use the model to make predictions
More informationGlycerolipidome responses to freezingand chilling-induced injuries: examples in Arabidopsis and rice
Zheng et al. BMC Plant Biology (2016) 16:70 DOI 10.1186/s12870-016-0758-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Glycerolipidome responses to freezingand chilling-induced injuries: examples in Arabidopsis and rice
More informationMPS Advanced Plant Biochemistry Course. Fall Semester Lecture 11. Lipids III
MPS 587 - Advanced Plant Biochemistry Course Fall Semester 2011 Lecture 11 Lipids III 9. Triacylglycerol synthesis 10. Engineering triacylglycerol fatty acid composition Today s topics on the Arabidopsis
More informationEnzymes: Helper Protein molecules
Enzymes: Helper Protein molecules 2009-2010 Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Chemical reactions of life Processes of life building molecules synthesis + breaking down molecules
More informationOleate accumulation, induced by silencing of microsomal omega-6 desaturase, declines with leaf expansion in transgenic tobacco
Journal of Plant Physiology 164 (2007) 23 30 www.elsevier.de/jplph Oleate accumulation, induced by silencing of microsomal omega-6 desaturase, declines with leaf expansion in transgenic tobacco Mingfeng
More informationLecture: 26 OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
Lecture: 26 OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS Fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis of fats undergo different oxidative pathways designated as alpha ( ), beta ( ) and omega ( ) pathways. -oxidation -Oxidation of fatty
More informationDGD1-independent biosynthesis of extraplastidic galactolipids after phosphate deprivation in Arabidopsis
DGD1-independent biosynthesis of extraplastidic galactolipids after phosphate deprivation in Arabidopsis Heiko Härtel*, Peter Dörmann, and Christoph Benning Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
More informationThe Plant Cell, Vol. 15, , December 2003, American Society of Plant Biologists
, Vol. 15, 2952 2965, December 2003, www.plantcell.org 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists Plastidial Fatty Acid Signaling Modulates Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Mediated Defense Pathways in
More informationCell wall components:
Main differences between plant and animal cells: Plant cells have: cell walls, a large central vacuole, plastids and turgor pressure. The Cell Wall The primary cell wall is capable of rapid expansion during
More informationMain differences between plant and animal cells: Plant cells have: cell walls, a large central vacuole, plastids and turgor pressure.
Main differences between plant and animal cells: Plant cells have: cell walls, a large central vacuole, plastids and turgor pressure. Animal cells have a lysosome (related to vacuole) and centrioles (function
More informationA Tour of the Cell Lecture 2, Part 1 Fall 2008
Cell Theory 1 A Tour of the Cell Lecture 2, Part 1 Fall 2008 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function The lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life Reproduction
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Lee et al. 10.1073/pnas.0910950106 Fig. S1. Fe (A), Zn (B), Cu (C), and Mn (D) concentrations in flag leaves from WT, osnas3-1, and OsNAS3-antisense (AN-2) plants. Each measurement
More informationSynthesis and elongation of fatty acids
Synthesis and elongation of fatty acids A molecular caliper mechanism for determining very long-chain fatty acid length Vladimir Denic and Jonathan S. Weissman (2007) Cell 130, 663-677 February 28, 2008
More informationProbing Arabidopsis Chloroplast Diacylglycerol Pools by Selectively Targeting Bacterial Diacylglycerol Kinase to Suborganellar Membranes
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Biochemistry -- Faculty Publications Biochemistry, Department of 2013 Probing Arabidopsis Chloroplast Diacylglycerol Pools
More informationPlant lipidomics: Discerning biological function by profiling plant complex lipids using mass spectrometry
[Frontiers in Bioscience 12, 2494-2506, January 1, 2007] Plant lipidomics: Discerning biological function by profiling plant complex lipids using mass spectrometry Ruth Welti 1, Jyoti Shah 1, Weiqi Li
More informationDEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY UNDERGRADUATE POSTER SESSION Monday, April 11, 2011 2:00-4:00pm Lisa Pinkava Under the Direction of Dr. Michael Thomashow Plant Research Laboratory Title:
More informationOleic acid levels regulated by glycerolipid metabolism modulate defense gene expression in Arabidopsis
Oleic acid levels regulated by glycerolipid metabolism modulate defense gene expression in Arabidopsis Aardra Kachroo*, Srivathsa C. Venugopal*, Ludmila Lapchyk*, Deane Falcone, David Hildebrand, and Pradeep
More information3. Describe the study in mimicry, using king snakes and coral snakes. Identify the control in the experiment.
Biology Semester 1 Exam Review Guide Chapter 1 Biology in the 21 st Century 1. Distinguish between the following key terms: Biology Name : Pd: Hypothesis Variable Controlled experiment Theory Model Technology
More informationThe Role of Lipids in Flowering Development of Arabidopsis Enhanced pah1pah2 Plants. Toshiro Ito 1 & Lee Lishi 2
The Role of Lipids in Flowering Development of Arabidopsis Enhanced pah1pah2 Plants Toshiro Ito 1 & Lee Lishi 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore,
More information2.3 Carbon Compounds 12/19/2011 BIOLOGY MRS. MICHAELSEN. Lesson Overview. Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon. Lesson Overview.
2.3 The Chemistry of Carbon A. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons 1. Form strong covalent bonds with many other elements: H, O, P, S, N. 2. Living organisms are made up of carbon and these other
More informationMacromolcules, Enzymes, & Cells Intro
Name: Date: 1. The distortion (change in shape) of enzyme molecules which occurs at high temperatures is known as 5. A characteristic shared by all enzymes, hormones, and antibodies is that their function
More informationBiology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-3. (Note that you are not allowed to use any calculator)
Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-3 (Note that you are not allowed to use any calculator) 1. In the non-cyclic pathway, electron pathway is. Select the most accurate one. a. PSII PC Cyt b 6 f PC PSI Fd-NADP
More informationLesson Overview. Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview 2.3 The Chemistry of Carbon What elements does carbon bond with to make up life s molecules? Carbon can bond with many elements, including Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen
More informationFAD FADH2. glycerol-3- phosphate. dehydrogenase. This DHAP is metabolically no different from that produced in glycolysis.
1 Lipid Metabolism: ow that we are aware of the types of lipids in our bodies, it is important to see how we make them or break them. We will start our discussion with triacylglyceride degradation, and
More informationFatty acid breakdown
Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism
I. Overall concepts A. Definitions ANC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) b.
More informationChapter 1-2 Review Assignment
Class: Date: Chapter 1-2 Review Assignment Multiple Choice dentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Corn seedlings A student wanted to design an investigation to see
More informationDivision of Biology and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
The Plant Cell, Vol. 16, 465 477, February 2004, www.plantcell.org ª 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists The Arabidopsis thaliana Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Reductase Gene SUPPRESSOR OF FATTY ACID
More information/ The following functional group is a. Aldehyde c. Carboxyl b. Ketone d. Amino
Section A: Multiple Choice Select the answer that best answers the following questions. Please write your selected choice on the line provided, in addition to circling the answer. /25 1. The following
More informationA. Major parts 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm a. Contain organelles (see below) 3. Plasma membrane (To be discussed in Cellular Transport Lecture)
Lecture 5: Cellular Biology I. Cell Theory Concepts: 1. Cells are the functional and structural units of living organisms 2. The activity of an organism is dependent on both the individual and collective
More informationMacromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds
More informationCP Biology Chapter 2: Molecules of Life Name Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp Period Homework
Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp. 46-47 Period 1. Which elements make up carbohydrates? a. In which ratio? 2. How do living things use most of their carbohydrates? 3. How do cells get energy from carbs? a.
More informationWhy discuss the topic of: lipid Biosynthesis? Lipids as: - Biofuels. Dehesh UC Davis
Why discuss the topic of: lipid Biosynthesis? Lipids as: - Biofuels Dehesh UC Davis Fossil fuel is believed to be derived from ancient lipid rich organic material such as spores and planktonic algae! Rudolf
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe
number 24 Done by Mohammed tarabieh Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe 1 P a g e *Please look over the previous sheet about fatty acid synthesis **Oxidation(degradation) of fatty acids, occurs in the
More informationChemistry 107 Exam 4 Study Guide
Chemistry 107 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 10 10.1 Recognize that enzyme catalyze reactions by lowering activation energies. Know the definition of a catalyst. Differentiate between absolute, relative and
More informationLipid Characterization in Vegetative Tissues of High Saturated Fatty Acid Sunflower Mutants
78 J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 78 82 Lipid Characterization in Vegetative Tissues of High Saturated Fatty Acid Sunflower Mutants Sara Cantisán, Enrique Martínez-Force, Rosario AÄ lvarez-ortega, and
More informationSummary of fatty acid synthesis
Lipid Metabolism, part 2 1 Summary of fatty acid synthesis 8 acetyl CoA + 14 NADPH + 14 H+ + 7 ATP palmitic acid (16:0) + 8 CoA + 14 NADP + + 7 ADP + 7 Pi + 7 H20 1. The major suppliers of NADPH for fatty
More informationAP Biology Review: Theme 3- Energy
AP Biology Review: Theme 3- Energy 3.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. 3.2: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. 3.3: Organisms capture and store
More information7/5/2014. Microbial. Metabolism. Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying. Metabolism. Metabolism: Overview
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism Metabolism C H A P T E R 5 Microbial Metabolism Collection
More informationIII. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Slide 1 The Eight Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes: 4 dehydrogenases (2 decarboxylation) 3
More informationPoint total. Page # Exam Total (out of 90) The number next to each intermediate represents the total # of C-C and C-H bonds in that molecule.
This exam is worth 90 points. Pages 2- have questions. Page 1 is for your reference only. Honor Code Agreement - Signature: Date: (You agree to not accept or provide assistance to anyone else during this
More informationAS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1-4
Section 3.1: Biological Molecules 3.1.1 Monomers and Polymers 3.1.2 Carbohydrates 3.1.3 Lipids 3.1.4.1 Proteins 3.1.4.2 Enzymes 3.1.5.1 Nucleic acid structure 3.1.5.2 DNA Replication 3.1.6 ATP 3.1.7 Water
More informationRespiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs:
More informationGenetic information flows from mrna to protein through the process of translation
Genetic information flows from mrn to protein through the process of translation TYPES OF RN (RIBONUCLEIC CID) RN s job - protein synthesis (assembly of amino acids into proteins) Three main types: 1.
More information10/5/2015. Cell Size. Relative Rate of Reaction
The Cell Biology 102 Fundamental unit of life Smallest unit that displays all the basic elements of life Lecture 5: Cells Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells Cell Theory 2. The
More informationAP Biology Book Notes Chapter 4: Cells v Cell theory implications Ø Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life Ø Life is
AP Biology Book Notes Chapter 4: Cells v Cell theory implications Ø Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life Ø Life is continuous v Small cell size is becoming more necessary as
More informationMacromolecules. Honors Biology
Macromolecules onors Biology 1 The building materials of the body are known as macromolecules because they can be very large There are four types of macromolecules: 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids 3. arbohydrates
More informationUnit 2 - Characteristics of Living Things
Living Environment Answer Key to Practice Exam- Parts A and B-1 1. A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged in a complex three-dimensional shape. This shape determines the A) specific type of molecule
More informationAccumulation of D6-unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a D6-desaturase from Borago officinalis
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 0, No. 340, pp. 1647 162, November 1999 Accumulation of D6-unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a D6-desaturase from Borago officinalis Olga
More informationMolecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas c
This article is published in Online, Preview Section, which publishes manuscripts accepted for publication after they have been edited and the authors have corrected proofs, but before the final, complete
More informationBIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL METABOLISM IN MICROALGAE. Bensheng Liu A DISSERTATION
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL METABOLISM IN MICROALGAE By Bensheng Liu A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
More informationHonors Biology Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Name Amatuzzi Carbohydrates pp Homework
Honors Biology Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Name Amatuzzi Carbohydrates pp. 37-39 1. Which elements make up carbohydrates? a. In which ratio? 2. How do living things use most of their carbohydrates?
More informationChapter 22, Fatty Acid Metabolism CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 CO 2 R C C O2 CH 2 OH O R. Lipase + 3 H 2 O
hapter 22, Fatty Acid Metabolism Pages: 603-613 I. Introduction - Fatty acids have 4 major physiological roles: - omponents of phospholipids and glycolipids (membranes) - Attachment to Proteins targets
More informationCarbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview 2.3 THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms organic, believing they were fundamentally different from
More informationChapter 5. Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within a microbe Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism Metabolic Processes
More informationIntroduction to Biochemistry
Life is Organized in Increasing Levels of Complexity Introduction to Biochemistry atom simple molecule What is the chemical makeup of living things? macromolecule organ organ system organism organelle
More informationFirst to View Cells. copyright cmassengale
CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological
More informationRole of GABA Shunt Pathway in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Role of GABA Shunt Pathway in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Dr. Nisreen A. AL-Quraan Jordan University of Science and Technology JORDAN What is GABA? GABA : Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Four carbon non-protein
More informationAP Biology
Tour of the Cell (1) 2007-2008 Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote animal cells Eukaryote plant cells Cell Size Why organelles? Specialized structures - specialized
More informationSACE Stage 2 Biology Notes - Cells
SACE Biology Year 2016 Mark 20.00 Pages 26 Published Jan 4, 2017 SACE Stage 2 Biology Notes - Cells By Elizabeth (99.75 ATAR) Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Your notes author, Elizabeth. Elizabeth achieved
More informationRegulation of Floral-Organ- Type by SUPERMAN
Regulation of Floral-Organ- Type by SUPERMAN 1. Need for regulators of the organ-identity genes. 2. The Superman mutant phenotype-predicting the role of SUPERMAN. 3. Testing our hypothesis of the role
More informationThe. Crash Course. Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O)
The Biochemistry Crash Course Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) This exercise is designed to familiarize you with
More informationSupplemental Data. Beck et al. (2010). Plant Cell /tpc
Supplemental Figure 1. Phenotypic comparison of the rosette leaves of four-week-old mpk4 and Col-0 plants. A mpk4 vs Col-0 plants grown in soil. Note the extreme dwarfism of the mpk4 plants (white arrows)
More informationCarbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates)
Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) The Chemistry of Carbon (Organic Chemistry) Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many
More informationPhospholipids Metabolism
Chapter VI: Phospholipids Metabolism Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Phospholipids Features: Amphipatic: - Hydrophobic head: fatty acids - Hydropholic head: P group+ alcohol Composed of alcohol attached by a phosphodiester
More informationCHAPTER 2- BIOCHEMISTRY I. WATER (VERY IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS) A. POLAR COMPOUND- 10/4/ H O KENNEDY BIOLOGY 1AB
CHAPTER 2- BIOCHEMISTRY KENNEDY BIOLOGY 1AB I. WATER (VERY IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS) WATER S UNIQUE PROPERTIES MAKE IT ESSENTIAL FOR ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS IT IS POLAR, AND HAS BOTH ADHESIVE AND COHESIVE
More informationBiology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam
Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam Name: Water: 1. The bond between water molecules is a (n) a. ionic bond b. covalent bond c. polar covalent bond d. hydrogen bond 2. The water properties: good solvent,
More informationRegulation of Floral Organ Identity. Dr. Chloe Diamond Mara
Regulation of Floral Organ Identity Dr. Chloe Diamond Mara Flower Development Angiosperms (flowering plants) are the most widespread group of land plants Flowers are the reproductive organs that consist
More informationAgenda. Chapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Macromolecules (in general) What are organic compounds?
Agenda Chapter 3 The molecules of life Macromolecules --Detour into Healthy Pig Land 4. Nucelic acids Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller
More informationElectron Transport Chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative phosphorylation So far we have discussed the catabolism involving oxidation of 6 carbons of glucose to CO 2 via glycolysis and CAC without any oxygen molecule directly
More information19 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation W. H. Freeman and Company
19 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 19 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Key topics: Electron transport chain in mitochondria Capture
More informationChapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition. phospholipids. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. db=books&itool=toolbar
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez? db=books&itool=toolbar 1 The surface of a soap bubble is a bilayer formed by detergent molecules 2 Chapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition phospholipids Sphingolipids
More informationThe building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases
1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule. The building blocks for this molecule are A)
More informationBiochemistry. 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds.
Biochemistry Carbon compounds Section 3-1 1. What is an organic compound? 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. 3. Carbon dioxide, CO 2, is NOT an organic compound.
More informationBALSIGER BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDES (SEMESTER 1)
BALSIGER BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDES (SEMESTER 1) Table of Contents 1 III. Parts of an Experiment 1) Write a brief definition for each of these components of an experiment: manipulated variable, treatments, experimental
More informationHuang et al. BMC Plant Biology (2018) 18:140
Huang et al. BMC Plant Biology (2018) 18:140 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1356-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Temporal transcriptome profiling of developing seeds reveals a concerted gene regulation in relation
More informationPlant organelle used for storage. Some store starches and lipids and pigments. Named according to the color or pigment that they contain.
Animal Cell: Plant Cell: Plastid: Plant organelle used for storage. Some store starches and lipids and pigments. Named according to the color or pigment that they contain. Chloroplasts:contain light absorbing
More informationEnergy storage in cells
Energy storage in cells Josef Fontana EC - 58 Overview of the lecture Introduction to the storage substances of human body Overview of storage compounds in the body Glycogen metabolism Structure of glycogen
More informationOVERVIEW M ET AB OL IS M OF FR EE FA TT Y AC ID S
LIPOLYSIS LIPOLYSIS OVERVIEW CATABOLISM OF FREE FATTY ACIDS Nonesterified fatty acids Source:- (a) breakdown of TAG in adipose tissue (b) action of Lipoprotein lipase on plasma TAG Combined with Albumin
More informationChapter 6 Review Page 1
hapter 6 Review Page 1 1 Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is FLS? They both contain ribosomes. They both contain mitochondria. They are both bounded by a plasma
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM. Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM II. Triacylglycerol synthesis A. Overall pathway Glycerol-3-phosphate + 3 Fatty acyl-coa à Triacylglycerol + 3 CoASH B. Enzymes 1. Acyl-CoA synthase 2. Glycerol-phosphate
More informationChapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Polysaccharides. Maltose is a disaccharide. Macromolecules (in general) Most macromolecules are polymers
Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller Building Blocks Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Macromolecules (in general) Most macromolecules
More informationSBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles. 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells
SBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells No nucleus Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound organelles Has a nucleus Eukaryotic Cells Membrane bound organelles Unicellular
More informationCellular Respiration. Mitochondria. Redox Reaction. Cellular Respiration. Question: Plants and Animals 12/6/2012
ellular Respiration ellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy () and water (H 2 O). Equation
More informationBiology Unit 2 Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Date/Hour
Biology Unit 2 Name Elements & Macromolecules in rganisms Date/our Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body
More informationChloroplast lipid transfer processes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii involving a TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 2 (TGD2) orthologue
The Plant Journal (2015) 84, 1005 1020 doi: 10.1111/tpj.13060 Chloroplast lipid transfer processes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii involving a TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 2 (TGD2) orthologue Jaruswan Warakanont
More informationBiological Molecules
Why? Biological Molecules What are the building blocks of life? From the smallest single-celled organism to the tallest tree, all life depends on the properties and reactions of four classes of organic
More information