Index. G Gastric surgery bleeding ulcer repair, duodenal perforation closure, leakage, 93 94

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1 A Abdominal wall closure early postoperative complications degree of contamination, 288 diagnosis, patient s factors, 288 prevention, treatment, late postoperative complications diagnosis, patient s factors, prevention, treatment, 296 Abdominal wall hernia repair adhesions diagnosis, 307 fixation role, 306 materials, 305 prevention, surgical technique, 305 surgical trauma, 306 treatment, 308 infection diagnosis, prevention, treatment, 299 lightweight prosthetics, 297 mesh-related infection, 296 seroma clinical classification of seroma, 303 clinical incidence, 302 prevention, radiological incidence, 302 symptomatic seroma, tacker disattachment, 300 treatment, 303 Achalasia, 38, 68 Acute appendicitis, Acute pancreatitis complication enterocutaneous fistula, 195 infected necrosis, 195 intra-abdominal bleeding, 196 mortality, 196 new-onset organ failure, 195 pancreatic fistula, 196 PANTER trial, 196 rate of complication, reduce, 197 treatment strategy, health care utilization and costs, intervention, 194 liquefaction process, necrotizing acute pancreatitis, obstructive jaundice/mechanical ileus, 193 organ failure, 191 perioperative care, 194 peripancreatic necrosis infection, 193 postoperative management, 195 sterile pancreatic necrosis and peripancreatic collection, 191 systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 191 Adjustable gastric band (AGB), 102, 104 Adrenal glands adrenal incidentalomas, 203 adrenocortical cancer, 204 alpha/beta blockers, 203 anesthesiology, 203 fine-needle aspiration biopsy, hyperaldosteronism, 203 hypercortisolism, 203 MIBG, 203 M.A. Cuesta, H.J. Bonjer (eds.), Treatment of Postoperative Complications after Digestive Surgery, DOI / , Springer-Verlag London

2 326 Adrenal glands (cont.) minimally invasive approach, 204 retroperitoneal adrenalectomy, 205 transperitoneal approach, AGB. See Adjustable gastric band (AGB) Anal fissure, proctology advancement flap, complications, lateral internal sphincterotomy, 274 Anal fistula, proctology complications, fistulotomy, 277 Park s classification, 277 patient assessment advancement flaps, 282 anesthesia, 279 cryptoglandular treatment, 281 cutting seton, 282 examination, 277 fibrin glue, 283 Goodsall s rule, 277, 279 hydrogen peroxide, 279 initial consultation, 277 internal and external opening, intersphincteric and low transsphincteric, LIFT procedure, 283 preoperative imaging, 279 removing granulation tissue, 280 Sphincter-preserving techniques, wound care, 280 Anastomotic healing, 9, 229 Appendicectomy. See Small bowel surgery B Bariatric surgery AGB, 102, 104 bacterial overgrowth, 102 biliopancreatic diversion, 102, 107, complications, 121 duodenal switch, 102, 106, early postoperative complications, LAGB band erosion, band slip and pouch dilatation, normal situation, 113 port-site infections, 116 tube breakage, LSG, mortality risk, 101 operative complications internal hernia, Roux-en- O, 109 splenic injury, 108 trocar injuries, operative times, 101 preoperative considerations chronic disease and super obesity, low-volume surgeons and hospitals, 105 male gender, 104 older age, 103 OS-MRS, 106 risk factors, 103, 107 type of surgery, 105 reeking diarrhea, 102 RYGB bypass, 102, 103, sleeve gastrectomy, 102, 105 surgery timing, 121 VBG, Bile duct injury (BDI) cholecystectomy, 147 classification of type A injury, type B injury, 149, 151 type C injury, 149, 152 type D injury, 149, 153 CVS, diagnosis, fundus-first technique, 147 incidence of, 144 infundibular technique, 147 IOC, 148 litigation claims, peroperatively diagnosed injury, postoperatively diagnosed injury, prevention, 144 psychological factors, 147 quality of life, risk factors, stopping rule, 147 Terblanche method, 148 treatment, 152 vasculo-biliary injury accessory duct, 151 cause of, 149 infundibular technique, 149 ischemia, 152 RHA injury isolation, 152 vascular reconstruction/partial hepatectomy, 152 visceral and vascular injury, 143

3 327 Biliary anastomosis diagnosis and grading, 177 incidence and definition, management and outcome, 177, 178 prevention and risk factors, Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), 102, 107, Bismuth-Corlette classification, BPD. See Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) C Classical injury. See Vasculo-biliary injury (VBI) Clavien Dindo classification, Cochrane s search strategy, 320 Colorectal surgery, stress response consort algorithm randomization, 2, 3 C-reactive protein outcome, 1 2, 4 fast-track postoperative care, 2 HLA-DR outcome, 1 3 interleukin-6 outcome, 2, 4 LAFA trial, 2 laparoscopy and fast-track perioperative care, 2 thoracic epidural anesthesia, 2 TME procedure, 2 Conventional hemorrhoidectomy, C-reactive protein (CRP), 1 2, 4, 29, 249 Critical view of safety (CVS), 21, Crohn s disease reoperation, 220 surgical therapy, 219 technique, D Digestive tract surgery case study, clinical principles, 28 early diagnosis and repair, 28 early recognition and intervention, infectious complications, 27 laboratory principles, CRP, 29 leakage rates, 27 patient condition assessment, 28 postoperative mortality, 27 quality control, radiology principles, CT scanning, wait-and- see policy, 31 Distal pancreatectomy, Duodenal switch (DS), 102, 106, Duodeno-pancreatic head surgery anastomotic leakage biliary anastomosis (see Biliary anastomosis) enteric anastomosis (see Enteric anastomosis) pancreatic anastomosis (see Pancreatic anastomosis) chylous leakage diagnosis and grading, 186 incidence and definition, management and outcome, 186 prevention and risk factors, 187 delayed gastric emptying diagnosis and grading, 184 incidence and definition, management and outcome, prevention and risk factors, 185 postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) diagnosis and grading, 180 incidence and definition, management and outcome, prevention and risk factors, 183 PPPD, 171 E Early recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols, 10 End ileostomy, 255, 260, 261, 263 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), , 162 Enteric anastomosis diagnosis and grading, 178, 179 incidence and definition, 178 management and outcome, 179 prevention and risk factors, 179 Enterostomy, 109, 259, 260, 262 ERAS protocols. See Early recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols ERCP. See Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Esophageal surgery for benign disease esophagomyotomy, 70 GERD, 67 Nissen fundoplication, paraesophageal/hiatal hernia repair, Esophageal surgery for cancer anastomotic leakage definition, 58 diagnosis, incidence, 58 treatment, 59 60

4 328 Esophageal surgery for cancer (cont.) chylous leakage definition, 60 diagnosis, 61 incidence, 60 treatment, classification, 54 esophagectomy, 53 late complications fistula, strictures, minimally invasive esophageal surgery, 56, nonsurgical complications cardiac complications, 57 pulmonary complications, 56 prognostication, 54 RLN paralysis definition, 62 diagnosis, 62 incidence, 62 treatment, severity of complications, 54, 55 Esophagojejunostomy leakage diagnosis, nutritional status optimization, 88 surgical technique, treatment, Esophagomyotomy, 70 F Fast-track surgery complex elective open surgery, 48 GI surgery, 21 LAFA trial, laparoscopic vs. open surgery, Fecal peritonitis abdominal CT, 229 anastomotic leakage, 230 inflamed/thickened bowel, 230 intra-abdominal abscess, 231 intraoperative flexible sigmoidoscopy, 230 randomized controlled trials, 230 tension-free anastomosis, 230 Finsterer-Bancroft-Plenk procedure, 85, 86 G Gastric surgery bleeding ulcer repair, duodenal perforation closure, leakage, esophagojejunostomy leakage, intraluminal and intra-abdominal postoperative bleeding abdominal angiography CT scan, 80, 81 anastomoses, clinical manifestations, 80 endoscopic treatment, 82 initial resuscitation, 82 intra-abdominal bleeding, 82 jejunojejunostomy, 79 laboratory, 80 treatment, 81 laparoscopic gastrectomy, morbidity and mortality rates, 76, 77 MRC gastric cancer trial, 76 neoadjuvant therapy, 75 nonfatal complications, 78 pancreatectomy, 77 peritonitis acute pancreatitis, 87 causes, 83 clinical manifestations, closure techniques, CT scan, 86 duodenal stump leakage, 84 local duodenal conditions, 84 postoperative diagnosis, 83 postoperative jaundice, 88 prevention, 83 relaparotomy, 83 treatment, 83 84, risks factors, 76, 77 splenectomy, 77, 78 stenosis-obstruction, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 38, 67 Gastrointestinal (GI) surgery hospital resources, hospital volume/surgeons volume, 20 important factors, 19 monitoring system, process of care clinical observation, 22 early recognition and intervention, fast-track surgery, 21 laboratory tests, 22 organizatorial aspects, 21 pain management, 21 patient selection, 21 perioperative care and surgical procedure standards, 21 structure and surgical outcome, 22, 23 superficial wound infection, 19

5 329 GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) GI surgery. See Gastrointestinal (GI) surgery H Hartmann s procedure, Hemorrhoids, proctology conventional hemorrhoidectomy, hemorrhoidal arterial ligation, 273 LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy, 268 pelvic sepsis, 268 stapled hemorrhoidectomy, I Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS), 172, , 184 Intra-abdominal abscess, 212, 213, 231 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN ), 205 Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), 128, 145, 148 J Jejunojejunostomy, 79, 82 K Klatskin tumors Bismuth-Corlette classification, complications and mortality, diagnostic tools, 162 postoperative complications prevention, preoperative approach, surgery hepaticojejunostomy, 166, 167 intraoperative ultrasonography, 166 liver resection surface, 166 prognostic factor, 166 PTC drains, 166 symptoms and differential diagnosis, L Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) band erosion, band slip and pouch dilatation, normal situation, 113 port-site infections, 116 tube breakage, Laparoscopic colorectal resections anastomotic leakage, bowel ischemia and bleeding fenestrated grasper, 251 left-sided resection, right-sided dissection, 249, 250 splenic vein, 250, 251 vessel sealing equipment, 249 C-reactive protein, 249 diagnosis, 249 internal herniation, laparoscopic approach, 247, 248 late conversion, learning curve, 248 stool-loaded bowel, 248 treatment, 249 trocar site hernia, 247, ureter damage, Laparoscopic gastrectomy, Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM), Laparoscopic ileocecal surgery Crohn s disease reoperation, 220 surgical therapy, 219 technique, preoperative preparations, 217 proper plane, Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), Laparoscopic surgery closure techniques, 321 colon cancer surgery Barcelona trial, 40, 41 COLOR I study, 41 cosmetic long-term effect, 43 COST study, 41 intention to treat principle, 42 MRC CLASICC study, 41 opaque wound dressing, 41 operating time, 44 postoperative quality of life, 44 postoperative recovery, 43 stage III colon cancer, 40 Transatlantic study, 41 esophageal surgery, evidence-based surgery, 35 gastric surgery, minimally invasive surgery procedure, 35 pneumoperitoneum closed vs. open technique, 320 Cochrane s search strategy, 320

6 330 Laparoscopic surgery (cont.) direct trocar placement, 319, 320 open Hasson technique, 319 optical view technique, 319 Palmer s point, 320 Pearson Chi2 analysis, 319 safety and effective method, 319 SAGES guidelines, 319, 321 Veress needle, 319, 321 rectal cancer surgery, 44 Left colon, sigmoid, and rectal surgery anastomosis asymptomatic, dramatic early leak, fecal diversion, 234 ileoanal pouch, LAR, 235 pelvic drains, 234 sigmoid, subtle insidious, 232 fecal peritonitis abdominal CT, 229 anastomotic leakage, 230 inflamed/thickened bowel, 230 intra-abdominal abscess, 231 intraoperative flexible sigmoidoscopy, 230 randomized controlled trials, 230 tension-free anastomosis, 230 Hartmann s procedure, ileoanal pouch fistulas, infection perineal, perineal hernia, 242 presacral abscess, rectovaginal fistulas, LHM. See Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy, 268 Liver surgery air embolism, biliary complications, indications, surgical technique, and morbidity, infected collections, 129 intraoperative and postoperative bleeding inferior vena cava, origin of, 124 prevention, treatment, 126 liver transplantation (see Liver transplantation (LT)) postoperative liver failure, Liver transplantation (LT) arterial complications clinical features, 132 etiology, prevention, 133 treatment, 133 biliary complications arterial thrombosis, bile duct, biliary fistula, 135, 136 permeable hepatic artery, reconstruction techniques, T tube removal, 137 postoperative bleeding diagnosis, 130 etiology, 130 predisposing factors, prevention, 131 treatment, 131 venous complications portal vein thrombosis, vena cava thrombosis, Loop enterostomy, 260 Low anterior resection (LAR), 235 LSG. See Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) M Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), 88, 138, 150, 151, 153, 162, 177, 205 Medical quality, 13 Medical Research Council (MRC) gastric cancer trial, 76 Minimally invasive esophageal surgery (MIE), 56, Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIO), Minimally invasive step-up approach, 8 Mono-iodo-benzyl-guanidine (MIBG), 203 Morbidity rates, 7 8 N National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), 24 Nissen fundoplication, O Obesity surgery. See Bariatric surgery Obesity surgery mortality risk score (OS-MRS), 106

7 331 Open abdomen approach treatment abdomen excision, 315, 316 MOF, 313 ongoing sepsis, 313 Parietex, 317 patient feeding, 313 tangential excision, 315, 316 vacuum-assisted closure device, 314 Vicryl mesh, 315 Open Hasson technique, 319 P Pancreatic anastomosis diagnosis and grading, incidence and definition, 172 management and outcome, risk factors and prevention, Paraesophageal/hiatal hernia repair, Parietex, 317 Pearson Chi2 analysis, 319 Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), 88, 149, 150, 153, 162, 166, 168 Perineal hernia, 242, 243 Peristomal sepsis, 262, 263 Peritonitis acute pancreatitis, 87 causes, 83 clinical manifestations, closure techniques, CT scan, 86 duodenal stump leakage, 84 local duodenal conditions, 84 postoperative diagnosis, 83 postoperative jaundice, 88 prevention, 83 relaparotomy, 83 treatment, 83 84, Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), , 182 PPPD. See Pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) Preoperative mechanical bowel preparation, 9 Preoperative setting, 8 9 Presacral abscess, Proctological disorders fissure advancement flap, complications, lateral internal sphincterotomy, 274 fistula complications, fistulotomy, 277 Park s classification, 277 patient assessment, hemorrhoids conventional hemorrhoidectomy, hemorrhoidal arterial ligation, 273 LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy, 268 pelvic sepsis, 268 stapled hemorrhoidectomy, PTC. See Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) Pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD), 171, 178, R Rectovaginal fistulas (RVFs), Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis definition, 62 diagnosis, 62 incidence, 62 treatment, Right colectomy duodenum, ileocolic artery and ileocolic veins, 221 intracorporeal vs. extracorporeal anastomosis, mediocaudal access, 222 peroperative complications duodenum and small bowel injuries, ileocolic and mesenteric artery, 224 structures, postoperative complications anastomotic leakage, intra-abdominal abscess, 226 prolonged postoperative ileus, RLN paralysis. See Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis Routine preoperative biliary stenting, 8 Roux-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) bypass, 102, 103, RVFs. See Rectovaginal fistulas (RVFs) S SIRS. See Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) Sleeve gastrectomy, 102, 105 Small bowel surgery acute appendicitis, anastomosis, Cochrane systematic review, 210 Crohn s disease., 209

8 332 Small bowel surgery (cont.) intervention, intestinal obstruction, laparoscopic surgery, pregnancy, 214 types of, 210 Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPPN), 205 Spleen angiography, 200 complication, 202 gastric leakage, 202 laparoscopic splenectomy, 201 pancreatic fistula, risk factors, 202 size assessment, 201 thrombocytopenia, 200 types, 199 Stapled hemorrhoidectomy, Stenosis, 91 92, 111, , , 152, 164, , 264 Stoma surgery bowel, 263 cecostomy, 263 complications, end-ileostomy, 261 eversion colostomy, 260, 261 fistula, 265 fixation, 261 intestinal obstruction, 265 intestinal stomas/enterostomy, 259 loop ileostomy, 262 necrosis, 263, 265 stomal sepsis, 265 trephine, 260 visual inspection, Surgical complications Clavien Dindo classification, definition, 13 grades, 14 sequelae, 14 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 85, 87, 94, 191, 193 T Total mesorectal excision (TME) procedure, 2, 234 Trocar site hernia (TSH), V Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy, , 314 Vacuum-assisted fascial closure (VAFC) therapy, 293 Vasculo-biliary injury (VBI) accessory duct, 151 cause of, 149 infundibular technique, 149 ischemia, 152 RHA injury isolation, 152 vascular reconstruction/partial hepatectomy, 152 Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), Vicryl mesh, 315