CAFOs/AFOs and Permitting. ARE WE THERE YET? One State s Experience with Past Roads, Future Paths Gary Saunders NC DENR, DAQ

Transcription

1 CAFOs/AFOs and Permitting ARE WE THERE YET? One State s Experience with Past Roads, Future Paths Gary Saunders NC DENR, DAQ

2 Where the Farms Are If you build it, they will come The Voice, Field of Dreams

3 NC As An Agricultural State Long, established farm history Crops Tobacco Corn and Cotton Soybeans Peanuts Hogs Poultry (broilers and turkeys)

4 NC As An Agriculture State (cont d) Large human population growth in the 1980 s and 1990 s Three major population centers RTP Triad Charlotte Much of the state is rural though major transportation corridors are urban/suburban.

5 Regulated Poultry Farms in NC

6 Regulated Cattle Farms in NC

7 Regulated Hog Farms in NC

8 All Farms Regulated in NC by NC DENR

9 Applicability of NC DENR Regulations Liquid animal waste systems >250 swine >100 confined cattle >75 horses >1,000 sheep >30,000 confined poultry Operating Certificate (requires training and passing test)

10 Applicability of NC DENR Regulations (cont d) Certified animal waste management plan from Technical Specialists (NC DSWC or NRCS) General permit from NC DWQ Odor Management Plan for largest swine farms (>1,000,000 lbs SSLW) NC s animal industry generates approximately 27 million tons of manure/yr

11 Other NC DENR Regulations DAQ On-Farm Incineration Title V (no exemptions) Small source permits for farm auxiliaries Emission Inventory required w/ permits EPCRA Notification only No routine reporting

12 Historical Trends in NC (Hog Farms & Inventory, )

13 Distribution of Farms by Size

14 NC Trends First major decrease in number of farms between 1970 and 1975 (~21,000 farms) Largest decrease from 1980 to 1990 (~31,000 farms) with half of that decrease occurring from Number of small farms (<100 swine) now account for less than half (42.5%) of all farms raising hogs

15 NC Trends (cont d) Increase in large farms from 1990 to present day ~610 farms (out of 2800) with more than 5000 animals account for 76% of production ~1260 (out of 2800) with more than 2000 animals account for 96% of production ~2300 farms are regulated by DENR

16 Growth of the Hog Industry in NC from 1980 to present

17 NC Hog Growth by Region & Co

18 Swine in North Carolina in 1980 This map represents the number of swine in each county, as defined by G.S B, by county. This information was derived from the US Department of Agriculture database. Graham Cherokee Clay Swain Haywood Jackson Alleghany Ashe Caswell Surry Stokes Person Rockingham Watauga Wilkes Forsyth Guilford Yadkin Avery Caldwell Davie Yancey Madison Iredell Davidson Burke Rowan Randolph Catawba Wake McDowell Chatham Buncombe Alexander Rutherford Lincoln Cabarrus Henderson Gaston Polk Stanly Cleveland Mecklenburg Macon Richmond Cumberland Union Anson Hoke Scotland Transylvania Mitchell Montgomery Alamance Orange Durham Granville Lee Harnett Moore Vance Franklin Johnston Sampson Warren Nash Wayne Wilson Duplin Halifax Edgecombe Greene Lenior North Hampton Onslow Pitt Jones Craven Hertford Bertie Martin Beaufort Gates Chowan Pamlico Carteret Washington Currituck Camden Pasquotank Perquimans Tyrrell Hyde Dare Robeson Bladen Pender Legend >250,000 Animals 100, ,000 Animals 50, ,000 Animals 25,000-50,000 Animals ,000 Animals <5000 Animals Columbus Brunswick New Hanover

19 Swine in North Carolina in 1990 This map represents the number of swine in each county, as defined by G.S B, by county. This information was derived from the US Department of Agriculture animal operations database. Graham Cherokee Clay Swain Macon Haywood Jackson Alleghany Ashe Caswell Surry Stokes Person Rockingham Watauga Wilkes Forsyth Guilford Yadkin Avery Caldwell Davie Yancey Madison Iredell Davidson Burke Rowan Randolph Catawba Wake McDowell Chatham Buncombe Transylvania Mitchell Alexander Rutherford Lincoln Cabarrus Henderson Gaston Polk Stanly Cleveland Mecklenburg Montgomery Richmond Cumberland Union Anson Hoke Scotland Alamance Orange Durham Granville Lee Harnett Moore Vance Franklin Johnston Sampson Warren Nash Wayne Wilson Duplin Halifax Edgecombe Greene Lenior North Hampton Onslow Pitt Jones Craven Hertford Bertie Martin Beaufort Gates Chowan Pamlico Carteret Washington Currituck Camden Pasquotank Perquimans Tyrrell Hyde Dare Robeson Bladen Pender Legend >500,000 Animals 250, ,000 Animals 100, ,000 Animals 50, ,000 Animals 25,000-50,000 Animals ,000 Animals <5000 Animals Columbus Brunswick New Hanover

20 Swine in North Carolina in 1995 This map represents the number of swine in each county, as defined by G.S B, by county. This information was derived from the US Department of Agriculture animal operations database. Graham Cherokee Clay Swain Macon Haywood Jackson Alleghany Ashe Caswell Surry Stokes Person Rockingham Watauga Wilkes Forsyth Guilford Yadkin Avery Caldwell Davie Yancey Madison Iredell Davidson Burke Rowan Randolph Catawba Wake McDowell Chatham Buncombe Transylvania Mitchell Alexander Rutherford Lincoln Cabarrus Henderson Gaston Polk Stanly Cleveland Mecklenburg Montgomery Richmond Cumberland Union Anson Hoke Scotland Alamance Orange Durham Granville Lee Harnett Moore Vance Franklin Johnston Sampson Warren Nash Wayne Wilson Duplin Halifax Edgecombe Greene Lenior North Hampton Onslow Pitt Jones Craven Hertford Bertie Martin Beaufort Gates Chowan Pamlico Carteret Washington Currituck Camden Pasquotank Perquimans Tyrrell Hyde Dare Robeson Bladen Pender Legend >500,000 Animals 250, ,000 Animals 100, ,000 Animals 50, ,000 Animals 25,000-50,000 Animals ,000 Animals <5000 Animals Columbus Brunswick New Hanover

21 Swine in North Carolina in 2000 This map represents the number of swine in each county, as defined by G.S B, by county. This information was derived from the US Department of Agriculture animal operations database. Graham Cherokee Clay Swain Macon Haywood Jackson Alleghany Ashe Caswell Surry Stokes Person Rockingham Watauga Wilkes Forsyth Guilford Yadkin Avery Caldwell Davie Yancey Madison Iredell Davidson Burke Rowan Randolph Catawba Wake McDowell Chatham Buncombe Transylvania Mitchell Alexander Rutherford Lincoln Cabarrus Henderson Gaston Polk Stanly Cleveland Mecklenburg Montgomery Richmond Cumberland Union Anson Hoke Scotland Alamance Orange Durham Granville Lee Harnett Moore Vance Franklin Johnston Sampson Warren Nash Wayne Wilson Duplin Halifax Edgecombe Greene Lenior North Hampton Onslow Pitt Jones Craven Hertford Bertie Martin Beaufort Gates Chowan Pamlico Carteret Washington Currituck Camden Pasquotank Perquimans Tyrrell Hyde Dare Robeson Bladen Pender Legend >500,000 Animals 250, ,000Animals 100, ,000 Animals 50, ,000 Animals 25,000-50,000 Animals ,000 Animals <5000 Animals Columbus Brunswick New Hanover

22 Animal Operations in North Carolina This map represents the number of animal operations, as defined by G.S B, by county. This information was derived from the Department of Water Quality animal operations database. Graham Cherokee Clay Swain Macon Jackson Haywood Madison Transylvania Buncombe Yancey Henderson Mitchell Avery McDowell Polk Rutherford Watauga Burke Ashe Caldwell Cleveland Alleghany Wilkes Alexander Catawb a Lincoln Gaston Iredell Surry Yadkin Mecklenburg Davie Rowan Cabarrus Union Stokes Forsyth Davidson Stanly Anson Rockingham Guilford Randolph Montgomery Richmond Moore Caswell Alamance Chatham Scotland Orange Lee Hoke Person Durham Granville Wake Harnett Cumberland 138 Vance Franklin Johnston Sampson 464 Warren Nash 149 Wayne 525 Wilson Duplin Halifax Edgecombe 107 Greene Lenior North Hampton Onslow Pitt Jones Craven Hertford Bertie Martin Beaufort Gates Chowan Pamlico Carteret Washington Currituck Camden Pasquotank Perquimans Tyrrell Hyde Dare Robeson Bladen Pender Legend > 100 Animal Operations ( annotated with actual value) Animal Operations Animal Operations 1-9 Animal Operations 0 Animal Operations Columbus Brunswick New Hanover

23 Odor Complaints in NC

24 Sources Point Confinement Buildings with Powered Ventilation Emergency Generators Control Equipment Fugitive Lagoons Spray Fields Naturally Ventilated Confinement Buildings

25 Odors Not regulated through permitting Objectionable Odor ASTM E Odor Intensity (n-butanol) BMPs Controls as last step

26 Sources of Odors Lagoons New design standards Larger capacity=stability Anoxic, photopic (purple) algal blooms Ammonia, phenols, aldehydes, amines

27 What s Happening Now? Moratorium (1997) remains in effect NCSU studies (settlement agreements) All operators certified under NC DWQ Dramatic decrease in new complaints after 3rd qtr Odor investigations Inspected twice/yr by DWQ and NC DSWC Issues: Ammonia, other organics, H 2 S

28 What s Happening Now? Smithfield Foods and Premium Standards settlement agreements Settlement agreement with Frontline Environmentally Superior Technologies Two technologies initially designated Others under study Economic studies to be published

29 Future Regulations? Response to PM 2.5 NAAQS Response to current/future CAFO rules Individual BMP plan implementation Implementation of Environmentally Superior Technologies Use of one or more of the 18 technologies under consideration Safe Harbor?

30

31 Broader Considerations TSP, PM 10, PM 2.5, TAP permitting issues Process-Based Emission Factors Minimize, control or eliminate the formation of ammonia, or Maximizing ammonia formation for capture and use of feedstock GHG formation and replacement of NH3 H2S emission factors and impacts

32

33 Developing Process-Based Emission Factors

34 Example EF Profile for Egg- Layer Facility

35 Questions?

36 Further Information Gary L. Saunders NC DENR, DAQ Technical Services Section (919)