FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SOMALIA

Transcription

1 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SOMALIA Dr M Hassan Ali Jabra SAHSP National Epidemiologist FAO /EuFMD Eastern Africa FMD Workshop 8th 12 th February 2010 Nairobi, Kenya.

2 Introduction FMD (Abeeb) first reported in Somalia in (Peck, 1973). Periodic outbreaks recorded and FMD virus types O, A and SAT2 recorded between 1957 and 1985 in different geographical locations. Total cessation of FMD surveillance activities in Somalia since No official disease reports due to lack of effective public institution responsible for disease surveillance. Suspected FMD outbreaks frequently reported by pastoralists, local authorities, livestock traders and Somali animal health workers.

3 Introduction. No investigations had been undertaken to confirm FMD and virus sero-types in recurrent disease episodes. No vaccinations against FMD over the last Eighteen years. Since July 2006, all cattle exported from Berbera vaccinated against sero-types O and A due to requirements by Yemen and UAE Need for assessment of the FMD situation in Somalia and studies on the FMD virus serotypes circulating among the different livestock populations.

4 FMD Survey Six survey teams selected with MLFE Regional Vet. Coordinators, CERELPA, SOWELPA & SAHSP 2 teams for C. Somalia and 4 teams for S. Somalia 4 days training for survey teams on background information on FMD, purpose and structure of the survey, survey methodology, sample collection, processing and packaging, maintenance of the cold chain during sample transportation, disease recognition and clinical examination and use of GPS equipment and tools for geo-referencing

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6 FMD Survey GPS Coordinates recorded and structured questionnaire administered at each site. Herds clinically inspected for FMD and suspected cases sampled for FMD virus detection Samples maintained on cold-chain and dispatched for lab testing All samples tested at the National Veterinary Quality Control/Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratories at Embakasi in Nairobi. 569 sera and 15 samples of epithelial tissues submitted. Sera tested using VNT & FMD virus isolation assays conducted on the epithelial tissues.

7 Constraints Lack of adequate facilities for animal restraint and impatience of pastoralists with excision of epithelial tissues. Refusal of some pastoralist to allow entry into cattle enclosures based on the belief that perfume (scent) from urban people increases the virulence of the disease and prolongs the healing process of the affected animals. Confiscation of GPS equipment from one survey team in Central Somalia by Ethiopian troops.

8 Results.. Survey teams visited cattle concentration areas in each Region e.g the main watering points, nomadic settlements, major livestock markets and trade routes. Specific locations were visited based on information from participatory interviews with pastoralists and rumours on current or past outbreaks of FMD 88 sampling sites were visited in Central and Southern Somalia and 88 questionnaires were completed. Active outbreaks of were observed in cattle in 13 locations in Afmadow District, Lower Juba Region. Salivation, lameness, vesicular mouth and teat lesions were observed mainly in animals aged 2, 3 and 4 years of age.

9 Results Pastoralists reported occurence of FMD twice yearly. Outbreaks are usually observed at the beginning of the Deyr rainy season while the others occur during the Hagaa season (coastal showers). Mortality due to FMD was reported only among young animals aged 1-2 years with no reports of mortality among adult animals. Also reported that some of the recovered animals develop a chronic FMD syndrome locally known as GASS in Southern Somalia and JEEMA in Central Somalia.

10 Analysis of questionnaires

11 Analysis of questionnaires

12 Analysis of questionnaires

13 Clinical Signs in Somali Cattle

14 FMD Confirmation 15 epithelial tissues were processed for FMD virus isolation. 9 of the samples were unsuitable for testing due to low quantities submitted. 6 successfully tested and FMD virus sero-type O recovered from 3 of the samples. The samples were from different sampling sites in Afmadow District, Lower Juba Region.

15 Sero-prevalence of FMD virus serotypes Region O A SAT1 SAT2 Hiran 82.2% 22.2% 56.7% 8.9% M. Shabelle 76.8% 23.6% 44.2% 51.6% Gedo 36.4% 43.2% 18.2% 2.6% M. Juba 62.3% 5.7% 51.9% 3.8% L. Juba 91.1% 20.2% 67.4% NT L. Shabelle 84.1% 9.1% 40.9% 0%

16 Conclusions No FMD vaccinations in Somalia since Recovery of FMD virus type O from clinical cases of FMD provided the first confirmation of FMD virus circulation in Somalia since Serological tests showed exposure of the target unvaccinated cattle herds to FMD virus serotypes O, A, SAT1 and SAT 2 Effective control of FMD in Somalia will requires imposition of animal movement restrictions and use of multivalent vaccines Urgent need for re-establishment to full functioning capacity of the Department of Veterinary Services and law enforcement agencies with the backing of enabling legislation and policies

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