Contents. 1. General Introduction 3

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1 Section 1 Medical Laboratory 1. General Introduction 3 Guidelines 3 Code of Ethics for Laboratory Technicians 3 Responsibilities of Medical Technician 3 Instructions for Laboratory Technicians 5 Arrangement of Laboratory 6 Disposal of Laboratory Infected Material and Clinical Specimens 12 Reagents and their Preparation 15 Indicator 23 Preparation of Solutions in General 24 Dilutions of Sample or Solution Laboratory Equipment 29 Refrigerator 29 Photometer or Colorimeter 35 Autoclave 38 Biological Safety Cabinet 39 Types of Safety Cabinets 39 Hot Air Oven 44 Centrifuge Machine 45 Other Types of Centrifuge Machine 46 Balance 46 Autoanalyzer 50 Inspissator 53 Wood s Lamp 54 Water Bath 56 Distillation Plant 58

2 xii The Short Textbook of Medical Laboratory for Technicians Section 2 Human Body Fluids 3. Body Fluids 63 Examination of Urine 63 Collection of Urine 63 Esbach s Albuminometer 64 Routine Examination of Urine 65 Urinometer 66 Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 77 Functions of CSF 77 Features of Csf 77 Collection of Specimen 78 Silver Nitrate Titration Method 80 Stool Examination 82 Collection of Stool 82 Examination of Sputum 85 Collection of Sputum Specimen 86 Examination of Semen 89 Collection of Semen 89 Section 3 Microbiology 4. Microbiology 95 Bacteriology 95 Microbiology 95 Morphology and Examination of Bacteria 98 Demonstration of Bacteria in Unstained Preparations 100 Demonstration of Bacteria in Stained Preparations 101 Sterilization 105 Culturing of Bacteria 106 Culture Media 107 Solid Media 108 Culture Methods 111 Biochemical Test 113 Brief Description of Some Bacteria 115 Pneumococci 116 Gonococci 117

3 xiii Clostridium tetani 117 Tubercle bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 117 Diphtheria bacilli 118 Salmonella typhi 118 Vibrio cholerae (Cholera Bacilli) 119 Treponema pallidum 119 Bacteriological Examination of Water 120 Mycology 122 Methods for Studying Fungi in Specimen 122 Parasitology 124 Protozoa 124 Malarial Parasites 127 Helminths 127 Immunology 131 Widal Test 132 Latex Fixation Test for Rheumatoid Factor 133 C-Reactive Protein (Crp) 134 Latex ASO (Antistreptolysin-O) 134 Pregnancy Test (Gravindex Test) 135 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test 136 Kahn s Test 137 ELISA Test 138 Results 140 Section 4 Hematology 5. Hematology 143 Plasma 143 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 144 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) 144 Platelets (Thrombocytes) 144 Estimation of Hemoglobin 145 Normal Range of Hemoglobin 149 Total Red Blood Cell Count 153 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 154 Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 157 Absolute Values and Color Index 159 Total Leukocyte Count 161

4 xiv The Short Textbook of Medical Laboratory for Technicians Different Leukocyte Count 163 Reticulocyte Count 167 Absolute Eosinophil Count 169 Platelet Count 169 Coagulation Time 171 Bleeding Time (Duke s Method) 172 Collection of Blood 172 Anticoagulants 174 Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Cell Phenomenon 175 Fragility of Red Blood Cells for Hemolytic Disorders 176 Prothrombin Time 177 Clot Retraction 177 Bone Marrow Examination 178 Section 5 Blood Transfusion 6. Preservation of Blood 183 Organization of Blood Bank 183 Blood Transfusion 184 Selection of Blood Donors 187 Collection of Blood 188 Cross-matching of Blood 189 Section 6 Histopathology 7. Histopathology 193 Histological Techniques 194 Museum Techniques 199 Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) 201 Smear Preparation 203 Section 7 Biochemistry 8. Biochemistry 209 Estimation of Blood Glucose 209 Other Methods for Estimation of Blood Glucose Levels 211 Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) 213

5 xv Blood Urea Estimation 214 Other Methods 216 Blood Creatinine Estimation 217 Estimation of Total Proteins and Albumin in Blood 218 Albumin 220 Blood Cholesterol Estimation 222 Serum Bilirubin 223 Estimation of Serum Uric Acid 225 Estimation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase 227 Estimation of Serum Acid Phosphatase 229 Estimation of Serum Amylase 230 Index 237