Transcription

1

2 Students will be able to label the levels of skin structure

3 *Skin is the largest organ on the human body. *The skin consists of two main layers: the epidermis and the dermis. *Subcutaneous layer- a layer of fat and connective tissue located beneath the dermis. *Cells in the epidermis make lipids which makes your body waterproof. Dermis contains the sebaceous glands which helps skin from drying out. Sweat Glands are structures within the dermis that secrete perspiration through ducts Melanin is the pigment that gives the skin, hair, and iris of the eyes color.

4 Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Layer

5 Skin protects you from pathogens, regulates your body temperature, and helps you feel sensations. Protection- Barrier to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering. Temperature control- Skin dilates to allow heat to escape. Sensation- Major sense organ: Pressure, pain, heat, cold Immunity-macrophages destroy invading pathogens. Excretion- SWEAT is excess water and dissolved wastes. Vitamin D synthesis- makes VD when exposed to UV radiation Interpersonal communication- Automatically expresses some emotions ( pale & blushing)

6 Wash face 2 times a day Wash you body everyday AVOID touching your face with your hands Avoid allergic reactions. Eat plenty of vitamins & minerals: Vitamin A Milk Green and yellow vegetables Liver

7 Acne- clogged pores become infected and pus forms. Warts are caused by viruses and can be spread through direct physical contact. Boils form when hair follicles become infected. Do not burst or squeeze a boil. Dermatitis, or eczema, is inflamed skin usually caused by an allergic reaction. Vitiligo occurs when patches of skin lose melanin and have no pigment.

8 Fungal infections are spread by contact with skin, clothing, or in public showers. Moles are usually harmless, but they can develop into melanoma, which can be deadly.

9 This is the MOST SERIOUS form of skin Cancer. Tanned skin is a sign that skin has been damaged by UV rays. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer. Early detection and treatment are critical in controlling the spread of melanoma. Regularly checking the appearance of your moles is important for the early detection of melanoma.

10 A B C D Asymmetry Border Irregularity Color Diameter

11 The ABCD S of Melanoma An imaginary line drawn through the center Asymmetry of the mole does not produce matching halves. Border Irregularity Non-cancerous moles have smooth edges. Suspect moles often have irregular edges. Color Diameter Look for moles that are intensely black, possibly with a bluish tint, or that have an uneven color. Check for moles that are wider across than the width of a pea.

12 Hair structure- Dead cells. Living cells in the epidermis make new hairs and cause hair to grow. Hair grows on every surface of the skin, except for the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet. Hair follicles: Sacs or cavities that surround the roots of hairs. Hair function- Protects the skin from UV light Helps maintain body Heat

13 Dandruff- Dead skin cells that are shed as sticky white flakes. Head lice- Tiny parasitic insects that live in scalp hair.

14 Nail Structure- Your fingernails and toenails are made of closely packed dead cells that contain keratin. Nail Function- help protect your fingers and toes.

15 Parts of the tooth The periodontium supports the tooth and holds it in place. periodontium is made up of the gum, ligaments, and the jawbone. Three main parts to every tooth Crown- visible portion of the tooth Neck- between the crown and root Root- In the gum

16 Enamel- hard substance made of calcium. Dentin- beneath enamel. It is a layer of connective tissue that contributes to the shape and hardness of a tooth. Protected by the overlying layers of dentin and enamel, the pulp extends into the root canal. Mastication- The process of chewing

17 Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone. A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13: Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food. Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.

18 Cavities (caries): Bacteria evade removal by brushing and saliva and damage the enamel and deeper structures of teeth. Most cavities occur on molars and premolars. Tooth decay: A general name for disease of the teeth, including cavities and caries. Periodontitis: Inflammation of the deeper structures of the teeth (periodontal ligament, jawbone, and cementum). Poor oral hygiene is usually to blame. Gingivitis: Inflammation of the surface portion of the gums, around and between the crowns of the teeth. Plaque and tartar buildup can lead togingivitis. Plaque: A sticky, colorless film made of bacteria and the substances they secrete. Plaque develops quickly on teeth after eating sugary food, but can be easily brushed off. Tartar: If plaque is not removed, it mixes with minerals to become tartar, a harder substance. Tartar requires professional cleaning for removal. Overbite: The upper teeth protrude significantly over the lower teeth. Underbite: The lower teeth protrude significantly past the upper teeth. Teeth grinding (bruxism): Stress, anxiety, or sleep disorders can cause teeth grinding, usually during sleep. A dull headache or sore jaw are symptoms. Tooth sensitivity: When one or more teeth become sensitive to hot or cold, it may mean the dentin is exposed.

19 Crown Neck Root

20 gingivia gum enamel dentin pulp cavity with nerves and vessels cementum periodontal ligaments periodontal membrane root canal bone

21 Your eyes sit in bony sockets, called orbits, at the front of your skull. A layer of fat cushions each eyeball inside its socket. The lacrimal gland secretes tears into the eye through ducts. Tears keep the surface of the eyeball moist and clear of foreign particles.

22 sclera choroid vitrius humor optic nerve retina cornea iris pupil lens aqueous humor

23 Rods are light sensitive cells that allow us to see in dim light. Cones are light sensitive cells that allow us to see in bright light and in color. The two main parts: Optic Nerve & Layers of the Eyeball

24 Sclera Cornea Choroid Protects the inner eye and supports and shapes the eyeball WHITE PART Bends and focuses light before it enters the lens Lines the inside of the sclera Iris Pupil Contracts and dilates the pupil Regulates the amount of light that reaches the inner eye

25 Retina Inner layer of the eye wall Optic Nerve Transmits nerve impulses to the brain Lens Aqueous Humor Vitreous Humor Helps refine the focus of images on the retina Provides nutrients to the eye Helps the eyeball stay firm and keeps the retina in place

26 Common Vision Disorders Nearsightedness, or Myopia The inability to see distant objects clearly Farsightedness, or Hyperopia Astigmatism The inability see close objects clearly Blurred vision Strabismus Eyes off-center, turned inward or outward Detached Retina Blurred vision or bright flashes of light

27 Common Vision Problems Infections and Viruses Swelling, irritation, blurred vision, change in sclera color Glaucoma Cataracts Macular Degeneration Cloudy, impaired vision, can cause permanent damage Foggy vision Vision loss Laser treatment is the method for treating glaucoma

28 Tinnitus is a condition in which a person hears a ringing or buzzing in their ear, when there is no external sound. Auditory Ossicles- three small bones linked together that connect the eardrum to the inner ear. Three main parts: Outer, Middle, Inner. Labyrinth- Inner Ear A structure a part of the Outer Ear is the Auricle

29 Functions: Hearing & Balance Two Categories of Hearing Loss: Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer earcanal to the eardrum and the tiny bones (ossicles) of the middle ear. Conductive hearing loss usually involves a reduction in sound level or the ability to hear faint sounds. This type of hearing loss can often be corrected medically or surgically. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea), or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. Most of the time, SNHL cannot be medically or surgically corrected. This is the most common type of permanent hearing loss.

30 Eyelid Lobule Stapes Retina Pinna Semicircular Canals Iris Cochlear Nerve Incus Pupil Cochela Round Window Eyelid Malleus Vestibular nerve Cornea Tympanic membrane Lens External Ear Canal Eutachian Tube Optical Nerve Tympanic cavity Can be used more than once

31 In 5-7 sentences explain what corneal transplants are and how they can be used to help visually impaired students today. Using the table in Figure 13.9 on page 370, compare and contrast different eye problems. Identify the two basic categories of eye problems then compare and contrast the causes and treatments of different problems within each category. A recent anthropological study found that Americans typically think of dental health problems as cosmetic issues rather than diseases. For example, Americans tend to put cavities and gum disease in a more superficial category, rather than in the same category as heart disease and diabetes. Explain how this concept of dental health might negatively influence how well Americans care for their teeth.