What is a virus? Lecture 1 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2017
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1 What is a virus? Lecture 1 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Spring 2017 There is an intrinsic simplicity of nature and the ultimate contribution of science resides in the discovery of unifying and simplifying generalizations, rather than in the description of isolated situations - in the visualization of simple, overall patterns rather than in the analysis of patchworks --SALVADOR LURIA
2 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Prof. Vincent Racaniello, Ph.D. - vrr1@cumc.columbia.edu - twitter.com/@profvrr - plus.google.com/+vincentracaniello - facebook.com/thisweekinvirology TA: Amy Rosenfeld, Ph.D. - abr22@cumc.columbia.edu
3 Biology 3310/4310 Virology courseworks.columbia.edu - Schedule, lecture slides, study questions, readings, video, quiz, grading virology.ws/course
4 Biology 3310/4310 Virology RecommendedTextbook: Principles of Virology Fourth Edition, ASM Press Sample chapter on Courseworks
5 Biology 3310/4310 Virology microbe.tv/twiv
6 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Weekly quiz (Courseworks) 4 exams (2/8, 3/6, 4/5, final) Discussion sessions (4310 only) Reviews before exams (TA Amy)
7 Biology 3310/4310 Virology Office hours: Thursdays 4-6 PM, HHSC 1310B, 701 W. 168th (Medical Center) Open format Appointments Questions during lecture biol /home
8 We live and prosper in a cloud of viruses Viruses infect all living things We eat and breathe billions of virions regularly We carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic material
9 The number of viruses on Earth is staggering More than 1030 bacteriophage particles in the world s waters! A bacteriophage particle weighs about a femtogram (10-15 grams) 1030 X 10-15= the biomass on the planet of BACTERIAL VIRUSES ALONE exceeds the biomass of elephants by more than 1000-fold! The length of a head to tail line of 1030 phages is 100 million light years!
10 1013
11 Viruses are not just purveyors of bad news More viruses in a liter of coastal seawater than people on Earth 94%
12 There are ~10 16 HIV genomes on the planet today
13 How infected are we? HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 Once infected, it is for life Principles of Virology, ASM Press
14 Microbiome
15 Virome Intervirology 2013;56:395 Science News 11 January 2014
16 3.2 billion bases
17 Amazingly, the vast majority of the viruses that infect us have little or no impact on our health or well being Principles of Virology, ASM Press
18 Not all viruses make you sick...
19 The good viruses
20 An enteric virus can replace the beneficial function of commensal bacteria doi: /nature13960
21 Viruses are amazing Virology is an integrative science Principles of Virology, ASM Press
22 Course goals This course is designed to help you see the big picture of virology I ll show you how to think about virology as an integrative discipline, not an isolated collection of viruses, diseases, or genes You will learn the fundamentals about these molecular wizards that amaze the informed and frighten the uninformed
23
24 Which statement is true? I will use Socrative to deliver quizzes during lectures Go to: b.socrative.com/login/student room number: virus 1. All viruses make us sick and can be lethal 2. Our immune system can manage most viral infections 3. Humans are usually infected with one virus at a time 4. The press is usually correct in their virology reporting 5. Our immune system cannot handle most viral infections 1
25 What is a virus? An infectious, obligate intracellular parasite comprising genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat and/or a membrane Principles of Virology, ASM Press
26 As virions are obligate molecular parasites, every solution must reveal something about the host as well as the virus Principles of Virology, ASM Press
27 Are viruses alive?
28 The virus and the virion A virus is an organism with two phases virion infected cell Principles of Virology, ASM Press
29 Be careful: Avoid anthropomorphic analyses Viruses do NOT think! (or employ, ensure, exhibit, display, etc...) They do not achieve their goals in a human-centered manner Viruses are passive agents!
30 Viruses are very small Carbon atom myosin actin 1,000,000x E. coli 100,000x
31 Principles of Virology, ASM Press
32 How many viruses can fit on the head of a pin? 2 mm = 2000 microns 500 million rhinoviruses When you sneeze, you fire an aerosol that contains enough viruses to infect thousands
33 Not as small as we once thought!
34 Pandoravirus DOI: /science
35 Viruses replicate by assembly of preformed components into many particles Make the parts, assemble the final product Not binary fission like cells Principles of Virology, ASM Press
36 Go to: b.socrative.com/login/student room number: virus Which of the following is true concerning bacterial vs. viral replication? 1. Viruses must assemble using pre-formed components 2. Bacteria do not replicate via binary fission as viruses do 3. Bacteria must assemble using pre-formed components 4. Viruses do not have an "eclipse" period 5. Viruses replicate by binary fission 2
37 How old are viruses? Estimates of molecular evolution suggest marine origin of some retroviruses >450 Ma, Ordovician period Likely originated billions of years ago - before cells? Orthoceras, a nautiloid cephalopod, 488 Ma Nobu Tamura ( Principles of Virology, ASM Press
38 Ancient references to viral diseases 700 B.C B.C. Principles of Virology, ASM Press
39 Immunization Variolation - China (11th century), Lady Montagu (1700s) No knowledge of agent Survivors of smallpox protected against disease 1790s - experiments by Edward Jenner in England establish vaccination
40 Concept of microorganisms Leeuwenhoek ( ) Pasteur ( ) Koch ( ) Principles of Virology, ASM Press
41 Principles of Virology, ASM Press
42 Virus discovery - filterable agents Ivanovsky Beijerinck: contagium vivum fluidum Virus: slimy liquid, poison Principles of Virology, ASM Press
43 Virus discovery Loeffler & Frosch - agent of foot & mouth disease is filterable Key concept: agents not only small, but replicate only in the host, not in broth 0.2 micron filters (µm, one millionth of a meter)
44 Virus discovery first human virus, yellow fever virus rabies virus variola virus chicken leukemia virus, poliovirus Rous sarcoma virus bacteriophages influenza virus Principles of Virology, ASM Press
45 Go to: b.socrative.com/login/student room number: virus Which is a key concept first discovered about viruses that distinguished them from other microorganisms? 1. They were too large to pass through a 0.2 micron filter 2. They could replicate only in broth 3. They made tobacco plants sick 4. They were small enough to pass through a 0.2 micron filter 5. None of the above 3
46 Principles of Virology, ASM Press
47 We know many details about viruses Chemical formula for poliovirus: C 332,652 H 492,388 N 98,245 O 131,196 P 7,501 S 2,340
48 Virus classification Nature and sequence of nucleic acid in virion Dimensions of virion & capsid Symmetry of protein shell (capsid) Presence or absence of lipid membrane (envelope) Principles of Virology, ASM Press
49 Virus classification Classical hierarchical system: Kingdom Phylum Class Order (-virales) Family (-viridae) Genus (-virus) Species Filoviridae (filovirus family) Ebolavirus Zaire ebolavirus
50 Virus discovery Analyzed RNA from 220 vertebrates species, found 1,445 new viruses.
51 Why do we care? Viruses outnumber cellular life by at least 10:1: the greatest biodiversity on Earth Viruses drive global cycles Beneficial Sources of new pathogens?
52 There is an underlying simplicity and order to viruses because of two simple facts All viral genomes are obligate molecular parasites that can only function after they replicate in a cell All viruses must make mrna that can be translated by host ribosomes: they are all parasites of the host protein synthesis machinery
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