Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
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1 Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
2 Eukaryotic Tree
3
4
5 Characteristics Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes (80s) Usually unicellular some colonial some multicellular Protozoa ingestive Algae autotrophic Fungus-like absorptive
6 Origin of Eukaryotes Autogeneous Endosymbiotic
7 Secondary Endosymbiosis
8 Phylogeny of Eukarya
9 Classific ation
10 Supergroup: Excavata Cytoskeleton features Excavated groove (some) Modified mitochondria
11 Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Diplomonads ex. Giardia (lack plastids, lack functional etc in mitochondria (mitostomes), two haploid nuclei, flagella)
12 Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Parabasala ex. Trichimonas (lack plastids, reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes, undulating membranes and flagella)
13 Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Euglenozoans Move by flagella with spiral or crysalline rod Disc-shaped Cristae
14 Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Euglenozoans Clade 3 : Kinetoplastids ex. Trypanosoma (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast)
15 Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Euglenozoans Clade 3 : Euglenids ex. Euglena (anterior pocket with flagella)
16 Supergroup: Chromalveolates DNA Sequence Data Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga
17 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Alveolates DNA Similarities Membrane bounded sacs (alveoli)
18 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 :Alveolata Clade 2 : Dinoflagellates Causes Red Tide (2 flagella in grooves, xanthophyll)
19 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Alveolata Clade 2 : Apicomplexans ex. Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)
20 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Alveolata Clade 2 : Ciliates (cilia), Ex. Vorticella, paramecium Cilia, two distinct types of nuclei
21 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Have hair-like projections on flagella Store food as laminarin (Photosynthetic)
22 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 :Diatoms overlapping silica test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll
23 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 : Chrysophyta ex. Golden Algae Typically bi-flagellated pigments: carotene, xanthophyll
24 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 2 : Brown Algae Clade 1 : Stramenopila pigments: fucoxanthin cell wall: cellulose, algin
25 Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 : Oomycota ex. Water mold pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic hyphae
26 Supergroup: Rhizaria Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding
27 Supergroup: Rhizaria Clade 2 :Cercozoans Amoeboid-shaped protist with thin pseudopodia Predators found in marine freshwater, and soil
28 Supergroup: Rhizaria Clade 2 : Forams (porous shells - calcium carbonate) Both marine and freshwater (found in sand or attached also planktonic)
29 Supergroup: Rhizaria Clade 2 :Radiolarians (fused plates silica with axopodia) Mostly Marine (usually planktonic)
30 Supergroup: Archaeplastida DNA Sequences Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium
31 Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Red Algae
32 Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Red Algae Multicellular (most) Pigment: phycoerythrin Cell wall: cellulose no flagellated stage in their life cycle probably lost during their history used to produce agar
33 Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Chlorophytes
34 Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Chlorophytes Mostly Freshwater Some marine Some terrestrial Unicellular, Colonial, Multicellular Pigments:Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids Cell walls: Cellulose
35 Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Charophytes Similar to higher plants in color (pigment: Chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids). They are the closest relatives of land plants.
36 Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Charophytes Four distinctive traits that are shared with higher plants: 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Structure of flagellated sperm 4. Formation of a phragmoplast
37 Supergroup: Unikonts Single flagella (in those that have one) Lobed-or tube-shaped pseudopodia Fusion of three genes
38 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Used for movement and feeding Classification Slime Molds Plasmoidial Cellular Gymnamoebas (broad pseudopods) Entamoebas (parasitic)
39 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : The Slime Molds Clade 3 : Plasmoidial Coenocytic Hyphae (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei Diploid
40 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : The Slime Molds Clade 3 : Cellular (feed like individual amoebas) Septate hyphae aggregate to breed or during stress
41 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : Gymnamoebas ex. Amoebas
42 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : Entamoebas ex. Entamoeba histolytica
43 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Opisthokonts Unicellular and multicellular with ties to fungi and animals (DNA sequences) Posterior location of flagellum Classification Nucleariids Choanoflagellates
44 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Opisthokonts Clade 2 : Nucleariids Unicellular lack distinctive characters Contain a posterior flagella Temporary pseudopods Feed on algae and bacteria
45 Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Opisthokonts Clade 2 : Choanoflagellates Unicellular or colonial Most are suspension feeders
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